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- 目录
篇1：论文英文摘要怎么翻译成英文
摘要
微博是当前最主要的社交媒体之一，它的推广产生了一种新的网络营销方式一微博营销。
企业借助微博平台可以开展一系列的营销活动，以实现其提升知名度，扩大品牌影响力的目的。
微博营销已逐渐成为众多企业不可或缺的营销方式之一。
然而，微博营销作为一种新兴的网络营销方式，它与传统营销方式之间存在重大区别，加之，微博营销效果的影响因素尚未准确界定，营销效果难以科学评价，因此，多数企业开展微博营销存在很大的盲目性，微博营销仍然处于摸索阶段。
微博营销究竟能为企业带来多大效益，这是企业最为关注的问题，然而，对于微博营销效果影响因素及效果评估的科学研宄，目前尚处于稀缺状态。
本文以酒店微博为研宄对象，对微博营销效果的影响因素及营销效果的评估进行深入研究：
在总结现有的关于微博营销的研究基础上，假定各酒店决策层对酒店开展微博营销持有相同的重视程度，主要从受众(微博用户)的角度探究酒店微博营销效果的影响因素。
进而，以AISAS模式为指导，剖析微博用户行为，通过问卷调查，并结合Excel和SPSS19.0数据统计分析，构建酒店微博营销效果的影响模型。
在此基础上，提出微博营销效果的评估指标假设模型，进而利用层次分析法构建完整的评估指标体系一以酒店微博营销综合效果为目标层，以影响力效果、传播效果和转化效果为准则层，
以微博影响力、品牌影响力、互动效果、粉丝价值、实际交易量和顾客满意度等8个指标为分准则层，以微博影响力指数、品牌热议度、品牌搜索数等14个指标为指标层。
最后，将此评估指标体系应用于宁波华侨豪生大酒店和宁波海尚大酒店，通过对酒店微博数据的观察和收集，运用综合指数法测算出酒店微博营销效果指数。
结果显示，这两家酒店微博营销效果收效甚微：
1.两家酒店并未充分利用微博展开各类营销活动，微博营销仍处于低水平，微博营销的开展并未使酒店的品牌知名度有明显的提升；
2.关于被转发数、被评论数和点赞数，两家酒店均不理想，粉丝中，认证粉丝比例较低，而活跃粉丝比例较为可观，但互动类活动组织很少，如何吸引大量粉丝关注，提升粉丝价值是两家酒店亟待解决的难题；
3.实际交易量并不乐观，虽然有较高的顾客满意度，但调查期内顾客发布消费体验的微博数却很少。
这两家酒店在一定程度上反映了目前酒店业开展微博营销存在的问题，由此，针对其营销现状，本文还提出了相关对策和建议：
1.准确定位，循序渐进；
2.把握微博发布的频率和最佳时间；
3.微博内容展现个性化；
4.线上线下营销活动巧妙结合；
5.增加有效粉丝，注重与粉丝互动。
关键词：微博营销；影响因素；效果评估；指标体系
ABSTRACT
Weibo is one of the most important social media tools nowadays, thepopularization of Weibo brings a new kind of network marketing - Weibomarketing. Enterprises use Weibo platform can carry out a series ofmarketing activities, in order to raise visibility and expand brand impact.
Weibo marketing has gradually become one of the indispensablemarketing channels of many companies. However, as a new kind ofnetwork marketing, Weibo marketing has some significant differencefrom traditional marketing.
In addition, the influence factors of Weibomarketing effectiveness has not been precisely defined, and marketingeffectiveness is difficult to scientific assessment. Therefore, the majorityof firms develop the Weibo marketing are blind,
and Weibo marketing isstill at the exploratory stage. How much benefit Weibo marketing canbring for enterprises, which is the enterprise most concern. However, thescientific studies about the influence factors and evaluation of Weibomarketing effect are in a state of scarcity.
This paper takes the hotels Weibo as the research object, and deeplystudies the influence factors and evaluation of the Weibo marketingeffect:
On the basis of summarizing those existing research on Weibomarketing, it is assumed that the decision-makers from different hotelshold tiie same degree of attention on Weibo marketing. Then,
this paperexplores the influence factors of hotels Weibo marketing effect from theWeibo users perspective, analyzes the Weibo users behavior guided byAISAS mode ,
tiirough the questionnaire survey to build the hotel Weibomarketing effect model with statistical software such as Excel and SPSS19.0.
On this basis, this paper puts forward tiie Weibo marketing effectevaluation index hypothetical model, and then use AHP to build acomplete evaluation system ,
this system takes the hotels Weibomarketing comprehensive effect as the goal layer, influence effect,communication effect and transformation effect as the criterion layer,takes Weibo influence, brand influence ,
interaction effect, fans value,actual trading volume and customer satisfaction as the sub-criterion layer,and takes 14 indexes such as Weibo influence index, brand hot degreesand brand search as the index layer.
Finally, this evaluation index system is applied to Ningbo HowardJohnson Plaza Hotel and Ningbo Riviera Hotel. Through the observationand data collection of the hotels Weibo, measure the hotel Weibomarketing effect index with the comprehensive index method.
The resultsshow that these two hotels have little effect about Weibo marketing:
1. Both hotels did not make full use of Weibo to launch various marketingactivities, Weibo marketing is still at a low level, and Weibo marketingdid not make the hotel brand awareness has obvious improvement；
2.Those hotels are not ideal about the number of transmission, commentand praise by Weibo users. Among their fans, the ratio of certified fans islow, while the ratio of active fans proportion is relatively substantial,
andfew interactive activities are organized. So, how to attract a large numberof fans, and enhance the fans value is an urgent problem；
3. The actualtrading volume is not optimistic. Although there is a higher satisfaction,customers release very few consumption experiences by Weibo during theinvestigation period.
To some extent, both hotels reflect the problemsexisting in the hotel industry to carry out the Weibo marketing, thus, fortheir marketing situation, this article also brings up some suggestions andcountermeasures:
1. Accurate positioning, step by step；
2. Grasp thefrequency and the best time on releasing information；
3. Showpersonalized content；
4. Online and offline marketing activities arecombined together；
5. Increase effective fans, pay attention to interactwith fans.
KEYWORDS: Weibo marketing； Influencing factors； Effect evaluation；Indicator system
篇2：论文英文摘要怎么翻译成英文
摘要
随着信息技术的发展和社交网络的'兴起，越来越多的信息传播和分享开始向互联网这个平台转移。
鉴于在杜交网络上信息传播独到的优越性，很多营销者也在社交网络平台上看到了商机和潜力，并希望自己的信息能通过社交网络平台有更好地推广。
本文的目的在于研究这类营销信息中，究竟是什么因素与人们最终的转发行为有关并且影响最大。
以往关于人们的在线行为的研究中，有关于人们的在线购物行为的研究、关于知识在线分享行为的研究但是很少有关于营销信息在线分享行为的研究。
因此，本研究将结合社会学、行为学、经济学、心理学各领域的理论，研究营销信息的传播影响因素。
文章将从社会学交换理论中的期望奖励和交换成本理论中的成本两个变量，加上互联网环境下常见的信任变量，这三个变量对人们在线转发行为的影响为主要研究内容。
同时，将三个变量细分成不同的维度，与一条典型营销信息包含的各个方面结合起来，利用因子分析和回归分析，研究不同维度、不同变量对最终分享行为的影响。
本研究以新浪微博为主要数据收集研究平台，把社交平台上营销信息中具有典型性的有奖转发类信息作为主要研究对象。
研究结果表明，信任的影响最明显，其包含的对信息源、信息内容和制度规范三个维度的信任影响显着；其次是成本，其包含的事前成本和事后成本两个维度均表明影响显着；另外，期望价值及其包含的两个维度对转发的影响都不大。
最后，本研究结合营销信息中包含的关键因素和研究结果，为营销者提供了设计未来营销信息的侧重点的建议，也为社交网站的平台建设提供了参考意见。
本研究结论可从商业应用推广至公益、教育、舆论等各领域的应用，平台适用性也可从新浪微博延伸至微信等其他社交平台，因此十分具有现实意义。
关键词：信息分享；在线行为；信息传播；交换理论；信任；有奖转发
Abstract
As the information technology develops and the social network platform prospers,moreand more information are spreading and shared through the Internet. According to the uniqueadvantage that social network platform owns,
many marketers also see the business andpotential market there. They are also considering spreading the marketing information throughthis platform in a more efficient way.
The research aims at find out those factors that influence peoples online sharing behaviorabout marketing Information on social network sites. In the literature review, there are studiesanalyzing peoples online shopping behavior,
or online knowledge sharing behavior. But thereare few analyzing online marketing information sharing behavior. This study uses theoriesfrom sociology, ethology, economics and psychology to study the influential factors of onlinesharing behavior.
Its based on the three main variances: Expected Reward from sociology andethology, Cost from economics, and Trust from the psychology but always mentioned underthe internet condition.
These three variances were divided into more dimensions and differentcharacters of the marketing information were matched to them. We used factor analysis andregression analysis to find out which factors have more influence.
The data was collectedthrough Sina Weibo platform and sample was based on marketing information of rewardingrepost.
It turns out that Trust has the most obvious influence on the online sharing behavior,including dimensions of trust in information source, trust in information content andinstitutional mechanisms (Seal Programs).
Influence of Cost ranks second,both of the twodimensions are contributive. Expected Reward has the least influence. In the end,
the thesisprovide marketing suggestions and solutions according to the key factors in a marketinginformation and the studys result. The conclusion could be applied not only for commercialusage but also for commonweal,
education or public opinion spreading. It also supports SNSplatforms other than Sina Weibo. All these lead to the conclusion that this study is meaningfulin practise.
Keywords: information sharing； online behavior； information spreading； exchangetheory； trust； rewarding reposts
篇3：摘要翻译成英文
摘要翻译成英文
摘要的英语说法1：
abstract
摘要的英语说法2：
summary
摘要相关英语表达：
摘要簿：abstract book
信息摘要：Information Abstracts
摘要的英语例句：
1、First, we have this roundup of the days news.
首先来看今天的新闻摘要。
2、The material below is a distillation of his work.
下面的材料是他工作的摘要。
3、Viewers saw him anchoring a five-minute summary of regional news.
观众看见他主持一个5分钟的地方新闻摘要节目。
4、The organization publishes a regular digest of environmental statistics.
该组织定期出版一份环境统计数据摘要。
5、Well be back after the break with a round-up of todays other stories.
休息之后我们会摘要报道今天其他的新闻。
6、Later we received resumes of what she had said.
后来我们收到她讲话的`摘要.
7、Objective Inquiry into the heavy asphyxiation rescues measure of the new born.
摘要目的探讨新生儿重度窒息抢救的措施.
8、He has abstracted the speech.
他对讲话作了摘要.
9、He made an abstract of a long article.
他对一篇长文章做了摘要.
10、I read only this digest of the novel.
我只读过该小说的摘要.
11、Well also have an election roundup from the streets of New York to the Via Veneto.
我们还有从纽约街头到威尼托大街带来的有关选举的新闻摘要。
12、“The Times” ran a wrap-up under the byline of Walter.
《泰晤士报》连续刊载一篇署名为沃尔特的新闻摘要报道。
13、There are many vortex patterns on synoptic maps.
摘要天气图上有许多种涡旋型式。
14、Section 7.2 contains a resume of the fundamental equations.
第7.2节包括那些基本方程的摘要.
15、This book has a superfluity of introductions and summaries.
此本书中有多余的介绍和摘要.
篇4：论文摘要翻译成英文时
句长：摘要最多最大的弊病，是句子太长，比如中文中说：“本着…，在…的基础上，本文分析了…”， “立足于…，在分析了…的基础上，作者联系当前实际…”。
这些中文表述本来就不好，如翻译成英文还是照搬：Based on…, andaccording to…那看的人就会非常费劲，却掌握不了文章的内容和重点。
英语如果一般，那么还是把句子写短一点好。
最好一句话一个意思，如果两句话没有逻辑关系，不要硬扯到一块。
比如“本着对…的分析，本文提出了…的模型”，这里本来就说了两件事，第一，你的文章分析了一些文献(或其它内容)，第二，你的文章又提出了一个模型。
在文章结构上这是两件事，为何不说成：Thispaper starts with an analysis of… It then proposes…不要从句套从句、叠床架屋，套得让人不知所云，看到后面忘了前面，除非你能够明确各个概念之间的`逻辑关系，并能用英文准确表述出来。
当然英文作者有时候也写长句子，但是一般他们对自己的语法还是比较有把握的，句子虽长但是前后连贯。
如果实在掌握不好，可请英语专业的毕业生或专业翻译去翻或把关。
语法：建议多审查几回，同时还要用Word的SpellCheck功能查一下拼写，避免一些低级错误，有的作者交上来的稿子很马虎，拼错的词很多，给编者、读者印象不好。
有一些语法问题属搭配不当。
有一些说法在中文中好像问题倒不是很大，比如有人说“持续性创新”，这个中文好像没有什么大问题，但是翻译成英文后就让人有些费解，如sustainedinnovation.因为创新一般是对一个持续很久的产品、模式、观念的一种反拨，在语义上它有短暂性(被广泛应用后就不再是innovation)而非持续性，说它出现了，被采用了倒是可以理解，sustainedinnovation 让人费解。
作者可能是想说“可持续的创新性”，那么应该说sustainablecreativity，或者sustainable innovativenss.
还有一些语法问题属句子残缺。
有人在中文摘要中说“勇于探索”。
英文摘要说成have the courage toexplore. 然后到此戛然而止，没有宾语，不知道探索的是某个理论， 某个学科，某个问题，还是北极的冰川。
篇5：如何将论文摘要翻译成英文
论文摘要:新经济时代具有信息共享、知识爆炸、技术革新等鲜明的特征，日益竞争的新经济环境要求现代企业必须更新管理方式，提高企业竞争力。
文章分析了新经济时代对企业文化的影响，并针对现代企业如何建立企业文化的问题提出了相应的建议。
科技的迅猛发展，知识的几何膨胀，特别是网络的普及和计算机技术的应用，正在给我们的经济、社会与文化生活带来前所未有的变化。
当地理和空间不再是障碍，当地球越来越象个地球村，我们已全面进人新经济时代。
新经济源于美国，但新经济的浪潮已经席卷着全球。
关于新经济的界定，学术界有许多不同的声音。
综合起来，新经济时代主要包涵三个方面的内容，即以网络发展和信息共享为主的信息时代、以传统的管理和经营模式向新型管理模式转变的革新时代和以知识作为新的经济增长动力的`知识时代。
Summary:
With such distinguishing features as information sharing, knowledge explosion, and technological innovation, the era of the New Economy gives rise to an increasingly competitive environment that demands improved management and enhanced competence of modern enterprises. This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures.
Thanks to the rapid development in science and technology, the exponential growth of knowledge, and in particular the widespread use of Internet and computer technology, our economies, communities and cultures have been undergoing unprecedented changes. When geographical and spatial location have ceased to be a barrier, and when the earth is turning into a village, we have totally entered the era of the New Economy. The New Economy emerged in the US, but it has pushed its way into every corner of the earth.
Opinions from academic circles differ as to how to define the New Economy. Generally speaking, the era of the New Economy covers the following three: the information era with Internet expansion and information sharing as its mainstay, the innovation era marked by a shift from the traditional mode of management and operation to the new one, and the knowledge era featuring knowledge-driven economic growth.
篇6：如何将论文摘要翻译成英文
我的论文要写英文摘要和关键词,可惜英语水平太差劲,希望能得到你的帮助,要是您翻译得好,我会继续给您加分的!!
中文摘要：企业的融资结构是指企业融通资金不同方式的构成及其融资数量之间的比例关系，它反映了企业各项资金来源的组合情况。
根据企业资金来源的不同，可以把企业融资分为内源融资与外源融资两大类。
内源融资主要是指企业通过本身的生产经营活动产生的盈余来进行融资，主要包括企业的留存收益、折旧准备金、固定资产变现的流动资金转移。
外源融资是指企业利用外部资金来进行融资，主要有直接融资和间接融资两种方式。
其中间接融资主要以银行信贷为主，而直接融资则包括股票发行、债券发行和商业票据等。
通过对各种统计资料的分析和研究，可以看出我国企业当前融资结构过于单一，尤其是直接融资在企业融资比例中远远低于间接融资，因此，有必要及时进行相应的调整，从而实现我国企业融资的长期发展目标。
由于我国企业内源融资情况不容易了解也不容易比较，因此本文主要从外源融资中的银行借款、股票发行、债券发行及票据融资几个方面来探讨当前我国企业融资结构存在的一些问题，通过与国外企业融资结构的比较分析，对我国企业融资结构调整提出相应的建议。
Abstract:The margin structure of the business enterprise mean comparison relation between composing and its margin quantity of the business enterprise congenial funds different way, it reflected the combination circumstance of various funds sources of business enterprise.According to the dissimilarity of the business enterprise funds source, can is divided into the business enterprise margin inside the source margin and the outside source margin two major types.Mainly mean inside the source margin that the surplus of the production management activity creation that business enterprise passes oneself to carry on the margin, mainly include the business enterprise to subsist the income, depreciation the reserve, fixed assets fluxion funds become now transfer.The outside source margin mean that the business enterprise makes use of the exterior funds to carry on the margin, mainly having direct margin and indirect two kinds of methods of margin.Among them indirect margin mainly with the bank believe loan is lord, but direct the margin then includes stock issue, the bond issue and commercial note etc.s.Pass the analysis to various covariance data and researches, can see an our country business enterprise current margin structure too one, is a direct margin particularly in the business enterprise margin comparison far away below and indirect margin, therefore, have the necessity to carry on in time the homologous adjustment, thus carry out long-term development target of the our country business enterprise margin.Because the our country business enterprise inside the not easy understanding of the source margin circumstance is also not easy to compare, so this text mainly borrowed funds from the bank within outside source margin, the stock issue, bond issue and a few aspects of the note margin to inquiry into current our country the business enterprise margin structure existent some problems, pass with the foreign business enterprise margin structure of more analytical, to our country the business enterprise margin structure adjust put forward the homologous suggestion.
Keyword:Margin structure,Inside the source margin,Outside source margin,Direct margin,Indirect margin
篇7：英文论文摘要格式
英文论文摘要格式
一、英文论文摘要的种类
摘要主要有三种：学术论文摘要，学术会议摘要及由专门摘要撰写者撰写的摘要。
本文主要探讨学术论文英文摘要。本文所选英文摘要例子均引自国内外语类核心期刊，以体现该研究对象的代表性。Arbor认为，根据撰写方法的不同，学术论文摘要主要有两种：一种是结果式摘要。这种摘要围绕研究发现结果为中心而撰写，有时会附带写上基于发现结果而得出的结论;另外一种是总结陈述式摘要，即对所撰写论文的总结陈述。
还需要注意的是，这片摘要并没有在研究结果的基础上写出据此得出的结论。选择何种方法撰写摘要，主要根据论文内容所属的研究类型和所采取的研究方法而定。本文认为，一般情况下，采用定量研究方法的论文摘要多为“结果式”;采用定性研究方法的'论文摘要多为“总结陈述式”。
二、英文摘要的结构要素
黄国文将英文摘要的结构要素归纳为六个：主题阐述、背景信息、目的陈述、方法论和语料、研究结果、发现和研究所带来的启示和结论，并指出并非所有的论文摘要都完全包括这六个要素，“事实上，一些成分是必选的，而其他成分是可有可无的”。
Slade也认为,“一篇摘要必须包括简明扼要的主题阐述，主要发现及意义，还有结论”。“摘要中一定要有方法和论文内容的重要词句，这样，此篇摘要才会在电脑中被搜索到，进而让读者决定是否阅读”。所以，在撰写摘要时，要根据具体的论文明确判断哪些要素是摘要必须包括的。
三、英文摘要的语法特点
1.英文摘要语句中主语的语法特点
黄国文认为，英文摘要中主要是由名词短语或作名词词组作主语。但本文所引实例可以使我们更具体的发现，充当主语的通常为非人的名词短语或名词词组。被动语态也在适当的时候出现，这些特点都表明摘要写作要遵循客观性这一道理。表明论文的研究不是作者的主观想象，而是通过大量的科学研究而的得出的结论。
2.英文摘要的时态特点
时态上，摘要也具有其自身的特点。Arbor认为，表示总结的语句通常与一般现在时或现在完成时;表示结果的语句可用过去时。Arbor还指出，“现在时态用于表示结果的语句这一情况通常易发生在自然科学领域而少发生在社会科学领域”。“主观用语的使用也易发生在自然科学领域”。
四、英文论文摘要的书写方法
摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇完整的、可以独立使用的短文，因而必须具有自含性。即：读者即使不阅读论文的全文也可以从摘要中获得必要的、与论文等量的信息，以判断有无必要阅读全文。摘要一般应包括研究题目的选择理由和目的;研究的方法或者过程;研究的发现或者成果。
五、摘要格式
英文主标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文主标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，四号，加粗，居中，段前段后均为0行，单倍行距)。
英文副标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文副标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，加粗，居中，段前0.5行，段后0行，单倍行距)。
英文标题下空一行为英文摘要。英文摘要正文格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“英文摘要正文”或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅)。英文摘要后空一行，另起一行列出英文关键词。“Key words：”格式：首行缩进2字符，Times New Roman，小四，加粗。“Key words：”后紧接英文关键词。关键词之间用分号间隔，最后一个末尾不加标点。英文关键词全部小写。英文关键词格式：Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅。
篇8：英文论文摘要
英文论文摘要模板
法律论文摘要英文翻译
商业特许经营“冷静期”条款之法律探析
Legal Research on the“Cooling off Clause” in Commercial Franchise
标题中，分析通常说“Analysis of”, 研究则说“Researchon”或者“Study on。标题尽量不要使用动词短语，更不能使用疑问句!要尽量将其名词化。
摘 要
Abstract
固定说法，只有这一个
国务院颁布施行的《商业特许经营管理特许条例》(以下称“《特许条例》”)第十二条规定，特许人和被特许人应当在特许经营合同中约定，被特许人在特许经营合同订立后一定期限内，可以单方解除合同。
The Regulation onthe Administration of Commercial Franchises (hereinafter referred to as “the Regulation”)was promulgated by the State Council in 2007. Article 12 of the Regulation regulates “The franchiser and thefranchisee shall stipulate in the franchise contract that the franchisee mayunilaterally rescind the contract within a certain term after the franchisecontract has been concluded.”
首先要学会断句。汉语常用长句，将意义整合于一体，一句话表达很多意思。英语则首先强调逻辑和意思清晰，如果说不清楚，则一句话表达一个意思。如上例。
此处，生词不再一一解释，感兴趣者可以自学，但建议学会“以下简称”的正确说法。
学界将这一条款称为“冷静期”条款，即在特许经营合同订立后赋予被特许人在一定期限内享有单方面解除合同的权利，这是冷静期制度在我国商业特许经营领域的首次立法尝试，亦是参考了国外关于冷静期的立法例。
This article is generally called the “Cooling off Clause” inthe law research field, which means after the binding of the franchisecontract, the franchisee shall be entitled to dissolve the contractunilaterally in a certain period. This is the first legislative establishmentof “Cooling off Rules” in domestic commercial franchises domain. It is also ademonstration of referencing international legislations in commercialfranchises.
此处译者不完全赞同原作者的陈述。因为个人感觉此处陈述是对前述的重复。
但为保证摘要顺利翻译，和帮助作者实现摘要目的，译者需要站在作者角度，“替作者发声”，对本句进行必要的阐述。
同样，此句汉语过长，需要进行内容上的断句。同时译者需要对汉语句中的主要信息做出准确判断，将其归入英语句中的主句，而将次要信息归入从句及附加成分中。
该用被动语态的.地方一定要用。不要全文主动语态到底。
另外，关于新生术语，需要进行准确定义。因为大多新生法律术语，均源自美国，故需要从英文法律网站中进行查找。此处推荐搜索引擎bing.com和北大法宝。
该条款体现了对处于相对弱势地位的被特许人利益倾斜性的立法保护，以实现特许经营双方缔约能力上的实质平衡，达到追求契约实质公平的民法原则。
This clause offers a legislative protection on thefranchisee in the weak position and the interest balance in order to maintainthe substantive balance between the two parties in the contract and achieve thefundamental principle of equality in civil law.
翻译时不必完全字对字直译，如“体现”不一定就要说“reflect”。只要意思表达准确，到位，就不一定要拘泥于字对字。
然而该冷静期条款在司法实践中却出现了认定标准不统一，权利性质无法界定，法官裁量不一等问题，从而引发适用上的混乱。
In the legal practice, however, an inconformity of the regulation has appeared,such as, the inconsistent standards, the unjustifiable definition of therights, and judges` subjectivediscretion etc.
真的高手，不总是以“however”开头，原因不解释。
列举时“such as… ”开头，“etc.”结尾。
本文将从阐述冷静期的概念及国外相关的法律规定开始，剖析《特许条例》第十二条的立法意图与理论基础，着重分析被特许人单方面合同解除权的权利性质、行使方式、行使的法律后果、滥用合同解除权的限制，排除约定和没有约定单方面合同解除权的应如何处理等问题，从法学理论的角度全面、深度地阐述冷静期制度。
This paper first introduces the concept of Cooling off Rules and therelevant regulations in the world. By analyzing the theoretical foundation andlegislation intent of the Cooling off Clause (Article 12) in China, the nature of therights of unilaterally rescinding the contract by the franchisee, the means andconsequences of such performance, the restrictions of the abuse of the right torescind the contract, the exclusion agreement and the non-consensus on the ofunilaterally contract rescinding are respectively and thoroughly discussed inthe paper from the perspectives of legal theories.
此处同上，注意术语翻译的准确性。
借鉴国外关于冷静期制度的立法经验，尤其是澳大利亚在特许经营领域的法律规定，针对界定被特许人单方解约权之性质及行使方式，科学规定“冷静期”长短及起算点，明确“冷静期”期限及法律后果，设置防止权利滥用之条款等内容进行体系化的一整套制度设计，提出完善我国商业特许经营领域冷静期立法的设想，使其更加科学、合理，更具司法操作性，促进我国商业特许经营的健康发展。
The author suggests exploiting the legislative experience in the world onthe Cooling off Rules, especially the successful legal practice inAustralia. The nature and means of the right of the unilaterally contractrescinding should be seriously stipulated. A reasonable calculation of thelength of “Cooling-off” period, the statute of limitations, and the legalconsequences should be regulated clearly and confirmatively. A set ofregulation designs to prevent from the abuse of the Clause should also besystematically built. The author also offers some possible improvements on thisfield with the intention of upgrading its practicality and advancing thewell-rounded development of domestic commercial franchises.
此汉语长句，共有8个逗号，这在英语中几乎是无法想象，因此译者必须进行按意义进行断句，故英语分成5句处理。
第一句汉语以“借鉴……”开头，属于无主句，没有主语的句子，这在英语中绝对不能接受，故在翻译时要加上主语“the author suggests……”。
同时注意主被动语态的合理运用。提示：被动语态是处理无主句的好办法。
最后一句还是无主句，依上例进行处理。
关键词 商业特许经营，冷静期，合同解除，契约自由，实质公平
Key Words: commercial franchise, cool off period, contract rescinding,freedom of contract, substantive equality
关键词，建议采用较为正式的说法“Key Words”，同时个数不要超过五个。
随附：作为一名合格的译者，不能只给出单语版，而应出具双语版和目的语单语版，以供客户进行proof reading。同时，最好给出参考链接，著名翻译的出处和参考理由，以供客户进行鉴定。
参考链接
Regulation on the Administration of Commercial Franchises[Effective]
商业特许经营管理条例 [现行有效]
en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=5873&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c9%cc%d2%b5%cc%d8%d0%ed%be%ad%d3%aa%b9%dc%c0%ed%cc%f5%c0%fd
FindLaw.com Cancelinga Sale: The Cooling-Off Period
consumer.findlaw.com/consumer-transactions/canceling-a-sale-the-cooling-off-period.html
百度百科
baike.baidu.com/link?url=73B-HocyY7nvN0z1nxrBdZKACJR1hi9NmHMDxEDeZ3hJ-F1zHu0Fp4HYSacuc15IDt6LSECoQg1I6E5w5bOB-K
博士论文英文摘要
THE AGENDA SETTING OF USER GENERATD CONTENT (UGC) IN SELECTED POPULAR SOCIAL MEDIE
abstract
Nowadays, Agenda setting of social media (China Sina Weibo)influences the publicopinion in China. The aimd of this research is to rivse the classical theory of agenda-setting under new media (UGC) context.The apply research focuses on current new situation of China UGC in reality (China view and international view).This thesis (done through virtual observation fieldwork and other aiding
methods) proposes a hypothesis of agenda setting of User Generated Content (UGC)
of social media is determined entirely by the public through two stages: individual
posting and the number of forwarding (N times). It revises the classic agenda setting
theory in a new context of social media. It is a theoretical and methodological breakthrough for social media study. In addition, the application of second levelagenda setting of this study uses framing comparative analysis on the UGC agenda in
Malaysia and China using Mandarin language regarding flood event. The findings show not only China but Malaysia UGC are also different from traditional media
where two fields of opinion exist, but they vary considerably due to political partisan ship in Malaysia UGC. The official portal of government on Weibo guides public opinion effectively in China through the UGC platform. In contrast to the Malaysia, ruling party’s official portals on that has little influence on the public. For the first level agenda setting, fantasy theme analysis also used to study China UGC agenda setting in building the digital media democracy. The study also found three models of media public practice of digital media democracy in China namely, lifting the curtain, dialogue and deconstruction. This study established a new research paradigm of agenda setting in social media.
篇9：论文摘要英文格式
论文摘要英文格式
英语论文摘要部分怎么写?英文摘要的写作规范是怎么样的?请看下面：
1、英语摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，以提供论文内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地阐述论文重要内容的短文。
2、英文摘要必须符合“拥有与论文同等量的主要信息”的原则。
为此，英文摘要应重点包括4个要素，即研究目的、方法、结果、结论。
在这4个要素中，后2个是最重要的。
在执行上述原则时，有些情况下，英文摘要可包括研究工作的主要对象和范围，以及具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。
3、英文摘要句型力求简单，通常有10个意义完整语句顺畅的句子。
4、英文摘要不应有引言中出现的内容，也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论，不得简单重复题名中已有的信息;不用非公知公用的符号和术语，不用引文，除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文，缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明;科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位，正确使用语言文字和标点符号等，也同样适用于英文摘用的编写。
留学生英语论文摘要怎么写?
留学生英语论文摘要怎么写：浅谈英文摘要写作
可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要，如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。
概述(30词左右)：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。
例如：This paper is… 或 This study focuses on…
目的(30词左右)：用To…就可以了，没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的`表述。
方法(50词左右)：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。
常用的词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。
结果(50词左右)：直入主题地摆出结果，如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…
结论(60词左右)：删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语，逐条罗列出结论。
展望(20词左右)：指出研究对未来的意义，如 This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。
留学生英语论文摘要怎么写：英文摘要多少字合适?
一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要，特殊情况可以分成两到三段，但最好不要超过三段。
长度一般为200字到300字之间。
留学生英文论文摘要怎么写：英文摘要语态
规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。
但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚，现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。
留学生英语论文摘要怎么写：英文摘要用什么人称?
最好不要出现I，we等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如the author等。
留学生英语论文摘要怎么写：英文摘要用什么时态?
摘要的时态以一般现在时为主，表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。
在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时，用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。
描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时，总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。
注意：用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时：This paper aims to focus on… 而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时：This study investigated…
留学生英语论文摘要怎么写：关于标点符号 和数字的运用
标点的运用
科技期刊英文摘要中标点符号使用不当的问题很普遍 , 主要原因是作者沿用汉语标点符号的习惯。
这类问题在文稿、报告中不明显 , 但正式印刷出来后非常抢眼。
所以 , 在组织英文摘要时应特别注意以下几点 :
(1) 英文标点符号中除了破折号长度占 2 个英文字符外, 其他均只占1个英文字符 ( 大致半个汉字 ) 。
中、英文的逗号、分号、冒号等乍看起来完全一样 , 但实际上也是不一样的。
排英文摘要时应转换到英文状态下操作 , 避免英文中出现全角标点 , 例如“ Darwin's theory of natural selection ” ( 应该是“ Darwin's theory of natural selection ” ) 等 , 影响版面的美观。
(2) 英文标点符号中没有“”、“、”和“～”。
英文中书名一般用斜体表示 , 该用顿号时用逗号 , 表示数字范围则用半字线“ - ”。
英文中“～”有时用在阿拉伯数字前表示近似。
(3) 文中破折号、数字范围号与连字符分别为 : “—” ( 长度占 2 个英文字符 ) 、“ - ” ( 占 1 个英文字符 ), 而汉语中相应符号的长度分别比其长 1 倍 : “——” ( 长度占 2 个汉字 ) 、“—” ( 占 1 个汉字 ) 和“ - ” ( 占半个汉字 ) 。
此外 , 英文中的省略号是 3 个由空格隔开的英文句点“ ... ” , 而不是“…”。
(4) 在英文中 , 无论引号中是一个单句、短语、从句还是独立成分 , 末尾的逗号和句号等一律封闭在引号之内。
(5) 汉语中标点符号前后均不空格 , 而英文则不一样。
英文点号前不空 , 后要空一格 ; 英文破折号 “——” , 数字范围号“ - ”和连字符“ - ”前后均不空格 ; 英文引号和括号外面前后均空格 , 里面前后均不空格。
篇10：论文英文摘要
ABSTRACT
This report selected Prime Li Keqiang's speech at press conference of NPC & CPPCC asmaterials and did mimic consecutive interpreting. Focusing on specific problems and difficultiesin interpreting practice, this report analyzed some examples and concluded correspondingmethods.
After analyzing the transcribed materials and feedback of audiences, the author summarizedthe following problem and difficulty: 1) difficulty in accurately interpreting some important logicrelations in original text; 2) difficulty in interpreting logic relations in Chinese run-on sentence.
This report uses the theory of Cohesion and Coherence. According to the theoiy, both theoriginal text and target text in consecutive interpreting are discourses. So the interpreter issupposed to fully understand the differences between English and Chinese and convey 狂 coherentdiscourse to audiences. Under the guidance of this theory, this report analyzes some examples andgains corresponding strategies methods: 1) adding conjunctions, converting verb form and usingEnglish clause to solve the problem in accurately interpreting original logic relations; 2) dividingsentences, integrating and simplifying information to solve the problem in interpreting Chineserun-on sentence.
From the perspective of Cohesion and Coherence, this report provides ideas and specificmethods in handling the logical relations in C-E consecutive interpreting, deepening the author'sunderstanding to the same sorts of problems and offering lessons and references for theinterpreting practice in the future.
篇11：论文英文摘要
ABSTRACT
The original material is Chinese speeches made by Chinese President Xi Jinpingand Premier Li Keqiang respectively on the opening ceremony of the 9th and 10thChina-ASEAN Business and Investment Summit on September 3气 2012 andSeptember 3rd, 2013. The author has finished simulated simultaneous interpreting (SI inshort) and transcribed it into text. When analyzing C-E simulated simultaneous text, theauthor found two difficulties to be solved: I. cultural idiom C-E simultaneousinterpreting; II. irregular parallel expression C-E simultaneous interpreting.
Under the guidance of interpretive theory, by example analyzing, the author putforward two countermeasures for cultural idiom C-E SI: one is interpretative replacing,the other is explaining connotation. There are also two countermeasures for irregularparallel expression C-E SI: one is interpretative reducing, the other is parallelly listingthe words of the same characteristic.
The above SI countermeasures provided the author with solutions to cultural idiomand parallel expression interpreting. They can help interpreters not only achieve thegoal of communication but also save time. The above countermeasures also providedother interpreters with certain reference in C-E simultaneous interpreting of similartopic speeches made by Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang.
篇12：论文英文摘要
ABSTRACT
The material of the interpretation project is Apple's 2013 iPhone media event heldin Cupertino on September 11, 2013. First of all, the interpreter had a simulated E-Csimultaneous interpretation of the video (no subtitles) of the event. The audiences werefive non-English major Apple lovers. Then, based on Skopos Theory, the interpreteranalyzed difficulties of the interpreting process and wrote this report.
”Apple 5c 5s Event“ belongs to technology product event. It has the features ofprofessional terminology and mass information. The difficulties of the practice can bedescribed as two aspects, they are: (1) interpretation of electronics terminology; (2)identification and processing of redundancy.
According to Skopos Theory, translation is a purposeful communicative action,and the skopos determines the whole translation procedure. The skopos of this project isto offer up-to-date product information to audiences who don't understand English andthe interpretation should be faithful and concise.
Given the above difficulties, the following interpretation strategies can be adopted:(1) prediction according to the context and speculation according to common sense; (2)reduction of unimportant information and combination of repeated information.
篇13：论文英文摘要
ABSTRACT
With the development of the times, tourism industry is flourishing. There is avariety of guidebooks,whose translation, to a certain degree, influences the growth oflocal tourism. This translation report is based on the Chinese-English translation ofHangzhou Travel Guild (2013)，
论文英文摘要
，
资料
The translator has translated a part of the book andthen finished the report in the hope of offering practical guidance for some departmentsrelevant with tourism and promoting the development of tourism.
During the translation practice, because of the big differences between Chineseand English culture and language, the translator came across the following difficulties:
(1) the translation of culture-loaded words; (2) the translation of long sentences. Underthe guidance of Skopos Theory, the translator considered that the translation of travelguide should focus on the target text readers and the translated version should be inaccordance with the writing features of the target text and cater to the target readers.
Combined with detailed examples, the translator put forward the followingstrategies: (1) addition,omission and compression; (2) integrating and splittingsentences. This report proposed the corresponding specific strategies, which can offersome referential value to the translators to translate the tourism texts.
篇14：英文摘要论文
摘要：
《威尼斯商人》是莎士比亚戏剧作品之一，它的主题是歌颂善良，友谊和爱。
在这里，我们要提及人文主义—那段时期主要的特征区别，论文格式也展现在这部戏里最重要的角色上。
女权主义是人文主义最重要的一部分之一。
它的主要的目标和内容都是从人文主义的思想体系和人物性格中学习而来的。
人们研究莎剧主要从人文主义思想和人物形象两方面研究。
本文将从女性和女权主义角度分析《威尼斯商人》，结合该作品主要内容和背景，评议作品中的三个女性人物形象及其表现，揭示《威尼斯商人》深刻反映的女权和女性主义思想。
通过女性主义“妇女形象”批评方法，发现莎士比亚塑造了反传统的、具有现代思想的女性。
同男性形象相比，女性处于主动、中心地位而男性别处于被动、服从地位。
这与其他女性批评家所批评的男性笔下两个极端类型——好女人，坏女人相去甚远；相反的，他创造的女性人物有着反传统的和现代的思想。
莎翁的女性形象打破了父权中心，解构了父权社会对妇女的`界定，指明了莎士比亚的女权主义倾向。
关键词：
人类 ；精神 ；女性意识；价值；
Abstract:
The Merchant of Venice is one of dramatic work write by Shakespeare.
Its theme is to extol kindness, friendship and love，There, we mention Humanism—the main distinguishable feature of that period, also the bright characteristic which is shown from the important role in this play.
Feminism is an important part of Humanism.
And the main target and content are studied from this work are its humanism ideology and character image.
In accordance with the related bibliographies and spirit essences of female and feminism, while combining with the main contents and backgrounds of the work, this paper sees through and analysis’s the work from the angle of the female and feminism, as well as makes judgments on three female characters’ appearances and behaviors in this drama and reveals the feminism and female ideology that The Merchant of Venice has deeply reflected.
The paper intends to make an analysis of the merchant in Venice in the critics of the women image of feminism and finds that the women image in Shakespeares works is not the two extreme type created by female authors who are criticized by the feminism critics: good woman and bad woman; on the contrary, he creates the female characters with anti-tradition and modern ideas.
Compared with the male characters, the female ones are active and in central position and the male ones passive and subornation.
Thus the patriarchy-centered and deconstructs the definition of women in a patriarchal society and indicates the feminism tendency in Shakespeares works.
Keywords:
human; spirits; female consciousness; value
★ 英文论文
★ 论文英文感谢信
★ 英文论文致谢
★ 论文的英文
★ 论文英文题目
★ 论文摘要格式
★ 论文摘要范文
论文英文摘要怎么翻译成英文（共14篇）
