GRE阅读高频机经

时间：2022-11-25 01:54:20 作者：一口肥美大肘子综合材料收藏本文下载本文

“一口肥美大肘子”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了8篇GRE阅读高频机经，下面是小编为大家整理后的GRE阅读高频机经，仅供大家参考借鉴，希望大家喜欢，并能积极分享!

目录
第1篇：GRE阅读机经到底有没有用第2篇：考前该如何刷GRE阅读机经第3篇：雅思阅读机经无用论第4篇：雅思阅读机经：GeneralTrainingBPterosaurs第5篇：托福阅读机经有用吗第6篇：2020托福阅读机经原文第7篇：2020托福阅读机经原文第8篇：2020托福阅读机经原文

篇1：GRE阅读机经到底有没有用

GRE阅读机经到底有没有用?

GRE阅读机经如果使用得当，可以对于GRE考试成绩有一定程度的提高。如果是一个水平不高的GRE考试者，利用机经则有可能使你的成绩轻松提高数十分，即使是高手也能有稳定情绪节约时间的效果。GRE阅读机经是通过对机经的回忆而整合出来的资料库性质的复习材料。既然是机经回忆，研究GRE阅读机经肯定会对熟悉考试内容有所帮助。

但是，GRE阅读机经毕竟是靠回忆得来的资料，难免会存在一些误差和失真，比如题目的不完整，答案也因人而异，值得商榷和斟酌。由于GRE题库中题目的会重复出现，所以在考场上看到阅读机经的几率是大大存在的。

GRE阅读机经正确使用方法介绍

小编需要特别提醒大家的是，不建议考生完全依赖于GRE机经备考，更不能只靠死背记住机经答案就觉得考试万无一失了。考生还是应该以理解题目、熟悉出题思路和解答方法作为主要突破口进行机经的学习和研究。具体来说，考生看阅读机经，主要还是了解一下文章所讲的内容，对于题目会考到的一些细节留意其原文所在位置，还有主旨题态度题等涉及到的相关内容也要留下一定影响。但大家千万不要花功夫去把具体每道题目选哪个选项都背下来，因为考试中即使遭遇到也很少会原样照搬。如果只是死记硬背下了答案，考试题目稍稍做些改动就可能会让你反受其害，所谓机经反噬正是如此。

不要把机经当成投机取巧救命稻草

虽然GRE阅读机经会为你的备考带来一定的便利，但正如很多GRE老师和考生都总结过的，GRE机经可以帮你，但救不了你。GRE考试说到底还是考察考生的综合实力，如果底子打不好，基础不扎实，想要靠着机经投机取巧搞定考试是不现实的。同学们还应该以平时的备考练习为主，脚踏实地的积累实力，为考试做好充分的准备，在这个基础上学习参考GRE阅读机经，才能让其发挥出最大的价值。

关于GRE阅读机经的价值小编就为大家分析到这里，希望大家能有比较全面的认识和了解，并在此基础上正确使用，为备考带来一些帮助。

攻破新GRE逻辑阅读

Dance critic from Europe: The improved quality of ballet in the United States is the result of more Europeans' teaching ballet in the United States than ever before. I know the proportion of teachers who were born and trained in Europe has gone up among ballet teachers in the United States, because last year, on my trip to New York, more of the ballet teachers I met were from Europe-born and trained there -than ever before.

Which of the following identifies a questionable assumption made by the dance critic's reasoning?

(A) The argument overlooks the possibility that some ballet teachers in the United States could have been born in Europe but trained in the United States.

(B) The argument assumes that the ballet teachers whom the critic met last year on the critic's trip to New York were a generally typical group of such teachers.

(C) The argument assumes that the teaching of ballet in the United States is superior to the teaching of ballet in Europe

(D) Other possible reasons for the improved mental attitudes of United States dancers are not examined.

(E) The argument assumes that dancers born and trained in Europe are typically more talented than dancers born and trained in the United States.

对于新GRE逻辑阅读，考生除了采取题海战术，其实更应该做的就是总结。如果能从平日的练习中找到解新GRE逻辑阅读题的思路，那么，要比采取题海战术更好。

攻破新GRE逻辑阅读

The painter Peter Brandon never dated his works, and their chronology is only now beginning to take shape in the critical literature. A recent dating of a Brandon self-portrait to 1930 is surely wrong. Brandon was 63 years old in 1930, yet the painting shows a young, dark-haired man-obviously Brandon, but clearly not a man of 63.

Which of the following, if justifiably assumed, allows the conclusion to be properly drawn?

(A) There is no securely dated self-portrait of Brandon that he painted when he was significantly younger than 63.

(B) In refraining from dating his works, Brandon intended to steer critical discussion of them away from considerations of chronology.

(D) Brandon at age 63 would not have portrayed himself in a painting as he had looked when he was a young man.

(E) Brandon painted several self-portraits that showed him as a man past the age of 60.

攻破新GRE逻辑阅读

A person who agrees to serve as mediator between two warring factions at the request of both abandons by so agreeing the right to take sides later. To take sides at a later point would be to suggest that the earlier presumptive impartiality was a sham.

The passage above emphasizes which of the following points about mediators?

(A) They should try to form no opinions of their own about any issue that is related to the dispute.

(B) They should not agree to serve unless they are committed to maintaining a stance of impartiality.

(D) They should feel free to take sides in the dispute right from the start, provided that they make their biases publicly known.

(E) They should reserve the right to abandon their impartiality so as not to be open to the charge of having been deceitful.

Explanation

By pointing out the consequences of abandoning impartiality, the paragraph points out the importance for mediators of maintaining impartiality at all times. This is the point made in Choice B, which is therefore the correct answer. Choice A is incorrect, because it goes further than anything asserted in the passage. The passage does not rule out the possibility that one can have an opinion about issues related to a dispute without taking sides in the actual dispute. Choice C is incorrect because it is a presupposition on which the passage is based rather than the point of the passage; that is, the fact that the mediator is acceptable to both parties is a given, since they both ask the mediator to serve. Choices D and E are both inconsistent with the main point of the passage, the importance of impartiality at all times, so both are incorrect.

攻破新GRE逻辑阅读

To protect beachfront buildings from ocean storms, ocean resorts have built massive seawalls between beaches and the buildings. Not only do the seawalls block off some buildings' ocean view, but the beaches themselves become ever narrower, because sand can no longer creep inland as storms erode it at the water's edge.

If the information is correct, which of the following conclusions is most strongly supported on the basis of it?

(A) Since the ferocity of ocean storms is increasing, increasingly high seawalls must be built between beaches and beachfront property.

(B) Even when beaches are heavily used by people, they are necessary to the survival of the many wild species that use them.

(C) Seawalls constructed to protect beachfront buildings will not themselves eventually be damaged by storms and will not require, if they are to protect the buildings, expensive repair or replacement.

(D) The conservation of beaches for future generations should be the overriding goal of shore management at ocean coasts.

(E) Trying to protect beachfront buildings by constructing seawalls is counterproductive in the long run for an oceanfront community wishing to maintain itself as a beach resort.

对于新GRE逻辑阅读，考生除了采取题海战术，其实更应该做的就是总结。如果能从平日的练习中找到解新GRE逻辑阅读题的思路，那要比采取题海战术更好。

篇2：考前该如何刷GRE阅读机经

GRE阅读机经保分效果好?考前这样刷机经更能冲刺提分

GRE阅读机经提分作用好?

GRE阅读机经提分要这么刷

认清机经价值才能发挥提分作用

以上就是小编为大家带来的GRE阅读机经的价值分析和用法提点，考前看机经的方法许多同学都在用，而如何真正用好这种方法获得进步提升，小编还是建议大家能够从本文中学习一些方法技巧.

攻破新GRE逻辑阅读

The once widely held perception of intellectuals as the clarifiers of fundamental moral issues is no longer valid today. Intellectuals no longer act as advocates for oppressed groups. Instead of applying their insights and analyses to the problems of these groups, they leave the debate to the politicians.

The logical structure of the passage above depends upon the author's closely

A.linking the clarification of fundamental moral issues with intellectualism

B.advocacy on behalf of oppressed group

C.insight and analysis

D.debate on contemporary practical issues

E.the role of politicians

答案：(B)

问题：上文的逻辑结构依赖于作者把基本道德问题的澄清与什么联系起来?

读题：曾经被广泛接受的知识分子作为基本道德问题的澄清人今天已经不在有效了。知识分子不再作为被压迫阶级的代言人。他们不在把洞察力和分析投入到这些集团的问题上，而是把争论留给了政治家。

分析：第一句话是结论，知识分子作为基本道德问题的澄清人不再有效后面进一步说明知识分子不再做什么。显然从逻辑上讲，他们不再做的事情是与基本道德问题相关的。文中两个no longer更显示了这一点，基本道德问题的澄清人与被压迫阶级的代言人联系起来，其实对历史背景熟悉的人一看就明白本题的意思。在西方，moral issues 指的就是8小时工作制和累进税progressive incometax

攻破新GRE逻辑阅读

Some would have you believe that the economic problems of Western Europe have been caused by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil cartel. This is nonsense. After all, Great Britain is not dependent on OPEC oil and yet Great Britain suffers from the same economic problems that afflict France and West Germany.

The author's point is made primarily by

(A) offering Great Britain as a counterexample

(B) analyzing the economic difficulties of France and West Germany

(D) proposing an alternative explanation

(E) drawing an analogy between France and West Germany

答案：(A)

攻破新GRE逻辑阅读

In household electric ovens, the heating element has only two settings—on and off. A thermostat connected to the oven's temperature knob is the only control on temperature, automatically switching the element off when the indicated temperature is reached, which happens quickly in modern ovens, and subsequently on or off as needed to maintain temperature.

Which of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information above?

(A) Because in each case the heating element alternates between on and off, a modern household electric oven uses little more power at its maximum temperature setting than it does at its lowest temperature setting.

(B) Once the indicated temperature has been reached and is being maintained by the thermostat, the heating element will be switched off for a greater proportion of the time than it is switched on.

(C) The accuracy with which household electric ovens maintain their temperature could not be improved on by ovens whose heating elements have more than two settings.

(D) In a correctly functioning modern household electric oven, tile thermostat will generally not switch the heating element off when the oven's temperature is more than a few degrees above the indicated temperature.

(E) If the thermostat of a modern household electric oven is disabled so that the heating element remains switched on, the oven's temperature can eventually become higher than the maximum temperature setting on its temperature knob.

答案：(E)

问题：下面那一个陈述最被上面的信息所支持?

读题：家用电子烤箱的供热系统仅有两种状态开和关，与烤箱温度柄相连的恒温器是对温度的仅有控制，当达到设定的温度时就会自动关上。之后根据保持温度的需要自动打开关闭。

A. 由于家用电子烤箱的供热系统总在开、关两种状态转换，因此最高温度状态比最低温度状态多用不了多少电。(没有涉及用电量的比较)

B. 一旦达到设定的温度并由怛温器保证该温度的话，供热系统关闭的时间要比打开的时间长。(上文没有涉及这两方面时间的比较)

C. 即使供热系统具有两种以上状态的烤箱也无法提高家用电子烤箱保持温度的精确度。

D. 在运转正常的现代家用电子烤箱中，如果烤箱的温度要比设定的温度还要高好几度，恒温器一般不会关闭供热系统。

E. 如果现代家用电子烤箱的恒温器坏了，而供热系统一直开着，那么最后烤箱的温度就可能超过温度柄所设定的最高温度。(原来是到设定温度就关闭，现在坏了，供热系统继续开，当然最后温度就有可能超过)

GRE阅读中不能忽略的后缀词

GRE大白皮NO.4-9第250页No.8第一套题第3section短文阅读理解的第20题

原文：

We believe,pehaps unimaginative, that this...

考点就是这个unimaginative

正确选项是A pedestrian 这个词本身没有必要讲解，如果你查阅韦氏字典这个单词的解释就是 unimaginative /commonplace

问题出在，不明确unimaginative 和 unimaginable的差别，是错误选择NOVEL的原因。前者是“没有想象力的”后者是“不可想象的”

-tive 这个后缀的含义：having a tendency to do, or tending to, 倾向于

unimaginative 在朗文字典的解释比较准确：

lacking the ability to think of new or unusaul ideas, ordinary and boring

-able 表示能力，所以unimaginable是不可想象的，not imaginable or comprehensible ，too extraordinary or improbable to believe，INCREDIABLE

Synonymsfantastic, implausible, inconceivable, unbelievable, unconvincing, unimaginable, unthinkable Related Wordsdoubtful, dubious, far-fetched, fishy, flimsy, questionable, suspect, unlikely, unreasonable; hopeless, impossible; absurd, outlandish, preposterous, ridiculous; indefensible, insupportable, untenable Near Antonymslikely, possible, probable; reasonable

篇3：雅思阅读机经无用论

雅思阅读机经无用论?提高分数前你需要提高能力

有些烤鸭本来觉得阅读机经一定要做完，可有些同学没做多少分数也达标了;另一些烤鸭花了大工夫把机经做完，分数照样没有考上7分……那么机经，到底有没有作用呢?

小编认为，这个问题应该从两方面来看待。首先说这种“没刷机经也能得高分”类型的烤鸭，他们的成功背后其实离不开类似的努力：也许他们把时间留给了读懂句子的长难句训练，也许他们把时间花在了提高定位关键词的技巧上，也许他们用了更长时间理解单词的多种含义。所以说机经对他们而言确实只是锦上添花，而不是必须的条件。

再说那些“刷了机经也没高分”的烤鸭们，大多数都是因为基础没能完全打好，就急于希望通过积累经验去做题。

通过给机经里的文章归纳大义，通过把握囫囵的文章脉络，或者只掌握了几个技巧规律，他们就觉得机经刷好了，其实离看懂文章还差了很多很多。

做对只是读懂的必要非充分条件，仅仅靠机经来了解题型和出题规律肯定是不够的。

因此，大家不应该太看重这两个观点中的任何一个，而是要从雅思本身的考试形态出发，从自己的英文水平出发，找到最适合自己的方式才行。

因为雅思考试的题目中对细节、主旨的考察总是有限的，有时候只要答案定位到了就能做对，这样刷的机经再多对文章可能也不够理解，更不要说适应了。

在机经之外，坚持看一些推荐英语软文的软件app，给自己其他领域的信息冲击和难度挑战，补充那些真题里没有的英文用法也是不错的。

另外，大家在做雅思机经时应该保持好正向反馈，告诉自己这些文章做完之后肯定能带来自我的提升，避免为一两次的失利而否定自己的努力。总之，既不要成为“无用论”的沮丧派，也不要成为盲目刷题的愣头青。

雅思考试阅读模拟试题精选

How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald‘s in Europe

A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January ， the world‘s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers‘ favourite enemy operates.

B.So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the number of customers by 3.4%， the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the group’s profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain， and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly.

C.Mr Hennequin‘s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations， to be “locally relevant”， and to improve the experience of visiting his 6，400 restaurants. McDonald‘s is blamed for making people fat， exploiting workers， treating animals cruelly， polluting the environment and simply for being American. Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns.

D.He introduced “open door” visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Poland alone some 50，000 visitors came to McDonald’s through the visitors‘ programme last year. The Nutrition Information Initiative， launched last year， put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with data on calories， protein， fat， carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on tray-liners.

E.Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that “McJobs”， the low-paid menial jobs at McDonald‘s restaurants， are much better than people think. But some of his efforts have backfired： last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union. Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald‘s managers across the continent.

F.To stay in touch with local needs and preferences， McDonald’s employs local bosses as much as possible. A Russian is running McDonald‘s in Russia， though a Serb is in charge of Germany. The group buys mainly from local suppliers. Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers， for example. (Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the late 1990s subsequently discovered that it was， in fact， buying their produce.) And it hires celebrities such as Heidi Klum， a German model， as local brand ambassadors.

G.In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a “design studio” in France to spruce up his company’s drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio”， where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends.

H.Given France‘s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe， it seems odd that McDonald’s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman， using ideas cooked up in the French market. But France is in fact the company‘s most profitable market after America. The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France， but Britain.

I.“Fixing Britain should be his priority，” says David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald‘s restaurants in Britain are company-owned， compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants， but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible， says Mr Palmer.

J.M.Mark Wiltamuth， an analyst at Morgan Stanley， estimates that European company-owned restaurants’ margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in . This is still less than in the late 1990s and below America‘s 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin’s reign. He is already being tipped as the first European candidate for the group‘s top job in Illinois. Nobody would call that a McJob.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

TRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writer

FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1.McDonald was showing the sign of recovery in all European countries except France after Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro-markets.

2.Starting from last year， detailed labels are put on McDonald’s packaging and detailed information is also printed on tray-liners.

3.France is said to be the most anti-American country in Europe， but the ideas of the “open door” visiting days and “McPassport” are invented in the French market.

4.Britain possesses the weakest McDonald market among European countries and approximately 1214 McDonald’s restaurants are company-owned.

5.According to David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS， David Hennequin should treat the problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important thing.

6.David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should sell as many its outlets which lose money in business as possible for revival.

Questions 7-10

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe sheet.

7.The word “sterling” in line 3 of Paragraph A means__________.

A.difficult

B.menial

C.terrible

D.excellent

8.Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT TRUE?

A.It tends to make people fat.

B.Its operations are very vague.

C.It tends to exploit workers.

D.It tends to treat animals cruelly.

9.Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired result?

A.“Food Studio” scheme.

B.“Open Door” visitor days.

C.The “McPassport” scheme.

D.The Nutrition Information Initiative.

10.What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends?

A.set up a “Food Studio” .

B.established a “Design Studio”.

C.hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors.

D.employed local bosses as much as possible.

Questions 11-14

Complete each of the following statements (Questions 11-14) with words or number taken from Reading Passage 1.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

11.After January 2004， McDonald was making improvement following a period of slump in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were ………………………….

12.Business of McDonald in France and Britain was particularly good in December since customers took to ……………………………..

13.Compared with other countries， France is McDonald’s ……………………….next to America.

14.…………………….of McDonald’s restaurants in America are companied–owned and the figure is much lower than that in Britain.

Part II

Notes to Reading Passage 1

1.sterling高质量的

e.g.He has many sterling qualities.他身上有许多优秀的品质。

2.menial 不体面的，乏味的(工作、职业)

3.spruce up打扮整齐、漂亮、装饰

4.mastermind指挥、谋划(一个计划或活动)

e.g.The police know who masterminded the robbery.警察知道是谁策划了那次抢劫。

5.underperform表现不佳表现出低于标准的工作水平、企业出现亏本

Part III

Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-14

1.FALSE

See the second sentence in Paragraph A “One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots.His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries…”.

2.TRUE

See the last sentence in Paragraph D “The Nutrition Information Initiative， launched last year， put detailed labels on McDonald‘s packaging with data on calories， protein， fat， carbohydrates and salt content.The details are also printed on tray-liners.”

3.NOT GIVEN

See Paragraph D， E and H “Given France’s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe， it seems odd that McDonald‘s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman， using ideas cooked up in the French market.”.

4.FALSE

See the last sentence of Paragraph H and first sentence of Paragraph L “The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France， but Britain…Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald‘s restaurants in Britain are company-owned…”

5.TRUE

See the first sentence of Paragraph I “Fixing Britain should be his priority，” says David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS”.

6.NOT GIVEN

See the last sentence of Paragraph I “So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible， says Mr Palmer”.

7.D

See the first sentence of Paragraph A “One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots”.

8.B

See the second sentence of Paragraph D “McDonald‘s is blamed for making people fat， exploiting workers， treating animals cruelly， polluting the environment”

9.C

See the second sentence of Paragraph E “But some of his efforts have backfired： last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union..”

10.A

See the last sentence of Paragraph G “He also set up a “food studio”， where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends”.

11.sluggish or declining

See the first sentence of Paragraph A “When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald‘s in January 2004， the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.”

12.seasonal menu offerings

See the last sentence of Paragraph B “December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain， and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly”.

13.most profitable market

See the second sentence of Paragraph H “But France is in fact the company‘s most profitable market after America”.

14.15%

See the second sentence of Paragraph I “Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald’s restaurants in Britain are company-owned， compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America”.

篇4：雅思阅读机经：GeneralTrainingBPterosaurs

雅思阅读机经：General Training B Pterosaurs

A Pterosaurs stand out as one of nature's great success stories. They first appeared during the Triassic period, 215 million years ago, and thrived for 150 million years before becoming extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Uncontested in the air, pterosaurs colonized all continents and evolved into a vast array of shapes and sizes.

B Until recently, most scientists would not have put pterosaurs in the same class as birds in terms of flying ability. Because pterosaurs were reptiles, generations of researchers imagined that those creatures must have boon cold-blooded, like modern snakes and lizards. This would have made flying awkward, as they would have lacked the endurance to power their muscles for long periods of time.

C In the past three decades, however, a number of fossil discoveries have prompted researchers to re-examine their views. The new picture of pterosaurs reveals that they were unlike any modern reptile. From a fossil discovered in Kazakhstan, scientists suspect that pterosaurs had a covering resembling fur. If so, this detail provides evidence of a warm-blooded body that could maintain the kind of effort needed to stay in the air. Indeed, scientists now believe that many pterosaurs were gifted air?borne predators, built to feed while in flight. And, in fact, such controversy has surrounded pterosaurs since the first discovery of one in the early 1700s.

D Cosimo Alessandro Collini, the first natural historian to study the fossil and describe it, was unable to classify it. It was not until 1791 that the great French anatomist Georges Cuvier deduced that the animal was in fact a flying reptile, whose fourth finger supported a wing. Ho named the fossil Pterodactylus, combining the Greek words for wing and finger. A few decades later, the name pterosaur, or winged reptile, was adopted to describe the growing list of similar fossils.

E In 1873, a remarkable pterosaur specimen came to light that confirmed Cuvier's deduction. Unlike earlier fossils, this new find near the Bavarian town of Solnhofen contained delicate wing impressions, establishing definitely that the extinct reptile was capable of flight. Even though over a thousand pterosaur specimens are known today, such wing impressions remain rare. Normally only bones survive the fossilization process

F But how pterosaurs learnt to fly remains a matter for disagreement. Most researchers conclude that pterosaurs are descended from a small tree-dwelling reptile that spent its life jumping between branches. This creature would have spread its limbs, and used flaps of skin attached to its limbs and body to help it to land gently on the ground. Over many generations the fourth finger on each of its front “arms” would have grown longer, making the skin surface larger and enabling the animal to glide farther. Meanwhile, the competing argument holds that pterosaurs developed from two-legged reptiles that ran along the ground, perhaps spreading their arms for balance. Through gradual growth, the front arms would then have evolved into wings. This difficult issue w.ill only be resolved with the discovery of earlier forms of pterosaurs.

G It's very difficult to say how pterosaurs changed over time because the earliest fossils we have are of pterosaurs whose fourth finger has already transformed into a wing/ says Fabio daila Vecchia, an Italian researcher. In fact, the earliest known pterosaurs came from the mountains of northern Italy, where he has spent years searching for flying reptiles. These species have shorter wings than later forms, but there is evidence that they were skilful fliers, capable of catching fish over open water. Proof of this has been found in the fossil of a Eudimorphodon, a 215-million-year- old pterosaur found near Bergamo, Italy. Under a microscope, several fish scales ,can be seen in the abdomen of the specimen - the remains of the pterosaur's last meal.

H A different but equally impressive sight is the life-size model of Quetzalcoatlus northroph which stares down at visitors in the Museum of Flying in Santa Monica, California. It has a beak the size of a man and wings wider than those of many of the planes exhibited nearby. This pterosaur had wings over 11 meters wide, making it the largest flying animal ever known.

I Quetzalcoatlus represents the height of pterosaur evolution. 'Unlike smaller pterosaurs, it could use natural currents to stay in the air without having to move its wings continuously' said Paul MacCready, an aeronautical engineer. 'As pterosaurs got larger, they discovered the benefits of gliding on air currents, making use of a free energy source. With their hollow bones, these pterosaurs had a very light construction, ideal for such activity.'

J As we walked beneath the Quetzalcoatlus model in Santa Monica, MacCready pointed out its similarity to sailplanes, the most efficient kind of aero planes.

Both have long slender wings designed to fly with minimum power. During flight, sailplane pilots routinely search for places where heat rises from sun-baked earth, creating hot air currents called thermals. Undoubtedly, Quetzalcoatlus would have used thermals as well, lazily circling over the river deltas that one covered parts of Texas.

K The triumphant reign of pterosaurs ended with this giant flier. At the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, a meteorite or comet slammed into the Earth. That calamity - and other events 一 wiped out roughly three quart ers of all species, including all pterosaurs and dinosaurs. But before their disappearance, pterosaurs enjoyed unequalled success. They flew into sunny skies before any other vertebrate. For 150 million years they sailed the winds on the strength of a fragile finger. What a glorious ride they had.

Questions 28-34

The text has eleven paragraphs, A-K.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.

28、similarities between pterosaurs and mechanical flight

29、the identification of the type of creature a pterosaur actually was

30、conflicting theories about how pterosaurs came to fly

31、the cause of widespread destruction of animal life on our planet

32、the fact that pterosaurs once existed all over the world

33、the first clear proof that pterosaurs could fly

34、concrete evidence that pterosaurs hunted their food from the air

Questions 35-38

Look at the following statements (Questions 35-38) and the list of people below.

Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet.

35、He refers to the difficulty of determining how pterosaurs evolved without further evidence.

36、He failed to interpret the evidence before him.

37、He gave an appropriate name to the first pterosaur (hat was discovered.

38、He mentions the ability of pterosaurs to take advantage of their environment.

List of People

A Cosimo Alessandro Collini

B Georges Cuvier

C Fabio dalla Vecchia

D Paul MacCready

Questions 39 and 40

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the text for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.

39、So far, evidence of a total of...........................pterosaurs has been discovered.

40、The wings of Quetzalcoatlus measured more than...........................across.

影响雅思阅读五大基本因素

第一个影响雅思阅读分数的因素就是词汇。必须在阅读文章中记忆，每篇文章做完题目，要整理一下单词，然后再运用到阅读其他文章中去，这叫从阅读中来，会阅读中去。效果比较明显。不要盲目地扩充大量单词，要有针对性，针对雅思阅读，要知道雅思阅读常考那些词。这可从广泛接触雅思阅读文章中，对单词有感觉。

第二个是语法。阅读中很多题目是在考查语法，都是暗地里考。特别是主观题，还有题目与原文的一些改写，都是建立在语法的基础上的。我们要注意一些关系，比如说对比对照关系，因果关系，因为两事物一旦有了关系，就热闹了，就比较好出题了。

第三个是逻辑关系。雅思有个别难题不光是考查大家的英文水平，同时还在考查大家的逻辑思维能力。有些题目就是在这个环节出了问题，全部单词都认识，就是题做不对。这样的题多是判断题和单选题。

第四个是文章的背景。这是影响雅思阅读分数最不明显的因素。雅思阅读文章的背景我们也要熟悉，比如交通能源污染，这是雅思考试永恒的话题。我们比须积累这方面的常识，背景。另外还有建筑，动植物，医疗健康，公司管理，高科技等等。

第五个是雅思阅读题目的类型。其实这是影响雅思阅读分数的最明显的因素。十多种题目类型可以进行以下划分，实力题与技巧题，必考题与选考题，主观题与客观题。这样的话，考生就比较容易把握题目类型了，而且可以根据自己的实际水平，调整做题的先后顺序。比如说，一个实力稍微弱点的学生，就要先去找填图填表，匹配，简答这类的题目做。而像判断题能做就做，如果有的连提干都看不懂，那只能根据一般规律去做，也就是蒙。这是没有办法的办法。但总比你在那浪费上十多分钟强，但也不能空着。

影响雅思阅读分数的这五个方面，大家都要针对性很强地下功夫。前期熟悉题型，研究题型，学会定位，调整做题的顺序和不太好的习惯。后期研究雅思文章，积累常考得替换词，攻破常考得语法难点。适当背诵甚至默写一定量的重要句子。

雅思阅读--遇见回答问题怎样两三词答对

回答问题是根据所给文章或图表回答问题。在IELTS阅读测试中通常是用下列单词提问：. what、which、when、where、who、whose、whom、why、how 等。除了利用上述单词进行提问外，有时会在答题指引中将所提问题列出。

回答问题答题步骤：

1. 仔细查看答题指引，了解回答何种问题。

2. 查看例句，确定答题方式。

3. 要确定问句的种类，一般疑问句可按正常形式回答(例如：yes/no)，如果是选择疑问句或者是以wh/how开头的问句就一定要具体回答

4. 仔细理解问句所提问题。

5. 特别要注意问句中所提问题的关键词语(例如：单数、复数)，以及问句中表明数量、时间、地点的词语。

6. 将问句中的关键词语与文章中相关句子中的词语进行匹配。

7. 确定问句与文章中相关句子含义是否一致，得出答案。

雅思阅读机经：General Training B Pterosaurs

篇5：托福阅读机经有用吗

托福阅读机经有用吗

在这个星球上做所有的事情都不易——尤其是那些能让自己真正感到自豪的事情。如今跟托福结下孽缘的国人大多从上个世纪就开始痛下决心同英语死磕到底，结果不尽如人意、考后怨声载道哀鸿遍野的场面早已是常态。我们有时太容易放弃，一遍遍履行“破罐子破摔”的谶语。这样不好。一种普遍的心态是：还有十天就上考场，再临阵磨枪夫复何用哉。

于是大家看到了点题班，仿佛看到了最后一棵救命稻草。

没错，我就想谈谈这临阵磨枪的“何用哉”部分，而且是谈一个曾经一度被认为不可能被点题的科目：阅读。

点题无非是寄希望于某一次考过的题目在即将来临的考试中再次出现，于是前人们含着悲愤眼泪回忆出来的东西便显得至关重要，这个东西叫“机经”。我们有能力通过一定的规律来将下一次考试的范围缩小到一定程度，那么到这一步，能够呈献给大家只有一本写得乱七八糟前言不搭后语的机经组合。现在问题出现了：几乎没有人能做到将阅读原文八九不离十地回忆出来，也几乎不会有人去刻意记忆那些错综复杂的阅读题型——实际上，机经的回忆者甚至不能保证自己在紧张激烈的阅读考试中是否真正读懂了文本与题目。那么在机经上体现出来的就是一群杂乱无章的絮语。那么通过阅读这些破碎而并不准确的汉语信息几乎解决不了实际问题。我们需要的比这多。那么我来告诉大家这阅读点题是如何剑走偏锋，达到某种“实用”之极致的。

那我就先介绍一个新的概念：叫做“关键词映射”。阅读不会涉及校园生活，而是三篇最残暴的学术类文章。每一篇文章都对应一个范围相对狭窄的话题，而每一个话题，实际都是由一个词或词组承载实意的。这些词能够映射到其他相关联的、表示诠释或细化的词，到这里大家应该能意识到，它们就是文章的“关键词”。不管机经回忆者的记忆有多么模糊，能够确定的一点就是，这些同我们生活并无太大关联的学术型关键词是几乎不可能被生造出来的——它们是机经里唯一值得我们信赖的东西。

这时候，我用一个例子来问大家。

当提到“牛顿勋爵”(Sir Issac Newton)你会想到什么?答案会多种多样，我列举一下：苹果;微积分;莱布尼茨;物理学;剑桥;英国人;_徒;煮熟的怀表;终生未婚;怪异?? (Apple, Leibniz, Calculus, Physics, Cambridge, British, Christian, Cooked Pocket Watch, Not Married and…Weirdness…)

那么这是一个相当大的话题，每个人想到的可能都会是一个很具体的方面。但是如果我现在要是把关键词的范围扩大到两个呢?比如说：当提到”牛顿勋爵“和”苹果“时你会想到什么?相必绝大多数人直接想到一个很确定的答案：”牛顿第一定律“(First Law of Motion)。大家会发现，当关键词数量不断增多的情况下，反映到我们意识中的概念就会越来越清晰具体。那么，同样的道理，如果机经的回忆者只要能给出超过三个准确的关键词，这三个词所能界定的范围就会非常狭窄。

那这又有什么用呢?我们假设现在有一百位研究牛顿的专家共同写一篇介绍性的、内涵不必特别深入的托福阅读式文章，其话题就是”牛顿勋爵“与”苹果“——几乎可以确定的是，他们写作的内容会惊人的相似。的确，不同点是存在的，那就是——讨论同一话题的不同作者只有语言组织的不同，而话题本身不会改变。也就是说我们只要读到其中一个人写作成的文本，那么其他人写作的文本在阅读时就会直接预测到其实质内容。

那么这就是托福阅读点题的实质：不记题也不背机经，直接命中该话题的具体内容——还原原文。

在整理点题班讲义文本的时候，我逐渐发现绝大多数阅读原文都是根据某一个领域的学术研究成果简化而成。在还原的过程中，有时甚至能将该文所引用的原始资料”挖掘”出来。这也就意味着，一旦点题命中，那么考试文本将是讲义文本文意的子集。虽然点题文本不可避免地会大大超越托福考试文本难度，但若能将这些原始资料读懂，何惧托福焉!

那最后一个触动大家神经的问题出现了：预测有风险，不中怎么办?我只想说一个词来回答这个问题：开卷有益。我想借这个话题给大家说明一个道理：试想一下当你翻开一本沉甸甸的阅读讲义，用几天时间静静地读完，那些有趣的话题将会组织成一张知识与语言的网络。语言本身是如流水般变化多端而非顽石一块亘古不变。文字永远是知识与智识的载体，而在我们这个僵化千年的帝国体系下，人们太容易直视一件事物的某一个侧面而从未试图去看清全貌，殊不知一个看似迥然不同的话题实际是一个大图景的另一个视角。一种绣花般的葵花宝典式的学习法必然同自然正常的语言养成背道而驰;我们更需要一种独孤九剑般的无招胜有招。一个睿智的阅读者不一定是极具语言天赋的人，但他一定耐得住孤独与寂寞，知道如何去用心感悟这个世界，知道如何去享受寂寥的世事与美丽的智慧。他就是这个时代的英雄。

无须多言，望与诸君相遇。不说教，只唯实。共勉矣!

托福阅读：猜词的学问

1、根据同义、反义关系猜词

Today‘ s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.

A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy

traditional与liberal意思相反，故选B。

2、根据句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测词义

Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing

together with them or laughed at them.

A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated

根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”，故选D。

专家解读托福阅读揣摩生词法二：利用构词法猜测词义(利用前、后缀及合成词猜词义)

1、用前、后缀猜测词义

英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义，把握住这一点，可起到以不变应万变的效果。

1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.

overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有“超过、过于”之意，overwork意思是“工作过多，劳累过度”。再如，overburden负担过重，overcharge要价过高，overdo做得过分。

前缀还有：

mis-错，误：misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当

mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路

under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估

anti-反对：antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂

下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词：

1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)

2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志，再如realize， modernize)

2、利用合成词猜测词义。

Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening， and everyone partakes in for fun.

根据短语构成及上下文意思看，此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发)，set out-outset(名词起始)，come in-income(名词收入) 。

托福阅读：文章内容及特点综合分析

一、托福阅读文章出处以及选材范围

作为一项语言能力测试，托福考试是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。因此，其阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学本科生使用的教材，以达到最佳的模拟测试效果。文章的选材范围极其广泛，涉及有自然科学包括：天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括：艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括：政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等交叉学科。

从选材范围可见：托福阅读的文章内容对考生知识存储量的广度有一定的要求，但同时考虑到考生来自于不同的专业，对于其他学科往往不具备专业素质，因此为了遵守考试公平性原则，文章均不对其所述及的学科做过多深入的探讨。

二、托福阅读文章类型及篇章段落结构

根据托福阅读文章的出处及选材范围，我们可以将这些文章归为三类：说明文、议论文、史实文。三者合一统称为：学术性文章。这种类型的文章，必须具备说理性特质，即行文逻辑大都遵循着相对固定的结构模式。

一句话：托福文章的篇章结构有规律可寻，段落组成有原则可守：

1. 学术性文章的篇章结构：

在学术性文章中，一般需要具备三个组成部分：

(1)Topic 话题：即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象，探讨某个历史事件;

在托福文章中，这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解;

(2)Aspects 方面：即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点，则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象，则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件，则方面为几段发展时期;

在托福文章中，往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系，将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落，共同组成行文主体;

(3)Attitude态度：即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定，或是消极否定，或是保持中立。

在托福文章中，态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。

Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度，这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A 篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构，考生通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向，再抓住文章的各个段落主旨，便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。来源：北京新航道托福培训

2. 学术性文章的段落结构

学术性文章的自然段落，一般需要具备两个组成部分：

(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表达段落的主旨，即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么;

(2) Detail 细节：为了详细说明段落中心含义，所罗列的相关支持内容，即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。

Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节，这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构，考生通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。

总结：当考生们了解了这种TAA 篇章结构和TS+D段落结构的行文规律后，对文章框架的把握就会做到心里有数，更有利于提高阅读速度和定位有效信息的准确度。

三、托福阅读考试的量化指标

新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。

无阅读加试的情况下，共有3篇文章，分为两个部分，第一部分为独立的1篇文章，考试时间为20分钟;第二部分为两篇文章，考试时间为40分钟，期间这两篇文章的考试时间可以自由分配。总体考试时间为两部分之和，即60分钟。

有阅读加试的情况下，在已有的3篇文章及60分钟答题时间的基础上，再加两篇文章，并作为一个部分，共计40分钟，加试期间的两篇文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。总体考试时间为三部分之和，即100分钟。

关于托福阅读文章的考察内容和特点的综合分析，大家已经都了解了吧。针对上文所说的希望大家赶紧制定备考复习计划，争取在考试的时候充分发挥，加油!

托福阅读：六大背景知识总结

一、印第安题材

1.白令海峡移民理论

2.印第安文化

3.印第安宗教观

4.印第安建筑业：大、先进。

5.印第安手工业：好。

6.社会组织结构：严密、分工细、凝聚力强。

7.农业先进：A. irrigation; B. maize, squash, bean, pea。

二、动植物题材(必考)

1.植物学题材(不多见)

a. 地衣、苔、真菌、蘑菇最常见。

b. 树冠上方生物。

c. 植物在生态平衡中的作用。

2.动物学题材(90%以上)

a. 考普通动物为多。最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。

b. 考动物进化(evolution)。

c. 考动物的分类(classification)。

phyla(单数phylum) —门 class—纲 order—目 family—科 genus—属 species—种 carnivore/predator—食肉动物 herbivore—食草动物 omnivore—杂食动物

d. 动物的生活习性最为多见。

群居(social animal)动物的习性

a) 蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—气味;生活来源;外来物种的有害性。

b) 蜜蜂：群居个性; “8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敌—大黄蜂。

c) 大猩猩：智能：猩际关系

k) 迁徙 (migration )

野鸭、大雁：日照长短;辨别方向。

伪装 (camouflage)、花拟态(mimicry )

三、考古学(archaeology)题材

1.文化(cultural ) 考古学

形态(physical)考古学(多见)

2.化石(fossil )

j 化石构成。化石比原物更沉重 (矿物质环境)

k 化石形成原因。坚硬物质，迅速掩埋。

l 化石与动物的进化关系。

3.人的左右手

j 使用工具。证据：敲击的划痕;手柄的形状。

k 牙齿上的划痕。

l 大脑左右半球的大小差别;趾骨的粗细差别。

m 作画时人像的方向

4.古代陶瓷的考古。

Clay, model, wheel (转盘 )， glaze, kiln

5.古代文字的考古。

四、美国历史题材

1.美国发展线索

j 发现美洲阶段

哥伦布(意)，为黄金、茶叶、香料

West/East Indian

影响：世界观变化;国家形势变化;(爱尔兰——土豆饥荒 )

k 英国定居阶段(English settlement )

1607第一个定居点Captain John Smith影响清教徒

1620五月花号

l 殖民时期(colonial era )

m 独立战争(American Revolution )

n 新的国家(new nation)：南北不均衡

o 南北战争(Civil War )

p 战后重建。持续近1。

q 西进运动 (Westward movement )

r 工业化大增长

s world war I & II

End ：1960

2.“大熔炉”：地理位置;民族融合1960’s;文化融合。

3.邮政。j 小马快递;k 铁路邮政。

五、地理学题材

1.地理现象、土壤构成、降雪降雨。

2.冰川(glacier)、形成(foundation) à移动冰川(surge glacier )à危险

3.地球构成：地心构成

M计划、DSDP(deep sea drill project )计划、地震波探测à 超高温高压

地壳 (crust)

地幔(mantle ) upper mantle; lower mantle

地核 (core)

4.板块构成学说

converge 碰撞; spread 张裂

mantle plume 地粒、热点; a dive into b ; slide past each other

六、天文学题材

多考木星、太阳，近期多考彗星、小行星。

1.宇宙 (universe、cosmos) à 星系(galaxy )，星云(nebulae) à 恒星 (star、sun ) à 行星 (planet)à卫星 (satellite、moon )à 小行星(asteroid à 彗星(comet ) à陨星 (meteorite)

2.八大行星

Mercury —水星，Venus—金星，earth—地球， Mars—火星，Jupiter —木星，Saturn —土星，Uranus —天王星，Neptune — 海王星(第九大行星Pluto —-冥王星已被天文学界逐出行星之列)

3.物质粒子

molecule —分子，particle —粒子，proton—质子，electron —电子， neutron —中子，photon —光子，ion —离子

7.文学、艺术题材

1.文学

j 文学流派;k 作家、作品; l 文学体裁; m 作家生平。

2.艺术

j 流派，主考画派、雕塑

k 发展：19世界以前美国落后，之后改善原因：经济发达。

l 改善方法：向欧洲，尤其是英法学习。

m 艺术品向英法进口：当地没有; 生产技术水平落后。

篇6：托福阅读机经原文

文明衰落引起很多人的研究兴趣。其中一个理论是认为高强度的农业造成了生态系统的崩溃：玛雅人口的数量和密度都比较大，为了供养这些人口，玛雅人从事高强度的农业，对土地施加的压力越来越大，最终造成生态系统极其脆弱，在不可预知的气候变化来临时崩溃了。也有人认为人口与农业只是导火索，更加直接的使得玛雅文明灭绝的原因在于食物短缺：因为玛雅农业主要依靠一种在沼泽里抬起来的高地系统，一年四季都可以进行农业生产，因为流失的土壤营养可以通过高地周围的水渠底部挖泥，再把泥巴堆回到高地而循环获取，前提条件是水渠里必须有稳定的水位，而严重的干旱大大降低了水位使得高地农田系统不再起作用，这是天灾，有地质证据证明，玛雅文明消失和历史一次大干旱时间相同;除此之外也有人祸，玛雅各城邦猛烈竞争，竞相修建起纪念碑，耗费了大量的人力物力，使得农业生产充满压力。

篇7：托福阅读机经原文

按照学术文章的常见思路打开：引出学术话题(一万年前北美巨型哺乳动物大量灭绝)，提出假说(人类的过度猎杀所致overhunting)，进而对假说证据的寻找，然后又说这个说法太简单了，肯定还有别的原因，比如气候干旱，和最终假说破绽的指出(同时代被人类过度猎杀的野牛bison却没有灭绝，一直持续到了19世纪，所以单靠人类猎杀不足以导致灭绝);于是提出另一假说，进入同样的循环证明的过程。