雅思阅读机经：GeneralTrainingBPterosaurs

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目录
第1篇：雅思阅读机经：GeneralTrainingBPterosaurs第2篇：雅思阅读机经无用论第3篇：雅思哥的阅读机经第4篇：雅思哥的阅读机经第5篇：雅思哥的阅读机经第6篇：雅思阅读机经人类与机器人第7篇：雅思阅读机经真题解析：滑石粉第8篇：雅思阅读机经真题解析--CosmeticsInAncientPast

篇1：雅思阅读机经：GeneralTrainingBPterosaurs

雅思阅读机经：General Training B Pterosaurs

A Pterosaurs stand out as one of nature's great success stories. They first appeared during the Triassic period, 215 million years ago, and thrived for 150 million years before becoming extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Uncontested in the air, pterosaurs colonized all continents and evolved into a vast array of shapes and sizes.

B Until recently, most scientists would not have put pterosaurs in the same class as birds in terms of flying ability. Because pterosaurs were reptiles, generations of researchers imagined that those creatures must have boon cold-blooded, like modern snakes and lizards. This would have made flying awkward, as they would have lacked the endurance to power their muscles for long periods of time.

C In the past three decades, however, a number of fossil discoveries have prompted researchers to re-examine their views. The new picture of pterosaurs reveals that they were unlike any modern reptile. From a fossil discovered in Kazakhstan, scientists suspect that pterosaurs had a covering resembling fur. If so, this detail provides evidence of a warm-blooded body that could maintain the kind of effort needed to stay in the air. Indeed, scientists now believe that many pterosaurs were gifted air?borne predators, built to feed while in flight. And, in fact, such controversy has surrounded pterosaurs since the first discovery of one in the early 1700s.

D Cosimo Alessandro Collini, the first natural historian to study the fossil and describe it, was unable to classify it. It was not until 1791 that the great French anatomist Georges Cuvier deduced that the animal was in fact a flying reptile, whose fourth finger supported a wing. Ho named the fossil Pterodactylus, combining the Greek words for wing and finger. A few decades later, the name pterosaur, or winged reptile, was adopted to describe the growing list of similar fossils.

E In 1873, a remarkable pterosaur specimen came to light that confirmed Cuvier's deduction. Unlike earlier fossils, this new find near the Bavarian town of Solnhofen contained delicate wing impressions, establishing definitely that the extinct reptile was capable of flight. Even though over a thousand pterosaur specimens are known today, such wing impressions remain rare. Normally only bones survive the fossilization process

F But how pterosaurs learnt to fly remains a matter for disagreement. Most researchers conclude that pterosaurs are descended from a small tree-dwelling reptile that spent its life jumping between branches. This creature would have spread its limbs, and used flaps of skin attached to its limbs and body to help it to land gently on the ground. Over many generations the fourth finger on each of its front “arms” would have grown longer, making the skin surface larger and enabling the animal to glide farther. Meanwhile, the competing argument holds that pterosaurs developed from two-legged reptiles that ran along the ground, perhaps spreading their arms for balance. Through gradual growth, the front arms would then have evolved into wings. This difficult issue w.ill only be resolved with the discovery of earlier forms of pterosaurs.

G It's very difficult to say how pterosaurs changed over time because the earliest fossils we have are of pterosaurs whose fourth finger has already transformed into a wing/ says Fabio daila Vecchia, an Italian researcher. In fact, the earliest known pterosaurs came from the mountains of northern Italy, where he has spent years searching for flying reptiles. These species have shorter wings than later forms, but there is evidence that they were skilful fliers, capable of catching fish over open water. Proof of this has been found in the fossil of a Eudimorphodon, a 215-million-year- old pterosaur found near Bergamo, Italy. Under a microscope, several fish scales ,can be seen in the abdomen of the specimen - the remains of the pterosaur's last meal.

H A different but equally impressive sight is the life-size model of Quetzalcoatlus northroph which stares down at visitors in the Museum of Flying in Santa Monica, California. It has a beak the size of a man and wings wider than those of many of the planes exhibited nearby. This pterosaur had wings over 11 meters wide, making it the largest flying animal ever known.

I Quetzalcoatlus represents the height of pterosaur evolution. 'Unlike smaller pterosaurs, it could use natural currents to stay in the air without having to move its wings continuously' said Paul MacCready, an aeronautical engineer. 'As pterosaurs got larger, they discovered the benefits of gliding on air currents, making use of a free energy source. With their hollow bones, these pterosaurs had a very light construction, ideal for such activity.'

J As we walked beneath the Quetzalcoatlus model in Santa Monica, MacCready pointed out its similarity to sailplanes, the most efficient kind of aero planes.

Both have long slender wings designed to fly with minimum power. During flight, sailplane pilots routinely search for places where heat rises from sun-baked earth, creating hot air currents called thermals. Undoubtedly, Quetzalcoatlus would have used thermals as well, lazily circling over the river deltas that one covered parts of Texas.

K The triumphant reign of pterosaurs ended with this giant flier. At the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, a meteorite or comet slammed into the Earth. That calamity - and other events 一 wiped out roughly three quart ers of all species, including all pterosaurs and dinosaurs. But before their disappearance, pterosaurs enjoyed unequalled success. They flew into sunny skies before any other vertebrate. For 150 million years they sailed the winds on the strength of a fragile finger. What a glorious ride they had.

Questions 28-34

The text has eleven paragraphs, A-K.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.

28、similarities between pterosaurs and mechanical flight

29、the identification of the type of creature a pterosaur actually was

30、conflicting theories about how pterosaurs came to fly

31、the cause of widespread destruction of animal life on our planet

32、the fact that pterosaurs once existed all over the world

33、the first clear proof that pterosaurs could fly

34、concrete evidence that pterosaurs hunted their food from the air

Questions 35-38

Look at the following statements (Questions 35-38) and the list of people below.

Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet.

35、He refers to the difficulty of determining how pterosaurs evolved without further evidence.

36、He failed to interpret the evidence before him.

37、He gave an appropriate name to the first pterosaur (hat was discovered.

38、He mentions the ability of pterosaurs to take advantage of their environment.

List of People

A Cosimo Alessandro Collini

B Georges Cuvier

C Fabio dalla Vecchia

D Paul MacCready

Questions 39 and 40

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the text for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.

39、So far, evidence of a total of...........................pterosaurs has been discovered.

40、The wings of Quetzalcoatlus measured more than...........................across.

影响雅思阅读五大基本因素

第一个影响雅思阅读分数的因素就是词汇。必须在阅读文章中记忆，每篇文章做完题目，要整理一下单词，然后再运用到阅读其他文章中去，这叫从阅读中来，会阅读中去。效果比较明显。不要盲目地扩充大量单词，要有针对性，针对雅思阅读，要知道雅思阅读常考那些词。这可从广泛接触雅思阅读文章中，对单词有感觉。

第二个是语法。阅读中很多题目是在考查语法，都是暗地里考。特别是主观题，还有题目与原文的一些改写，都是建立在语法的基础上的。我们要注意一些关系，比如说对比对照关系，因果关系，因为两事物一旦有了关系，就热闹了，就比较好出题了。

第三个是逻辑关系。雅思有个别难题不光是考查大家的英文水平，同时还在考查大家的逻辑思维能力。有些题目就是在这个环节出了问题，全部单词都认识，就是题做不对。这样的题多是判断题和单选题。

第四个是文章的背景。这是影响雅思阅读分数最不明显的因素。雅思阅读文章的背景我们也要熟悉，比如交通能源污染，这是雅思考试永恒的话题。我们比须积累这方面的常识，背景。另外还有建筑，动植物，医疗健康，公司管理，高科技等等。

第五个是雅思阅读题目的类型。其实这是影响雅思阅读分数的最明显的因素。十多种题目类型可以进行以下划分，实力题与技巧题，必考题与选考题，主观题与客观题。这样的话，考生就比较容易把握题目类型了，而且可以根据自己的实际水平，调整做题的先后顺序。比如说，一个实力稍微弱点的学生，就要先去找填图填表，匹配，简答这类的题目做。而像判断题能做就做，如果有的连提干都看不懂，那只能根据一般规律去做，也就是蒙。这是没有办法的办法。但总比你在那浪费上十多分钟强，但也不能空着。

影响雅思阅读分数的这五个方面，大家都要针对性很强地下功夫。前期熟悉题型，研究题型，学会定位，调整做题的顺序和不太好的习惯。后期研究雅思文章，积累常考得替换词，攻破常考得语法难点。适当背诵甚至默写一定量的重要句子。

雅思阅读--遇见回答问题怎样两三词答对

回答问题是根据所给文章或图表回答问题。在IELTS阅读测试中通常是用下列单词提问：. what、which、when、where、who、whose、whom、why、how 等。除了利用上述单词进行提问外，有时会在答题指引中将所提问题列出。

回答问题答题步骤：

1. 仔细查看答题指引，了解回答何种问题。

2. 查看例句，确定答题方式。

3. 要确定问句的种类，一般疑问句可按正常形式回答(例如：yes/no)，如果是选择疑问句或者是以wh/how开头的问句就一定要具体回答

4. 仔细理解问句所提问题。

5. 特别要注意问句中所提问题的关键词语(例如：单数、复数)，以及问句中表明数量、时间、地点的词语。

6. 将问句中的关键词语与文章中相关句子中的词语进行匹配。

7. 确定问句与文章中相关句子含义是否一致，得出答案。

雅思阅读机经：General Training B Pterosaurs

篇2：雅思阅读机经无用论

雅思阅读机经无用论?提高分数前你需要提高能力

有些烤鸭本来觉得阅读机经一定要做完，可有些同学没做多少分数也达标了;另一些烤鸭花了大工夫把机经做完，分数照样没有考上7分……那么机经，到底有没有作用呢?

小编认为，这个问题应该从两方面来看待。首先说这种“没刷机经也能得高分”类型的烤鸭，他们的成功背后其实离不开类似的努力：也许他们把时间留给了读懂句子的长难句训练，也许他们把时间花在了提高定位关键词的技巧上，也许他们用了更长时间理解单词的多种含义。所以说机经对他们而言确实只是锦上添花，而不是必须的条件。

再说那些“刷了机经也没高分”的烤鸭们，大多数都是因为基础没能完全打好，就急于希望通过积累经验去做题。

通过给机经里的文章归纳大义，通过把握囫囵的文章脉络，或者只掌握了几个技巧规律，他们就觉得机经刷好了，其实离看懂文章还差了很多很多。

做对只是读懂的必要非充分条件，仅仅靠机经来了解题型和出题规律肯定是不够的。

因此，大家不应该太看重这两个观点中的任何一个，而是要从雅思本身的考试形态出发，从自己的英文水平出发，找到最适合自己的方式才行。

因为雅思考试的题目中对细节、主旨的考察总是有限的，有时候只要答案定位到了就能做对，这样刷的机经再多对文章可能也不够理解，更不要说适应了。

在机经之外，坚持看一些推荐英语软文的软件app，给自己其他领域的信息冲击和难度挑战，补充那些真题里没有的英文用法也是不错的。

另外，大家在做雅思机经时应该保持好正向反馈，告诉自己这些文章做完之后肯定能带来自我的提升，避免为一两次的失利而否定自己的努力。总之，既不要成为“无用论”的沮丧派，也不要成为盲目刷题的愣头青。

雅思考试阅读模拟试题精选

How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald‘s in Europe

A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004， the world‘s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers‘ favourite enemy operates.

B.So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the number of customers by 3.4%， the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the group’s profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain， and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly.

C.Mr Hennequin‘s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations， to be “locally relevant”， and to improve the experience of visiting his 6，400 restaurants. McDonald‘s is blamed for making people fat， exploiting workers， treating animals cruelly， polluting the environment and simply for being American. Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns.

D.He introduced “open door” visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Poland alone some 50，000 visitors came to McDonald’s through the visitors‘ programme last year. The Nutrition Information Initiative， launched last year， put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with data on calories， protein， fat， carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on tray-liners.

E.Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that “McJobs”， the low-paid menial jobs at McDonald‘s restaurants， are much better than people think. But some of his efforts have backfired： last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union. Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald‘s managers across the continent.

F.To stay in touch with local needs and preferences， McDonald’s employs local bosses as much as possible. A Russian is running McDonald‘s in Russia， though a Serb is in charge of Germany. The group buys mainly from local suppliers. Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers， for example. (Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the late 1990s subsequently discovered that it was， in fact， buying their produce.) And it hires celebrities such as Heidi Klum， a German model， as local brand ambassadors.

G.In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a “design studio” in France to spruce up his company’s drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio”， where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends.

H.Given France‘s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe， it seems odd that McDonald’s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman， using ideas cooked up in the French market. But France is in fact the company‘s most profitable market after America. The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France， but Britain.

I.“Fixing Britain should be his priority，” says David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald‘s restaurants in Britain are company-owned， compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants， but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible， says Mr Palmer.

J.M.Mark Wiltamuth， an analyst at Morgan Stanley， estimates that European company-owned restaurants’ margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in 2007. This is still less than in the late 1990s and below America‘s 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin’s reign. He is already being tipped as the first European candidate for the group‘s top job in Illinois. Nobody would call that a McJob.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

TRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writer

FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1.McDonald was showing the sign of recovery in all European countries except France after Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro-markets.

2.Starting from last year， detailed labels are put on McDonald’s packaging and detailed information is also printed on tray-liners.

3.France is said to be the most anti-American country in Europe， but the ideas of the “open door” visiting days and “McPassport” are invented in the French market.

4.Britain possesses the weakest McDonald market among European countries and approximately 1214 McDonald’s restaurants are company-owned.

5.According to David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS， David Hennequin should treat the problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important thing.

6.David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should sell as many its outlets which lose money in business as possible for revival.

Questions 7-10

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe sheet.

7.The word “sterling” in line 3 of Paragraph A means__________.

A.difficult

B.menial

C.terrible

D.excellent

8.Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT TRUE?

A.It tends to make people fat.

B.Its operations are very vague.

C.It tends to exploit workers.

D.It tends to treat animals cruelly.

9.Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired result?

A.“Food Studio” scheme.

B.“Open Door” visitor days.

C.The “McPassport” scheme.

D.The Nutrition Information Initiative.

10.What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends?

A.set up a “Food Studio” .

B.established a “Design Studio”.

C.hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors.

D.employed local bosses as much as possible.

Questions 11-14

Complete each of the following statements (Questions 11-14) with words or number taken from Reading Passage 1.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

11.After January 2004， McDonald was making improvement following a period of slump in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were ………………………….

12.Business of McDonald in France and Britain was particularly good in December since customers took to ……………………………..

13.Compared with other countries， France is McDonald’s ……………………….next to America.

14.…………………….of McDonald’s restaurants in America are companied–owned and the figure is much lower than that in Britain.

Part II

Notes to Reading Passage 1

1.sterling高质量的

e.g.He has many sterling qualities.他身上有许多优秀的品质。

2.menial 不体面的，乏味的(工作、职业)

3.spruce up打扮整齐、漂亮、装饰

4.mastermind指挥、谋划(一个计划或活动)

e.g.The police know who masterminded the robbery.警察知道是谁策划了那次抢劫。

5.underperform表现不佳表现出低于标准的工作水平、企业出现亏本

Part III

Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-14

1.FALSE

See the second sentence in Paragraph A “One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots.His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries…”.

2.TRUE

See the last sentence in Paragraph D “The Nutrition Information Initiative， launched last year， put detailed labels on McDonald‘s packaging with data on calories， protein， fat， carbohydrates and salt content.The details are also printed on tray-liners.”

3.NOT GIVEN

See Paragraph D， E and H “Given France’s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe， it seems odd that McDonald‘s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman， using ideas cooked up in the French market.”.

4.FALSE

See the last sentence of Paragraph H and first sentence of Paragraph L “The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France， but Britain…Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald‘s restaurants in Britain are company-owned…”

5.TRUE

See the first sentence of Paragraph I “Fixing Britain should be his priority，” says David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS”.

6.NOT GIVEN

See the last sentence of Paragraph I “So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible， says Mr Palmer”.

7.D

See the first sentence of Paragraph A “One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots”.

8.B

See the second sentence of Paragraph D “McDonald‘s is blamed for making people fat， exploiting workers， treating animals cruelly， polluting the environment”

9.C

See the second sentence of Paragraph E “But some of his efforts have backfired： last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union..”

10.A

See the last sentence of Paragraph G “He also set up a “food studio”， where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends”.

11.sluggish or declining

See the first sentence of Paragraph A “When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald‘s in January 2004， the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.”

12.seasonal menu offerings

See the last sentence of Paragraph B “December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain， and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly”.

13.most profitable market

See the second sentence of Paragraph H “But France is in fact the company‘s most profitable market after America”.

14.15%

See the second sentence of Paragraph I “Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald’s restaurants in Britain are company-owned， compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America”.

篇3：雅思哥的阅读机经

文章题目 We have star performers

重复年份 20160114 20121124

题材商业管理

题型段落细节配对 4+判断 4+填空 5

文章大意人才与天赋，讨论人才和选人标准之间的论证。讲公司考核员工主要的依据，

talents, 文章批判了传统的观点(才能是与生俱来的，是不变的，是需要公司去发现的)。文章先用一段肯定了有才能的人的存在，然后分段讲到，才能是随时间变化的，是不能被精确度量的，是可以凭努力换来的。

篇4：雅思哥的阅读机经

文章题目 The influence of social network to people's loneliness

重复年份 20140920 20130622

题材人文社科

题型配对 6+选择 4+判断 4

文章大意社交媒体对人孤独的影响.越来越多的人开始使用社交媒体，有些人认为社交媒体使人变得更加孤独，有些人却不同意。在大学生中做了一个调查，结果表明孤独感与人们花时间在社交媒体上无关。社交媒体会使人变得焦虑，也会让人上瘾。

篇5：雅思哥的阅读机经

文章题目 Expert in musician

重复年份 20160130 20140517

题材人文社科

题型选择 4+判断 6+填空 4

文章大意天赋是遗传先天的还是靠练习，主要以音乐为例。讨论坚持不懈对成功的作用和他们的关系。首先探讨了毅力是否是成功的必要条件，并阐述了众多学家就此提出的各类观点。在论证天才是不是也需要坚持不懈时，举例了莫扎特一个人坚持找工作的过程。最后证明了坚持不懈和成功的关系密切。部分参考答案：

选择：

1. what's the definition of talent in the first paragraph

brain structure different from others

2. what can we learn from violin players?

Not sure the change of brain size is the cause of effect of practice

3. the result of findings by experts suggest

Talent may have little to do with ....

判断题：

1. ericsson's study has influenced other researchers. NG

2. the other areas have one thing in common. Y

3. whose who becoe world scale practice regularly every day NG

4. anyone who practiced over 10.000 will become a talent N

5. current learning and cognitive skills support the practice theory Y

填空题：

Receive a lot of practice from his father. .... first symphony at the age of four....not

popular...but not inherited.

雅思机考看机经有用吗

雅思考试出题是有规律可循的：

首先，听力。是雅思中最好预测的，也是预测最准确的。每次雅思考试听力4个部分里，总有10-30个旧题。强烈建议，平时多看听力机经，看的时候记住2点：1是把机经当词汇书看，里面的词汇要全部过关;2是把听力机经按场景记忆，熟悉各个考试场景，这样考试时候大脑会提前预判，减少犯错几率。

再次，阅读，阅读因为回忆起来有难度，每个人的理解也有偏差，确实阅读机经最没有用。但是你如果有空的话可以买本【十万个为什么】当做复习雅思之余的闲书看，其实雅思考试的学术文章也就是在这个范畴里面，看了之后，会对你猜测答案有帮助。

接着，作文，作文预测可以做到2点，1是帮你排除一些不太可能出现的题型，比如流程图、e69da5e6ba90e799bee5baa6e79fa5e9819331333431346361地图题，一年都考不了几次，即使考了分数差距也不会很大，那你要是没有时间的话，稍微看下就好了。2可以帮你预测大概考哪一类的话题，比如这次很有可能考社会类的，那就多准备点名言、词汇和短语，可以为作文锦上添花。

最后，讲下口语，口语的预测在雅思考试中也是相当重要的。根据本人半年多复习雅思的经验，口语的part2、part3部分是可以事先准备的。因为一年part2部分也就50-60个话题，而part3部分则是在part2部分的衍生，所以完全可以根据别人的回忆进行准备，只是量还是偏多，而且偷懒是不行的。另外，每一次考试同一个考点的口语考题2天都是一样的，所以很多周日考口语的会周六去蹲点，去搜集那缩小范围后的15-20个题目，这样可以使复习事半功倍，当然这也是建立在平时积累的基础上的。

篇6：雅思阅读机经人类与机器人

雅思阅读机经真题解析：人类与机器人

Man or Machine

ADuring July 2003, the Museum of Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts exhibited what Honda calls 'the world's most advanced humanoid robot', AS1MO (the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility). Honda's brainchild is on tour in North America and delighting audiences wherever it goes. After 17 years in the making, ASIMO stands at four feet tall, weighs around 115 pounds and looks like a child in an astronaut's suit. Though it is difficult to see ASIMO's face at a distance, on closer inspection it has a smile and two large eyes' that conceal cameras. The robot cannot work autonomously - its actions are 'remote controlled' by scientists through the computer in its backpack. Yet watching ASMIO perform at a show in Massachusetts it seemed uncannily human. The audience cheered as ASIMO walked forwards and backwards, side to side and up and downstairs. After the show, a number of people told me that they would like robots to play more of a role in daily life - one even said that the robot would be like 'another person'.

BWhile the Japanese have made huge strides in solving some of the engineering problems of human kinetics (n.动力学) and bipedal (adj. 两足动物的)movements, for the past 10 years scientists at MIT's former Artificial Intelligence (Al) lab (recently renamed the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, CSAIL) have been making robots that can behave like humans and interact with humans. One of MITs robots, Kismet, is an anthropomorphic (adj.拟人的) head and has two eyes (complete with eyelids), ears, a mouth, and eyebrows. It has several facial expressions, including happy, sad, frightened and disgusted. Human interlocutors are able to read some of the robot's facial expressions, and often change their behavior towards the machine as a result - for example, playing with it when it appears ‘sad’. Kismet is now in MIT’s museum, but the ideas developed here continue to be explored in new robots.

CCog (short for Cognition) is another pioneering project from MIT’s former AI lab. Cog has a head, eyes, two arms, hands and a torso (n.躯干) - and its proportions were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab. The work on Cog has been used to test theories of embodiment and developmental robotics, particularly getting a robot to develop intelligence by responding to its environment via sensors, and to learn through these types of interactions.

DMIT is getting furthest down the road to creating human-like and interactive robots. Some scientists argue that ASIMO is a great engineering feat but not an intelligent machine - because it is unable to interact autonomously with unpredictabilities in its environment in meaningful ways, and learn from experience. Robots like Cog and Kismet and new robots at MIT’s CSAIL and media lab, however, are beginning to do this.

EThese are exciting developments. Creating a machine that can walk, make gestures and learn from its environment is an amazing achievement. And watch this space: these achievements are likely rapidly to be improved upon. Humanoid robots could have a plethora of uses in society, helping to free people from everyday tasks. In japan, for example, there is an aim to create robots that can do the tasks similar to an average human, and also act in more sophisticated situations as firefighters, astronauts or medical assistants to the elderly in the workplace and in homes – partly in order to counterbalance the effects of an ageing population.

FSuch robots say much about the way in which we view humanity, and they bring out the best and worst of us. On one hand, these developments express human creativity - our ability to invent, experiment, and to extend our control over the world. On the other hand, the aim to create a robot like a human being is spurred on by dehumanized ideas - by the sense that human companionship can be substituted by machines; that humans lose their humanity when they interact with technology; or that we are little more than surface and ritual behaviors, that can be simulated with metal and electrical circuits.

Questions 1-6

Reading passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

NB you may use any letter more than once

1 different ways of using robots

2 a robot whose body has the same proportion as that of an adult

3 the fact that human can be copied and replaced by robots

4 a comparison between ASIMO from Honda and other robots

5 the pros and cons of creating robots

6 a robot that has eyebrows

Questions 7-13

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage 1, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

In 2003, Massachusetts displayed a robot named ASIMO which was invented by Honda, after a period of 7 in the making. The operating information is stored in the computer in its 8 so that scientists can control ASIMO's movement. While Japan is making great progress, MIT is developing robots that are human-like and can 9 humans. What is special about Kismet is that it has different 10 which can be read by human interlocutors. 11 is another robot from MIT, whose body's proportion is the same as an adult. By responding to the surroundings through 12 ,it could develop its 13 .

文章题目：Man or Machine

篇章结构

体裁议论文

题目是人还是机器

结构A. ASMID研制成功并向公众展示的社会影响

B. CSAIL一直致力于研制拟人机器人

C. Cog是有着和人来一样的比例的机器人

D. 在创造类人互动机器人方面, MIT走在前端

E. 类人机器人的发展空间

F. 创造类人机器人的利与弊

试题分析

Question 1-13

题目类型：Information in relevant paragraph

定位词文中对应点题目解析

1Different ways E段第4句E段开头就引出创造机器人的成就, 随后并提出这些成就有一定的发展空间, 直到第四句说明这些类人机器人have a plethora of uses,用途多样. 因此答案为E

2The same proportion

...adultC段第2句C段第2句提到cog has a head...and its proportions were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab. 表明该机器人是按照成年人人体比例创造的, 因此答案为C

3Copied replacedF段第3句F段第三句the aim to create...by the sense human...can be substituted..., that can be simulated 都表示人类可被机器等取代.因此答案为F

4Comparison

ASIMO... Pther robotsD段第2,3句D段第2句指出ASIMO is...but not an intelligent machine,because it is unable to...learn from experience.第3句又表明robots like...however, are beginning to do this. 体现出其他机器人能做到ASIMO所不能做到的自发学习. 因此答案为D

5Pros and consF段第1句F段开头指出这些机器人证明了我们看待人性的方式, bring out the best and worst of us.这半句话体现出创造机器人的利与弊. 因此答案为F

6eyebrowsB段倒数第4句B段倒数第四句提到one of MIT’S robots is...and has two eyes...and eyebrows. 因此答案B

Question7-13 Summary from Reading Passage

summary参考解题思路: 先跳开空格把该段通读一遍, 了解大意, 发现总体是按照文章段落顺序概括的. (如有所遗忘, 再看原文各段段首句, 大概知道各句在文章的相应段落)

解析: 第1句和第2句对应文章A段, 根据after a period of 7___in the making定位该段第3句, 答案为17 years. 然后根据文章倒数第四句its action are...controlled by scientists through...in its backpack.可以判断8答案为backpack. 该题第3, 4句对应文章B段, MIT is inventing robots...with the ability to 8___humans定位该段第2句behave like humans and interact with humans.可以判断9答案为interact with. 根据Kismet ...has various...by human interlocutors定位原文倒数第2句human interlocutors are able to read some of the robots’ facial expressions得出10答案为facial expressions. 第5,6句对应原文C段, robot from MIT，proportion定位该段第1, 2句得出11答案为Cog/cognition. 最后根据该段最后一句getting a robot to develop intelligence via sensors判断12答案为sensors, 13 答案为intelligence.

参考翻译：

是人还是机器

A在7月，曼彻斯特的剑桥博物馆陈列了Honda称之为“世界最先进的人性机器人”：ASIMO (即“创新移动的进步之举)。Honda的智力产物正在北美巡回展示，所过之处，总能令现众开心不已。的辛苦制作，ASIMO高4英尺，重115磅，以小孩的形态穿着宇航服。在远距离看不清ASIMO,近距离下ASIMO面带微笑，两个大眼睛包含着摄像头。它不能自己行走，得由科学家通过机器人背包上的电脑远程控制。观察ASIMO在曼彻斯特的表演，很令人惊讶，它具有人性的特征。ASIMO走来走去的时候，上下楼梯的时候，现众总是爆发出喝彩声。展示过后，许多人跟我说，他们喜欢机器人在日常生活中起更大的作用——有人甚至说：机器人就像是人一样。

B日本人大踏步地解决人类动力学和两足动物移动的工程问題。与此同时，近十年来，MIT的前人工智能实验室AI(现在重新命名为电脑科学人工智能实验室CSAIL)—直致力于研制能够类似于人类，同时能与人互动的机器人。Kismet是MIT的拟人机器人，有一个像人一样的头，有两只眼睛(也有眼睑)，耳朵，嘴巴，眉毛。它可以做好些面部表情，比如开心，悲伤，惊恐，讨厌。与之对话，我们可以获得机器人的些许面部表情，从而改换面对机器人的态度。比如说：当机器人表现出“悲伤”的时候，就与机器人玩耍.Kismet如今位于MIT的博物馆，但这里发展的理念将继续在新的机器人身上被探索。

CCOG(认知cognition的缩写)是另外一个前MIT智能实验室的先驱项目。有头，两条胳膊，手臂和躯干，其比例最早是由实验室研究员的身体测量而来的。COG被用来检测机器人学的体现和发展，特别是通过传感器去发展智力反应周边环境方面，以及通过互动类型学习方面。

D在创造类人互动机器人方面，MIT无疑走得最远。有些科学家争辩道：ASIMO是一个伟大的工程，但并不算是智力机器。因为它不能自动以有意义的方式与未知情况互动，也不能从经验中学习。COG和Kismet,以及在MIT的CSAIL媒体实验室的新机器人却是可以自发学习的。

E这些都是令人激动的进展。创造一个机器，能走，能做手势，能从环境中学习，这是了不起的成就。看看这种发展空间吧：这些现有成就都还能够很快地加以改进。类人机器人能在社会上具有广泛的用途：把人们从日常琐事中解放出来。举个例子：在日本，人们想创造出精密的机器人，能够与正常人做一样的工作，比如说消防队员，宇航员，工作地点和家中医护助手，以便于部分地抵消老龄化的影响。

F这些机器人证明了我们看待人性的方式，它们也表现出了我们人类中最好的和最差的方面。一方面，这些发展表达了人类创新性，也就是我们有能力去发明，实验，和延长对世界的控制。另一方面，创造类人机器人的目标被去个性化的理念所刺激。人类友情将让路于机器。当人类与技术互动时，人类失去了人性。或者说，我们人类不过是表面和楼式行为而己，能够被钢铁和电路所取代。

参考答案：

Version 17203 主题仿生小机器人

1E 2C 3F

4D 5F 6B

7 17 years 8backpack 9interact with

10 facial expressions 11Cog/Cognition 12sensors

13 intelligence

雅思写作范文：高科技、机器人和人类

Intelligent machines such as robots are widely applied to take the place of human beings. Please discuss the advantages and disadvantages.

The technology of intelligent machines improves amazingly with the help of artificial intelligence. Robots, known as steel-collar workers, are widely employed in different aspects, such as marine research, space exploration and some modern assembly lines. Robots bring about advantages undoubtedly, and meanwhile, they are not as versatile as expected. (49 words)

The advantages of robots are innumerable. The employment of robots on assembly lines saves a lot of labor forces. Robots are widely used in developed countries. In Japan, one out of ten thousand workers are robots, which not only improve the working efficiency, but also enhance accuracy. That is the reason why robots are so popular in automobile industry and electronic production line. (63 words)

Another merit is that robots can take the place of human beings and work in the dangerous environment or the places not accessible for us. Human beings have extended their cognition to the outer space, where there are considerable unpredictable dangers. Robots can work in any kind of situation, no matter how awful the environment is. In hospital, robots work as professional doctors doing operation on the patients. Furthermore, robots can work around the clock, never knowing what tiredness is. (80 words)

However, the disadvantages of robots are undeniable. Firstly, all the robots and other intelligent machines are designed by human beings. What robots do is follow the instruction and pre-set programming by human beings. If there is something wrong with the electric circuit or programs, robots will become good-for-nothing machines. Besides, robots cannot work creatively when confronted with complicated situation. (59 words)

In short, robots are subsidiary to human beings. However competent they are in various kinds of field, robots will never take the place of human beings and play a decisive role in our work and life.

雅思大作文范文：机器人对于人类的未来发展的影响

题目：

Some people think that robots are very important for human's future development. Others, however, think that robots are dangerous invention that could have negative effects on society. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

一些人认为机器人对于人类的未来发展非常重要。然而，其他人提出机器人是危险的并且对于社会有消极影响。讨论双方观点并给出你的看法。

相似题目：

人工智能(机器人)的好坏

Intelligent machines such as robots are widely applied to take the place of human beings. Please discuss the advantages and disadvantages.

机器人好处1：提高了生产率。举例，工业生产中的那些智能手臂和设备能自动完成搬运，组装，焊接等工作，而且速度和准确度均大大超过人类。

机器人好处2：能代替人在危险环境中工作。举例，在深海和外太空的探险中，人类的肉体无法承受那些压力和温度，但是机器人可以。

机器人的坏处：机器人是被设计和编程的，无法承担那些创造性的工作。举例，如果它们的程序被修改的话，难保它们不作出对于人类有害的事情。

篇7：雅思阅读机经真题解析：滑石粉

雅思阅读机经真题解析-滑石粉

Talc Powder

A Peter Brigg discovers how talc from Luzenac's Trimouns in France find its way into food and agricultural products - from chewing gum to olive oil. High in the French Pyrenees, some 1,700m above sea level, lies Trimouns, a huge deposit of hydrated magnesium silicate - talc to you and me. Talc from Trimouns, and from ten other Luzenac mines across the globe, is used in the manufacture of a vast array of everyday products extending from paper, paint and plaster to cosmetics, plastics and car tyres. And of course there is always talc's best known end use: talcum powder for babies1 bottoms. But the true versatility of this remarkable mineral is nowhere better displayed than in its sometimes surprising use in certain niche markets in the food and agriculture industries.

B Take, for example, the chewing gum business. Every year, Talc de Luzenac France - which owns and operates the Trimouns mine and is a member of the international Luzenac Group (art of Rio Tinto minerals) supplies about 6,000 tones of talc to chewing gum manufacturers in Europe. “We've been selling to this sector of the market since the 1960s,” says Laurent Fournier, sales manager in Luzenac's Specialties business unit in Toulouse. “Admittedly, in terms of our total annual sales of talc, the amount we supply to chewing gum manufacturers is relatively small, but we see it as a valuable niche market: one where customers place a premium on securing supplies from a reliable, high quality source. Because of this, long term allegiance to a proven suppler is very much a feature of this sector of die talc market.” Switching sources - in the way that you might choose to buy, say, paperclips from Supplier A rather than from Supplier B - is not an easy option for chewing gum manufacturers.“ Fournier says. ”The cost of reformulating is high, so when customers are using a talc grade that works, even if it's expensive, they are understandably reluctant to switch.“

C But how is talc actually used in the manufacture of chewing gum? Patrick Delord, an engineer with a degree in agronomics, who has been with Luzenac for 22 years and is now senior market development manager, Agriculture and Food, in Europe, explains that chewing gums has four main components. ”The most important of them is the gum base,“ he says. ”It's the gum base that puts the chew into chewing gum. It binds all the ingredients together, creating a soft, smooth texture. To this the manufacturer then adds sweeteners, softeners and flavourings. Our talc is used as a filler in the gum base. The amount vanes between, say, ten and 35 per cent, depending on the type of gum. Fruit flavoured chewing gum, for example, is slightly acidic and would react with the calcium carbonate that the manufacturer might otherwise use as a filler. Talc, on the other hand, makes an ideal filler because it's non-reactive chemically. In the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop the chewing gum sticking during the lamination and packing process,“ Delord adds.

D The chewing gum business is, however, just one example of talc's use in the food sector. For the past 20 years or so, olive oil processors in Spain have been taking advantage of talc's unique characteristics to help them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed olives According to Patrick Delord, talc is especially useful for treating what he calls ”difficult“ olives. After the olives are harvested - preferably early in the morning because their taste is better if they are gathered in the cool of the day they are taken to the processing plant. There they arc crushed and then stirred for 30-45 minutes. In the old days, the resulting paste was passed through an olive press but nowadays it's more common to add water and (K-6IH) the mixture to separate the water and oil from the solid matter The oil and water are then allowed to settle so that the olive oil layer can be )and bottled. “Difficult” olives are those that are more reluctant than the norm to yield up their full oil content. This may be attributable to the particular species of olive, or to its water content and the time of year the olives arc collected - at the beginning and the end of the season their water content is often either too high or too low. These olives are easy to recognize because they produce a lot of extra foam during the stirring process, a consequence of an excess of a fine solid that acts as a natural emulsifier. The oil in this emulsion is lost when the water is disposed of. Not only that, if the waste water is disposed of directly into local fields - often the case in many smaller processing operations - the emulsified oil may take some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the environment.

E ”If you add between a half and two percent of talc by weight during the stirring process, it absorbs the natural emulsifier in the olives and so boosts the amount of oil you can extract,“ says Delord. ”In addition, talc's flat, 'platey' structure helps increase the size of the oil droplets liberated during stirring, which again improves the yield. However, because talc is chemically inert, it doesn't affect the color, taste, appearance or composition of the resulting olive oil.“

F If the use of talc in olive oil processing and in chewing gum is long established, new applications in the food and agriculture industries arc also constantly being sought by Luzenac. One such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the US. Just like people, fruit can get sunburned. In fact, in very sunny regions up to 45 per cent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stress and sunburn However, in the case of fruit, it's not so much the ultra violet rays which harm the crop as the high surface temperature that the sun's rays create.

G To combat this, farmers normally use either chemicals or spray a continuous fine canopy of mist above the fruit frees or bushes. The trouble is, this uses a lot of water - normally a precious commodity in hot, sunny areas - and it is therefore expensive. What's more, the ground can quickly become waterlogged. ”So our idea was to coat the fruit with talc to protect it from the sun,“ says Greg Hunter, a marketing specialist who has been with Luzenac for ten years. ”But to do this, several technical challenges had first to be overcome. Talc is very hydrophobic: it doesn't like water. So in order to have a viable product we needed a wettable powder - something that would go readily into suspension so that it could be sprayed onto the fruit. It also had to break the surface tension of the cutin (the natural waxy, waterproof layer on the fruit) and of course it had to wash off easily when the fruit was harvested. No-one's going to want an apple that's covered in talc.“

H Initial trials in the state of Washington in 2003 showed that when the product was sprayed onto Granny Smith apples, it reduced their surface temperature and lowered the incidence of sunburn by up to 60 per cent. Today the new product, known as Invelop Maximum SPF, is in its second commercial year on the US market. Apple growers are the primary target although Hunter believes grape growers represent another sector with long term potential. He is also hopeful of extending sales to overseas markets such as Australia, South America and southern Europe.

Question 27-32

Use the information in the passage to match each use of tale power with correct application from A. B or C. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

NB you may use any letter more than once.

A. Fruit protection

B. Chewing gum business

C. Olive oil extraction

27 Talc is used to increase the size of drops.

28 Talc is applied to reduce foaming.

29 Talc is employed as a filler of base.

30 Talc is modified and prevented sunburn.

31 Talc is added to stop stickiness.

32 Talc is used to increase production.

Questions 33-38

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 33-38 on your answer sheet.

Spanish olive oil industry has been using talc in oil extraction process for about____33____years. It is useful in dealing with difficult olives which often produce high amount of____34____because of the high content of solid materials. When smaller factories release____35____, it could be____36____to the environment because it is hard to____37____and usually lakes lime as it contains emulsified oil. However, talc power added in the process is able to absorb the emulsifier oil. It improves the oil extraction production, because with aid of talc powder, size of oil____38____increased.

Question 39-40

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet.

39 In which process is talc used to dear the stickiness of chewing gum?

40 Which group of farmers does Invelop intend to target in a long view?

文章题目：滑石粉

篇章结构

体裁

论说文

题目

滑石粉

结构

（一句话概括每段大意）

A段：滑石粉的主要用途

B段：滑石粉在口香糖市场中的用途

C段：滑石粉在口香糖制作中的原理

D段：滑石粉在其他食品中的应用

E段：滑石粉在食品中的应用原理

F段：滑石粉在水果保护中的应用

G段：滑石粉对水果的保护作用原理

H段：水果保护作用的市场拓展

试题分析

Question 27-32

题目类型：搭配题

解题思路：可以先去定位A,B,C三个选项中内容所对应的文段，然后从27-32中的题干去搜寻相符合的，而不是一个一个题目去找，这样会比较节省时间

题号

定位词

文中对应点

题目解析

Increase，size，

E段第三句话

根据文章大意将C选项个橄榄油提取的内容定位到E段，第三句话，提到滑石粉的结构有助于增加挥发油滴的体积，故可以判断27题与C相连

Foam

D段倒数第四句话

根据关键词定位到D段，原文中提到搅拌过程中会产生很多泡沫，后面提出因此要加上滑石粉来减少泡沫。

Base，fill

C段倒数第8行

根据关键词定位到C段原文“our talc is used as a filler in the gum base”。故是关于口香糖行业的内容，选B

Sun，fruit

G段第四句话

根据sunburn这个词可以定位到G段，第四句表明滑石粉可以起到保护水果免受日晒的作用，故选A

Sticking

C段最后一句话

根据statement中的”stickness“这个词可以定位到C段结尾部分，原文说滑石粉可以防止口香糖在挤压过程中与包装粘在一起，所以跟statement表述的意思是一致的

boost，amount

E段第一句话

文章中提到可以”boosts the amount of oil you can extract”跟题干上表述一直

Question 33-38

题目类型：总结题

题号

定位词

文中对应点

题目解析

spanish olive oil

D段第二句话

根据spanish olive oil定位到D段，文章提到橄榄油制造利用滑石粉已经二十年。

High amount of

D段倒数第四句话

根据关键词定位到D段，原文中提到搅拌过程中会产生很多泡沫，后面提出因此要加上滑石粉来减少泡沫。所以填“foam”

Factory

D段倒数第二句话

根据关键词定位到D段结尾，原文提到“waste water”

Environment

D段最后一句话

根据关键词定位到D段结尾，文中提到这种乳化油分解对环境的影响是“harmful”的

同上

D段最后一句话

问harmful的原因。原文有明确提出，是由于“hard to biodegrade”，难以生物降解

Size，increase

E段第三句话

文章说到在橄榄油提取过程中，挥发的油滴体积会增加，“increase the size of the oil droplets”

Question 39-40

题目类型：问答题

Stickiness，chewing gun

C段最后一句话

题目中问到在哪一个过程中滑石粉是用于来减少口香糖粘度的，这个跟上面第31题比较近似，可以先定位到C段结尾，可看到文章中明确给出是“during the lamination and packing process”

Invelop，long-term potential

H段倒数第二句

S首先根据“invelop”定位到H段，题目问哪个组织的种植者是invelop打算长期去关注投资的，倒数第二句给出答案是“grape grower”

参考答案：

Version 24109 主题滑石粉

foam

waste water

harmful

biodegrade

droplets

Lamination and packing

Grape growers

雅思阅读的list of heading技巧全解

01 首先在list of headings中划去做为例子的heading 或headings，以免在根据段落内容在list of headings中找出与其相匹配的段落标题时，它(它们)会干扰考试者对其他headings的选择。

02 在文章中把做为例子的段落划掉，以免对例子段落进行不必要的精读。

03对题目中给出的段落，按照首句(第一、二句)、末句和中间句寻找主题句的方法，在list of headings中找出与其相匹配的段落标题。

除此之外还有段落标题类雅思阅读解题技巧吗?

还有四个重要技巧!

1如果时间允许，按照文章的段落顺序，对非题目中给出的段落及例子段落进行快速阅读。

而对题目中给出并要求找出与其相匹配的段落标题的段落进行精读。

找出其中心意思后，再在list of headings中找出与其相匹配的段落标题。

2选出几个可能匹配的题目进行比较(通常两至三个)，当然其中只能有一个为正确答案。

3对于第一种匹配题型可以将最难的题留在最后进行匹配，不要在较难的题上花费更多的时间，而应选择较易回答的题目进行匹配，最后所剩即为该难题的答案。

4要仔细检察答案，特别是第一题型，因为答错一题，就意味着答错两道题。

篇8：雅思阅读机经真题解析--CosmeticsInAncientPast

雅思阅读机经真题解析--Cosmetics In Ancient Past

Since cosmetics and perfumes are still in wide use today, it is interesting to compare the attitudes, customs and beliefs related to them in ancient times to those of our own day and age. Cosmetics and perfumes have been popular since the dawn of civilization; it is shown by the discovery of a great deal of pertinent archeological material, dating from the third millennium BC. Mosaics, glass perfume flasks, stone vessels, ovens, cooking-pots, clay jars, etc., some inscribed by the hand of the artisan. evidence also appears in the Bible and other classical writings, where it is written that spices and perfumes were prestigious products known throughout the ancient world and coveted by kings and princes. The written and pictorial descriptions, as well as archaeological findings, all show how important body care and aesthetic appearance were in the lives of the ancient people. The chain of evidence spans many centuries, detailing the usage of cosmetics in various cultures from the earliest period of recorded history.

In antiquity, however, at least in the onset, cosmetics served in religious ceremonies and for healing purposes. Cosmetics were also connected with cultic worship and witchcraft: to appease the various gods, fragrant ointments were applied to the statuary images and even to their attendants. From this, in the course of time, developed the custom of personal use, to enhance the beauty of the face and the body, and to conceal defects.

Perfumes and fragrant spices were precious commodities in antiquity, very much in demand, and at times even exceeded silver and gold in value. Therefore they were luxury products, used mainly in the temples and in the homes of the noble and the wealthy. The Judean kings kept them in treasure houses (2 Kings 20:13).And the Queen of Sheba brought to Solomon ”camels laden with spices, gold in great quantity and precious stones.“ (1 Kings 10:2,10). However, within time, the use of cosmetics became the custom of that period. The use of cosmetics became widespread among the lower classes as well as among the wealthy; in the same way they washed the body, so they used to care for the body with substances that softened the skin and anoint it with fragrant oils and ointments.

Facial treatment was highly developed and women devoted many hours to it. They used to spread various scented creams on the face and to apply makeup in vivid and contrasting colors. An Egyptian papyrus from the 16th century BC contains detailed recipes to remove blemishes, wrinkles, and other signs of age. Greek and Roman women would cover their faces in the evening with a ”beauty mask“ to remove blemishes, which consisted mainly of flour mixed with fragrant spices, leaving it on their face all night. The next morning they would wash it off with asses' milk. The very common creams used by women in the ancient Far East, particularly important in the hot climate and prevalent in that area of the globe, were made up of oils and aromatic scents. Sometimes the oil in these creams was extracted from olives, almonds, gourds, sesame, or from trees and plants; but, for those of limited means, scented animal and fish fats were commonly used.

Women in ancient past commonly put colors around their eyes. Besides beautification, its purpose was also medicinal as covering the sensitive skin of the lids with colored ointments that prevented dryness and eye diseases: the eye-paint repelled the little flies that transmitted eye inflammations. Egyptian women colored the upper eyelid black and the lower one green, and painted the space between the upper lid and the eyebrow gray or blue. The women of Mesopotamia favored yellows and reds. The use of kohl for painting the eyes is mentioned three times in the Bible, always with disapproval by the sages (2 Kings, 9:30; Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel 23:40). In contrast, Job names one of his daughters “Keren Happukh” —“horn of eye paint” (Job 42:14)

Great importance was attached to the care for hair in ancient times. Long hair was always considered a symbol of beauty, and kings, nobles and dignitaries grew their hair long and kept it well-groomed and cared for. Women devoted much time to the style of the hair, while not culling, they would apply much care to it by arranging it skillfully in plaits and ”building it up“ sometimes with the help of wigs. Egyptian women generally wore their hair flowing down to their shoulders or even longer. In Mesopotamia, women cherished long hair as a part of their beauty, and hair flowing down their backs in a thick plait and tied with a ribbon is seen in art. Assyrian women wore their hair shorter, braiding and binding it in a bun at the back. In Ancient Israel, brides would wear their hair long on the wedding day as a sign of their virginity. Ordinary people and slaves, however, usually wore their hair short, mainly for hygienic reasons, since they could not afford to invest in the kind of treatment that long hair required.

From the Bible and Egyptian and Assyrian sources, as well as the words of classical authors, it appears that the centers of the trade in aromatic resins and incense were located in the kingdom of Arabia, and even as far as India, where some of these precious aromatic plants were grown. ”Dealers from Sheba and Rammah dealt with you, offering the choicest spices...“ (Ezekiel 27:22). The Nabateans functioned as the important middlemen in this trade; Palestine also served as a very important component, as the trade routes crisscrossed the country. It is known that the Egyptian Queen Hatsheput (15th century BC) sent a royal expedition to the Land of Punt (Somalia) in order to bring back myrrh seedlings to plant in her temple. In Assyrian records of tribute and spoils of war, perfumes and resins are mentioned; the text from the time of Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884 BC) refers to balls of myrrh as part of the tribute brought to the Assyrian king by the Aramaean kings. The trade in spices and perfumes is also mentioned in the Bible as written in Genesis (37:25-26), ”Camels carrying gum tragacanth and balm and myrrh\".

Questions 15-21

Reading Passage 2 has 7 paragraphs A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.

15 recipes to conceal facial defects caused by aging

16 perfumes were presented to conquerors in war

17 long hair of girls had special meanings in marriage

18 evidence exists in abundance showing cosmetics use in ancient times

19 protecting eyes from fly-transmitted diseases

20 from witchcraft to beautification

21 more expensive than gold

Questions 22-27

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

22 The written record for cosmetics and perfumes dates back to the third millennium BC.

23 Since perfumes and spices were luxury products, their use was exclusive to the noble and the wealthy.

24 In ancient Far East, fish fats were used as cream by women from poor households.

25 The teachings in the Bible were repeatedly against the use of kohl for painting the eyes.

26 Long hair as a symbol of beauty was worn solely by women of ancient cultures.

27 The Egyptian Queen Hatsheput sent a royal expedition to Punt to establish a trade route for myrrh.

文章题目：古代化妆

Cosmetics In Ancient Past 篇章结构

体裁论说文

题目古代化妆

结构A段：化妆品和香水在古代就已经非常流行

B段：化妆品最早用于宗教和治疗目的

C段：香水和香料在古代是奢侈品，但仍被广泛使用

D段：古时面部护理十分发达，女性广泛使用面霜和面膜

E段：古代女性也将色彩涂在眼睛周围

F段：古代人们非常重视头发的保养

G段：古代的香料运输及贸易

Cosmetics In Ancient Past试题分析

Question 1题目类型：

题号定位词文中对应点题目解析

15 recipe; age D段第四句D段主要在讲古代女性非常重视面部护理，第三句话提到一份埃及莎草纸上记载了去除面部瑕疵的方法，这句话中的recipes to remove blemishes...other signs of age可以对应题干中的recipe和facial defects caused by aging，故此题选D。

16 perfumes; conquerors in war G段倒数第二句G段主要描述古代香料运输和贸易，倒数第二句的records of tribute and spoils of war可以对应题干中的were presented to conquerors in war，而perfumes也是相互对应，故此题选G.

17 long hair of girls; marriage F段倒数第二句F段的主旨古代对头发的重视，而倒数第二句话讲到在古代以色列，新娘在婚礼上披着长发以示贞洁，这一句中的brides would their hair long on wedding day as a sign of their virginity和题干中的long hair of girls, special meaning, marriage对应，故此题选F。

18 in abundance;

cosmetics use;

ancient time A段第二句话A段第二句话中的cosmetics have been popular since the dawn of civilization 对应题干的cosmetics use和ancient time;the discovery of a great deal of pertinent archeological material 对应in abundance，故此题选A。

19 eyes; fly-transmitted diseases E段第二句只有E段讲到了眼部化妆，所以答案要在本段找。第二句话末尾处的the eye-paint repelled the little flies that transmitted aye inflammations可以对应题干的关键词，故此题选E。

20 witch craft;beautification B段的第二、三句B段讲到了化妆品最早是用于宗教和治疗目的，之后慢慢开始个人使用，本段是主旨和题干中的witchcraft和beautification对应，故此题选B。

21 more expensive than gold C段第一句C段第一句末尾处提到perfumes at times even exceeded silver and gold in value和题干的信息完全对应，故此题选C。

22 the third millennium BCA段文中并未提到有关香水香料相关记载的具体时间，所以这个信息属于未提及，NOT GIVEN。

23 exclusive C段最后一句题干提到香料仅用于贵族和富人，而C段最后一句的the use of cosmetics became widespread among the lower classes as well as among the wealthy说明穷人也同样使用香料，故此题是FALSE。

24 fish fats; cream D段最后一句题干中的关键词可以和最后一句话中的for those of limited means, scented animal and fish fats were commonly used对应，故此题是TRUE。

25 Bible; the use of kohl for painting the eyes E段倒数第二句E段提及了眼部化妆，倒数第二句中的the use of kohl for painting the eyes is mentioned three times in the Bible和题干对应，故此题TRUE。

26 was worn solely be women

F段第二句F段重点在讲古代人对头发的护理，第二句话中的long hair was always considered a symbol of beauty, and kings, nobles and dignitaries grew their hair long与题干中的worn solely be women矛盾，故此题FALSE。

27 establish a trade route for myrrh G段第三句第三句话提到in order to bring back myrrh seedlings to plant in her temple，并未提到establish a trade route，故此题NOT GIVEN。

Cosmetics In Ancient Past参考译文：

古代化妆

A 由于化妆品和香水至今仍在广泛使用，因此，与此相关的一些看法、风俗和信仰的古今比较就显得十分有趣。在文明初期，化妆品和香水就已经十分流行。大量相关的考古学文明的发现表明了这一点。这些物品可追溯至公元前三世纪——细颈的马赛克玻璃香水瓶，石质容器，炉子，烹饪器，黏土罐等等。有些还有工匠亲手刻的名字。在圣经及其它经典著作中也能找到这样的证据，书中描述道：在古代，众所周知香料与香水是享誉盛名的产品。国王和王子都对齐梦寐以求。书面和绘画的描述，以及考古学上的发现，都表明了身体的保养和外貌的美感在古代人们的生活中是多么的重要。这条证据链跨越了数个世纪，详细描述了自有离职记载以来，在不同文化中化妆品的使用方式。

B 然而，在古代，至少是在古代初期，化妆品只用于宗教仪式或以治疗为目的的行为中。化妆品也和宗教崇拜与巫术联系在一起：为安抚不同的神，他们的雕像，甚至是随从的侍者，都会被涂上香膏。经过一段时间之后，为了面部和身体美感的增加以及瑕疵的掩盖，化妆品逐渐发展为个人使用的物品。

C 香水和香料在古代需求很大但十分珍贵，有时甚至超过了金银的价值。因此，它们属于奢侈品，大多用于寺庙或贵族及富人的家里。犹太国王将它们和珍贵的财产放在一起;所罗门示巴女王把物品带到所罗门时， “用骆驼满载香料，大量的黄金和珍贵的宝石。”然而，在那段时间里，化妆品的使用成为惯例，在上层的社会和下层社会被广泛使用。他们用同样的方式沐浴，使用某些物品来软化肌肤，再涂上香油或香膏。

D 那时候，面部护理高度发达，女性对其投入了大量的时间。她们在脸上抹上不同香味的面霜，再化上鲜艳色彩的妆容。在公园前16世纪，一份埃及的纸莎草上详细地记载了去除瑕疵、皱纹及其它衰老迹象的方法。希腊和罗马的女性会在夜间将脸上涂满一种“美肤面霜”，用于去除面部瑕疵。这种面膜主要由粉末混合香料而成，要敷在脸上一整夜，第二天早上用驴奶将其洗去。在古代的远东被女性广泛使用的面霜，在炎热的气候中尤为重要并且在那一地区十分流行。这种面霜由油和芳香味那一地区十分流行。这种面霜由油和芳香味制成。这些面霜里的油有时从橄榄、杏仁、葫芦、芝麻或者木料和植物中萃取而来。然而，这些方式十分有限，于是芳香的动物及鱼脂也常常被使用。

E 古代女性常常将色彩涂抹于眼睛周围，此举不仅为美化自己，也带有药用的目的。将有色香料遮盖在眼皮敏感肌肤处能够防止干燥及眼部疾病：眼部的油彩能够阻挡传播眼部炎症的小飞虫，埃及女性将上眼皮涂上黑色，下眼睑涂上绿色，然后将上眼皮和眉毛之间的区域涂上灰色或蓝色。美索不达米亚的女性则偏爱黄色和红色，用于给眼睛着色的眼影粉在圣经中被提及三次，并且总是伴随着圣人们对此的不赞同。与此相反，乔布给他其中一位女儿起名为“Keren Happukh”——意为“眼部色彩的象征”。

F 在古代对头发的保养也极受重视。长头发总是被视为美的象征。国王、贵族及地位显赫的人物纷纷蓄起长发并梳洗整洁、小心照料。女性投入大量时间在发型上，虽然并无修剪，但她们会悉心地将头发整齐精巧的编成辫子,有时借助假发的帮助，将头发“建造起来”埃及女性通常将头发蓄至披肩或更长。在美索不达米亚，女性将长发视为审美的一部分。将头发蓄至背部，再编一条粗辫并用缎带扎好，这被视为一门艺术。亚述的女性则留着短一些的头发，她们将头发扎成辫子并在后面束成圆髻。在古代的以色列，新娘在婚礼上要披着长长的头发以示贞洁。然而，普通人和奴隶则通常留着短发，主要是为卫生起见，因为他们无法承担起长发所需护理的花销。

G 在圣经、埃及和亚述的资料中，以及经典著作的作者记载中发现，芳香树脂及熏香的贸易中心位于南部阿拉伯王国，甚至远至印度，一些珍贵的芳香植物在这些地方生长。“从示巴和拉马来的商人用上等的香料与你交易…”。约旦纳巴泰人在这项交易中起了重要的中间人的作用。巴勒斯坦也是一个非常重要的组成部分，因为贸易路线在该国中纵横交错。据说埃及哈特谢普苏特女王〔公元前15世纪)曾派遣一支皇家探险队前往彭特之地(索马里〕，只为带问没药的幼苗以种植在她的寺院中。在亚述人贡物及战利品的记载中，提到了香水及松脂。在图库尔蒂时期的文献中提到，阿拉姆国王将没药的球状物作为贡品的一部分给予亚述国王。香料与香水的贸易在圣经力吉妮西斯的描述中也被提及，“骆驼在这黄蓍胶(用于制作珐琅制品)香膏及没药。

Cosmetics In Ancient Past参考答案：

Version 22116 主题古代化妆

NOT GIVEN

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

雅思阅读机经真题解析--Cosmetics In Ancient Past

★ 雅思口语机经预测

★ 雅思听力备考复习计划表：巧用雅思听力机经

★ 《金刚经》是什么经

★ 情人节语录经