“是小宝儿啊”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了9篇初中英语如何攻克阅读猜词题和推断题，以下是小编为大家准备的初中英语如何攻克阅读猜词题和推断题，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
- 目录
篇1：初中英语如何攻克阅读猜词题和推断题
在中考阅读理解的考查要求中，有一项要求考生能根据上下文和构词法等推断、理解生词的含义，这项要求对应的题正是我们平常所说的“猜词题”。可在中考的实际考查中，利用构词法来猜测词义的情况并不多见，往往需要考生利用上下文来推断生词。而这一方法不仅仅只适用于猜词题，在平常的阅读中大家也常常会遇到各种生词，也会需要学会去利用上下文来推测词义。一般来说，大家可以采用以下四种方法来帮助猜测词义。
通过上下文的关系(如因果、转折等)来推测词义
52. What does the underlined word “intrusive” probably mean? (北京市东城一模)
A. Interruptive B. Helpful.
C. Unsatisfactory D. Important.
原文：Now that I have just moved to France， this can be very convenient. I can ring my sister who lives in Los Angeles on Viber， or I can Skype my parents or friends back in England for a chat. However， sometimes the convenience and dependability of technology can be intrusive.
本题考查猜词题，题目问划线词intrusive是什么意思。原文写到“... I have just moved to France， this can be very convenient”，在说沟通交流的便捷，其感情色彩应为正面的。而intrusive在转折词however的后面，所以其感情色彩应为负面的，排除B和D。第二段又说“每个人都需要有自己的时间”，说明作者认为我们现在的生活被各种沟通交流的技术所干扰，故正确答案为选项A。
因此我们在猜测阅读题中的单词词义的时候，我们可以先根据关联词判断前后句的关系，从而推测划线词在句中的含义。
通过同义词和近、反义词来推测词义
What does the underlined word “essential” mean in Chinese? (长沙市中考)
A. 时髦的 B. 必要的 C. 昂贵的
原文：“No one in New York is going to let their child go to school without a cellphone.” What about the cellphone owners， the students? Most of the students said since cellphones were essential， they were like an extra (额外的) hand or foot for them.
由连词and可知essential和后文的“were like an extra (~外的) hand or foot for them.”意义相近，再通过对比选项，我们可知B选项最接近答案。
因此可知，我们在面对这类题型时，需要先判断清前后半句话的联系，再由已知的半句话推断词义。而已知内容与需要猜测的内容必定是意思相近或者相反的，因此我们可以通过已知的同义词和近、反义词来推测。
通过定义或释义说明来推测词义
A psychologist is a person who may help you with your ______. (北京市高级中等学校招生考试)
A. illness and abilities
B. thoughts and behavior
C. mind and nervous system
D. physical activity and daily exercise
先回到原文找划线词：Doctors and other scientists who study the human mind and try to explain why people behave in the way that they do， called psychologists， are starting to believe it. 从原文中的called (被叫做)可知，called前面的部分正是单词psychologists的定义。通过对比原文和选项我们发现，原文中“study the human mind”对应选项中的thought，原文中“try to explain why people behave in the way that they do”和选项中的behavior相对应，因此正确答案为B。
注意：中考解题时，如果在原文中发现诸如called、that is to say、another name is等等这样的表达时，附近基本就有定义或释义，倘若有相关的猜词题，完全有可能从这些地方找到答案。
通过生活常识来推测词义
在阅读的时候我们还会碰到一些词，虽然并不涉及解题，但在阅读原文时如果能推测出其词义将会有助于对文章的理解。试看下面两个例子。
1In the old days， when girls from rich families were married to their husbands， they expected to bring with themselves a large dowry.
2But sometimes， no rain falls for a long， long time. Then there will be a drought.
我们在阅读过程中可能还会遇到一类题目，需要我们通过常识来判断词义。
第1句中，我们可以知道dowry是古时候女孩子出嫁到丈夫家时需要带上的东西。由生活常识我们可知，dowry应该是“嫁妆”。
第2句中，通过常识判断，很长很长时间没有下雨之后自然会发生干旱，因此此处的drought应为“干旱”。
篇2：初中英语如何攻克阅读猜词题和推断题
在中考阅读理解的考查要求中，还有这样一项要求：考生能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系，能根据上下文理解作者的态度、观点和意图。而这项要求对应的题型就是我们平常所说的“推断题”。解推断题时必须牢记以下两点：①答案来自于原文但不等同于原文;②答案必须忠于原文，不能主观臆断。且看下面的例题。
What can be inferred from the first paragraph? (洛阳市第一高级中学2015～2016高一上学期月考)
A. The writer was a newcomer to her office.
B. A fellow sent her a dozen red roses as a Christmas present.
C. She was in low spirits because she had to work before Christmas.
D. She was at work with a light heart.
原文：It was the afternoon of December 24， the day before Christmas， and as the newest doctor in our office， I had to work. The only thing that brightened my day was the beautifully decorated Christmas tree in our waiting room and a gift sent to me by a fellow I was dating (约会) ―a dozen long-stemmed red roses.
题中infer表明这是一道推断题，需要我们根据第一段来进行推断。由原文“as the newest doctor in our office”可知A选项为原文复现，不属于推断，因此不选。由第一段最后一句话可知，B选项也为同义转述，因此等同于原文，不选。由“... I had to work. The only thing that brightened my day was ...”可推啵作者并不愿意工作，并且今天大部分时间都是不开心的，因此C选项为推断内容。D选项与原文表达意思相反，因此不选。由此可见，只要严格遵守上述两个规则，解推断题并不难。
篇3：托福阅读推断题题目及答案
Paragraph 3：Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?
They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.
They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.
They waste more oil than they collect.
They are unlikely to occur nowadays.
托福阅读推断题练习题答案：4
篇4：托福阅读推断题题目及答案
Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?
It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
托福阅读推断题练习题答案：3
篇5：托福阅读推断题题目及答案
Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
They become less stable as they mature.
They support many species when they reach climax.
They are found in temperate zones.
They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
托福阅读推断题练习题答案：3
篇6：托福阅读推断题题目及答案
Paragraph 3：With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
It did not contain any marine fossil.
It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
托福阅读推断题练习题答案：1
篇7：托福阅读中推断题解题技巧
托福阅读推断题的方法推荐
推断题其实没有想象中的那么难，因为托福文章有很清晰的逻辑架构，每个自然段往往是按照TS (Topic Sentence) + SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects + Attitudes展开的。只有明白了文章的写作思路才能更好更快的做对题目，作者必定是按照一定的行文顺序编排段落的，如果画一个水平轴作为事件发展的顺序，推断题是让你从这个轴上的某一个点去推测，无非就两个方向，顺着轴发展的方向或者逆着轴发展的方向，也就是我们接下来要说的用正向和逆向思维去解决推断题。
OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitlystated in the text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目，题目要求如下：
Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X?
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?
According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X?
According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X?
题干中有出现infer, imply, indicate或suggest这四个单词，我们就判定这个题目为推断题，那么推断题应该如何解答呢?
第一步，判断题型。我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。
第二步，审清题干，原文定位。仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。
第三步，推测+判断。根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。
正向推断：和事实信息题做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写。
逆向推断：大致分为两种，一种是时间，第二种是两类事物的对比。
第一种，题干中往往会出现表示时间的信息，比如：after 1932, since early years of the 19thcentury. 例如TPO 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in themain, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas forthe raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficientway of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices werehigh, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
m They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
m They were able to sell their produce at high prices
m They had not been successful in raising cattle.
m They did not operate in a national market economy.
题干中出现了两个信息，一个是western farmers, 一个是prior to 1815, 带着两条信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中没有提到18之前，只有1815年之后，答案其实很简单，只要把1815年之后的内容看懂了，并且在这个内容前面加not即可。举个简单的例子，“从现在起Jessica是个姑娘”，“请问你能推断出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了变性手术?”，其实这就算过分推断了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是个姑娘。言归正题，文中说到，改善的交通使得越来越多的西部农民摆脱了自给自足的生活，并且进入了国家性的市场经济，那个时候货物的价格很多，所以向西迁移的速率也大幅增长。
第二种：两类事物的对比，往往文中会出现表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。例如TPO 2中的TheOrigins of Cetaceans的第2题，让考生推测关于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，会发现关键句中存在着一个unlike, 说不像sea otters, 想象一下早期鲸类比较困难(not easy=difficult)，那我们逆推一下，不就是说想象早期sea otters长什么样比较容易，正确答案中出现了not difficult, 所以这道题很简单。
托福阅读推断题：认清类型，抓好关键词
托福阅读推断题考察学生对文章深层信息的推测理解能力，所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出。推理题是比较好辨认的一类题型，它的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG， 在IBT 阅读3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。
推断题一般可以分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点、采用排除法是解决这两类推理题的共同策略。
推理题的解题思路主要有以下三个方向：
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
总之，文中的关键词，观点，逻辑和平时的基本常识是解决这类问题的关键。
托福阅读推理题的正向推理与逆向推理
正向推理
正向推理指的是最后的答案往往是和文章所描述的内容一致的，而这种特征一般视为“整体”和“部分”的一致性，所以正向推理也被称为“整体与部分推理”。
正向推理包含两种主要情形，一种叫做给定段里面没有推理对象的情况，另外一种叫做有举例引发的“整体与部分推理”。所谓“整体与部分推理”，就是文章里面讲述一个特质是A，下面选项中的特征也是A，这个特质本身没有变化。文章里面讲什么特质，下面选项中就是什么特质，只不过一个是“整体”，一个是“部分”而已。
逆向推理
“逆向推理”又叫“取非式推理”，文章中讲的是A，下面选项里最终答案是“非A”，此推理包含三种情形。
1.由新时间点引发的逆向推理
比如“now”表示现在，含有典型的暗转折含义。事实上，凡是时间点概念，都暗示着转折。比如说：澳门回归了，这意味着19之前澳门没有回归。这条原则可能听起来怪怪的，但意义重大，以后我们做托福文章要比其他没有经历过严格训练的同学多长一个心眼，但凡是有时间点出现，就意味着前后的特质不一致，而这恰好是考点。
2.由新地点引发的逆向推理
事实上，它和第一点的内涵是一致的，可以被统称为“分类取非”。在文章中经常会出现把一个大类分成两个小类的情况，比如文章里面讲述生物分为两类，一类是动物，一类是植物，这时文章里面会谈到动物和植物的“不同点”而不会是“相同点”。
3.由特定词引发的逆向推理
这一类词包括unlike、without以及所有能够表示“比例”的词等。一般推理题只要找准用来推理的句子，然后按照上面两种方法来做就不会有什么问题了。
只要掌握了这些技巧，当你在做托福阅读时，也能像侦探一样进行“推理”了。
托福阅读推理题的对比取反情况
解答推理题应从识别题型入手。推理题题干中常见表示推理或暗示的词汇：infer，imply，indicate，suggest。然后，仔细阅读题干。最后，根据题干信息研读文章信息以做出推理。
接下来我们通过一些例题来深入解析推理题中对比取反的情况。
1. Paragraph: Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850s, steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the paragraph about flatboats and keelboats?
A. They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.
B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.
C. They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.
D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.
根据题干信息flatboats and keelboats对应到原文句子Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. 从句子里steamboat以及keelboats之间的faster 以及one tenth of很容易得出B选项。解出答案之后，希望大家思考，这样一道推理题透露了出题人设置题目时的逻辑思维，那就是信息的对比，而且有对比的时候，答案往往会取反面。
2. Paragraph: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community – that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from the paragraph?
A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.
B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.
C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.
根据题干信息commensalism对应到原文句子There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.该句得不出答案，接着看到The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community;该句告诉我们first and third指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism, 而题干中被问及的commensalism(共栖)恰是三者之中剩余的部分，根据例一中出题人对于对比取反的逻辑设置，显然该题同样取反，既然文中给出一三重要，那么强烈暗示的就是处于第二的commensalism不重要，所以选C。
3. Paragraph: Isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature – around the equator, for example. The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and de-glaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.
1. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossil shells containing calcite with high percentages of oxygen-16 were deposited at times when…
A. polar ice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea.
B. extensive glaciation was not occurring.
C. there were no great increases in ocean temperature.
D. there was heavy snowfall on continental glaciers.
同样根据题干信息oxygen-16对应到原文During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. 句中给出during glaciations的时候oxygen-16会蒸发离开，题干问什么时候oxygen-16 were deposited, 同样还是对比取反，即not during glaciations，对应选项B。
4. Paragraph 2: The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.
1. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine…
A. which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age.
B. the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age.
C. the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age.
D. how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age.
通过以上的例子，相信大家已经熟悉了推理题中对比取反的逻辑思维。那么最后这一道题，是否能够应用讲解的规律顺利得出正确答案呢?
首先读题干，很多考生会选择Agassiz and other geologists这一信息去对应原文，结果发现无法根据文中对应信息得出正确答案。此时要牢记对比取反的逻辑思维，重新审题发现了of his time这一时间短语与文中的We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.一句里的now构成对比关系。所以根据对比取反的逻辑，既然我们现在才精确知道冰川形成的时间，那么在当时是不知道的，顺利选出B选项。
篇8：托福阅读推断题抓好关键词
托福阅读推断题：认清类型，抓好关键词
推断题一般可以分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点、采用排除法是解决这两类推理题的共同策略。
推理题的解题思路主要有以下三个方向：
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
总之，文中的关键词，观点，逻辑和平时的基本常识是解决这类问题的关键。
托福阅读长难句：成功的欺骗者
The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging——such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories——but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another. (TPO11, 45)
我是分界线，大家先自己速读哦。
The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs (of exaggerated begging)——(such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories)——but rather in the damage (that any successful cheater would do to its siblings), (which share genes with one another).(TPO11, 45)
分析：
这个句子主干是：The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs but rather in the damage，大家要注意这里的not…but结构，不是…而是
修饰一：(of exaggerated begging) ，介词短语，修饰costs
中文：夸张的乞讨
修饰二：—— (such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories) ，破折号，解释说明
中文：这些能量消耗相对于可能获得的能量相比是很少的
修饰三：(that any successful cheater would do to its siblings) ，从句，修饰damage
中文：任何一个成功的欺骗者会对它的兄弟姐妹造成伤害
修饰四：(which share genes with oneanother)，从句，修饰siblings
中文：彼此拥有相同的基因
参考翻译：
答案明显不在于夸张的乞讨所增加的能量消耗——这些能量消耗相对于可能获得的能量相比是很少的——而是在于任何一个成功的欺骗者会对和它有同样基因的兄弟姐妹造成伤害。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
托福阅读长难句：对有声电影的批判
Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. (TPO12, 54)
perspective /p?'spekt?v/ n. 透视法，透视图;远景;观点，看法
strain n. 品种，类型
我是分界线，大家先自己一遍速读哦。
(Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective),a strain of critical opinion inthe 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty (that would soon fade from sight),(just as had many previous attempts, (dating well back before the First World War),to link images with recorded sound).(TPO12, 54)
分析：
这句话的主干就是a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that
修饰一：(Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective)，从句
中文：虽然从以后的观点来看很难想象
修饰二：(that would soon fade from sight)，从句，修饰a technical novelty
中文：不久就会从视线里消失
修饰三：( just as had many previous attempts to link images with recorded sound)，从句，大家一定要注意这里的attempts to被插入语(dating well back before the FirstWorld War)隔开了，断句不要出问题
中文：就好像以前试图把图像和录音连接在一起的许多尝试一样。
修饰四：(dating well back before the First World War)，插入语
中文：追溯到一战以前
参考翻译：
虽然从以后的观点来看很难想象，但在20世纪代有一种批判的观点预测有声电影将会是不久就会从视线里消失的技术创新，就好像一战以前试图把图像和录音连接在一起的许多尝试一样。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、插入语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
篇9：初中化学推断题技巧
初中化学推断题技巧
层次一：物质的再认识
由于“酸碱盐”的内容主要是学习置换反应、复分解反应及条件和物质间相互转化关系，其涉及的物质种类多，且颜色状态不一。因而认识初中化学中常见的、重要的物质是最关键的。
建议学生进行归纳、再认识。二指示剂：紫色石蕊溶液(遇酸变红，遇碱变蓝)、无色酚酞溶液(遇酸不变，遇碱变红);三酸：稀硫酸、盐酸、硝酸;五氧化物：氧化铜(黑色)、氧化铁(红褐色)、氧化钙(白色)、二氧化碳(无色无味气体)、二氧化硫(刺激性气味气体);七碱：氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钙、氢氧化钡、氢氧化铜、氢氧化铁、氢氧化镁;十三盐：氯化钠、碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸氢钠、氯化铁、硫酸铜、硝酸铵、硫酸铵、碳酸氢铵、碳酸钙(不溶水溶于酸)、碳酸钡(不溶水溶于酸)、氯化银(不溶水不溶酸)、硫酸钡(不溶水不溶酸)。
归纳、认识以上物质时注意它们的颜色、状态、溶解性及其对应水溶液的颜色，掌握物质分类的知识和技能。
层次二：物质间的反应关系
以一种酸或碱或盐归纳其物理性质和化学性质，然后拓展到其他同类物质，最后总结出酸的性质、碱的性质和盐的性质，进而总结出物质间相互转化的关系，并进一步认识物质的用途。
这个层次的复习主要以书写化学方程式为主，借以轻松地掌握重要的酸、碱、盐的化学性质。
层次三：概念的认识及反应规律
1、认识概念：一个条件：复分解反应条件(生成水或气体或沉淀);两种氧化物：酸性氧化物、碱性氧化物;三种干燥剂：氢氧化钠、浓硫酸、生石灰;四种反应类型：化合反应、分解反应、置换反应、复分解反应;五个概念的理解：酸(碱)性溶液、溶液的酸碱度、中和反应、潮解、风化;六类复分解反应：酸与金属氧化物反应、酸与碱反应、酸与盐反应、碱与盐反应、碱与非金属氧化物、盐与盐反应。
2、反应规律：复分解反应的生成物中至少有气体、沉淀、水中的一种;碱与盐反应、盐与盐反应，反应物都必须溶于水;在复分解反应中生成的气体是二氧化碳和氨气(常见的是二氧化碳);复分解反应中生成物是碳酸时要写出二氧化碳和水，是氢氧化铵时要写出氨气和水;硫酸盐能转化成盐酸盐和硝酸盐，盐酸盐能转化成硝酸盐，反之则不可以;金属与盐反应前置后盐必溶、单质铁、变二价、钾钙钠都不行;金属和盐溶液混合充分反应后，过滤，得到的固体和滤液，金属活动性由不活泼的到活泼的在固体中依次出现，而滤液中则是由活泼到不活泼的依次出现(金属包括金属单质和盐中的金属元素)，以上的内容需要很好地理解并特殊记忆。
层次四：物质的应用
通过前三个层次的复习，学生对酸、碱、盐的认识已较为深刻了。此时应该将内化的知识转化为外化的实践，即对物质的性进行应用，如进行物质的鉴别、物质除杂、物质的推断等实践应用，并在实践中寻找规律、把握技巧和方法，也可让自己做一些具有创造性的工作，如探寻一些物质的制备方法等。通过这一复习途径，可以进一步挖掘自己的潜能，培养自己的创新精神和创造能力。
例如：设置鉴别H2SO4和NaOH的问题，思考后可使用多种试剂，设计多种方案，即(1)紫色石蕊溶液(2)无色酚酞溶液(3)Na2CO3溶液(4)BaCl2溶液(5)Ba(OH)2溶液(6)CuSO4溶液(7)FeCl3溶液(8)Zn(9)pH试纸(10)CuO等等。
化学的学习方法指导
1.自行绘制物质转化框图——一定要自己书写。
比如说，我通过一周的学习，老师把碱金属这一块差不多讲完了，我在复习的时候就要自己在纸上画一边碱金属这一块所有相关物质之间的转化关系图，把铝单质、氢氧化铝、氯化铝等等我自己能够想到的物质都写进框图里，并且思考每一步转化发生的化学反应条件。这样做的好处在于既复习了一遍重要的方程式，又从整体上对这一元素有了全局性的了解。
需要强调的是“自行”，很多同学喜欢直接看一些教辅资料上已经归纳好的类似框图而不愿自己动手画，我的建议是先自己画一遍之后与参考资料对比，一来自己画过的印象远比看书深刻，二来很可能你的确掌握了90%的内容，但是如果自己没有画过一遍，就可能发现不了剩下那10%的漏洞。
2.上课：自己记录常考点——克服侥幸心理。
元素化学虽然知识点碎内容多，但是在考试中高频率出现的往往就是那么几个翻来覆去的常考点。尤其是有经验的老师，在上课过程中一定会强调重要的知识点。所以这样一来，学习元素化学的时候上课效率就很重要了，因为老师上课特别强调的，往往就是考试常出的。
其实很多同学知道这个道理，但是上课时候仍旧是不愿意或者不习惯做笔记，认为自己能够记住或者潜在心理暗示自己“记了也不一定会考”——这就是一种侥幸心理。但是事实上，这种心理的长期存在就会导致忽略的问题越来越多，最后到了考试又发现自己脑子里记住的东西半知半解，到头来还是失分。所以，我的建议是：除非你有惊人的记忆能力，不然“好记性不如烂笔头”，尤其是老师强调过的内容，你不认真做点笔记而放之任之，于心何忍?
3.做题：总结高频考点与易错考点——做过就忘等于没做。
很多同学问过小简：对于高一刚开始接触的化学来说，元素化学这一块需不需要做很多题?我的答案是：有时间多做题绝对是好事，但是重要的不是题目做的多少，而是做过后你从这些题中收获了多少。
一直以来，我对“刷题”这种方法都是持中立的态度的——有的学生题目做的很多，但是有些类型的题目仍旧是每次做每次错，那你做那么多题目的意义在哪里呢?
元素化学这一块，如我上面强调的那样，虽然知识点多，但是每种物质常考的考点与题型也就那么几类。所以建议同学们要养成一个好的习惯：一是要对做过的题目有印象，二是要对自己错误的地方做好记录。
化学的学习方法
1、注重双基知识，突出重点。
以课本为主线，认真吃透课本，全面掌握基础知识，不能留有明显的知识、技能缺陷和漏洞，这是学好化学的根本。在学习过程中，不少学生不能脚踏实地，好高骛远，认为不会考课本上的内容或者课本上的内容太简单了，因此在对课本基础知识还没有能真正搞懂吃透的情况下，一味地追求偏题、难题，搞题海战术，实际上这是得不偿失的。
在强调“双基”的同时突出重点，其中化学用语是学好化学的基础，所以我们在学习时，一定要花力气通过记忆、强化训练等方法来熟练掌握好常见元素符号、化学式、化学方程式等化学用语，只有这样才能为继续学习化学知识打下良好的基础。
2、重视化学实验，培养兴趣。
化学是一门以实验为基础的学科，是教师讲授化学知识的重要手段，也是学生获取知识的重要途径。上好实验课，是学好化学的关键。
首先，课堂上要认真观察老师所做的每个演示实验的操作和实验现象。化学实验是很生动、很直观的，实验中千变万化的现象最能激发学生的兴趣，但学生若只图看热闹，光看现象，不动脑子思考，看完了不知道是怎么回事，无助于学习的提高，所以，观察要有明确的目的。观察实验前，要明确观察的内容是什么? 范围是什么?解决什么问题?观察时还要仔细、全面。
其次，要上好学生实验课。课前必须进行预习，明确实验目的、实验原理和操作步骤。进行实验时，自己要亲自动手，亲自做实验，不要袖手旁观。认真做好实验内容里所安排的每一个实验，在实验过程中要集中注意力，严格按实验要求操作，对基本操作要反复进行练习，对实验过程中出现的各种现象，要耐心细致地观察，认真思考，多问、多想，从而来提高自己的分析问题、解决问题的能力及独立实验动手能力和创新能力。
3、关注生活，理论联系实际。
我们赖以生存的物质世界，时时处处都与化学紧密相关。如：钢铁生锈、食物的腐烂、水的污染、人的呼吸是缓慢氧化，雪碧是碳酸饮料……要学好化学，必须热爱生活、关注生活，关心身边的化学。
学习化学，不能只满足于课本上的知识，还必须注意优化理论和实际的结合，注重化学、技术、社会的相互联系，聚焦于社会热点问题以及化学科技前沿。将化学理论与社会生活实际、环保知识、时事政策、能源和有关经济方面联系起来，让学生了解化学与日常生活的密切关系，用所学化学知识和技能解释一些化学现象或解决一些化学问题，从而感受化学的重要性，学会关注生活、关心社会。
初中英语如何攻克阅读猜词题和推断题（合集9篇）
