张潮《采莲词》新解(高三教学论文)

“白企鹅”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了13篇张潮《采莲词》新解(高三教学论文)，这次小编在这里给大家整理后的张潮《采莲词》新解(高三教学论文)，供大家阅读参考。

篇1：张潮《采莲词》新解(高三教学论文)

张潮《采莲词》新解(苏教版高三教学论文)

张潮，又作张朝，润州丹阳人，生卒年份不详。大约生活于开元至大历年间。一生未涉官场，钟情于田园山水，是个名副其实的“处士”。然而他善写诗，而且有相当高的水准。唐代殷[汇其诗入《丹阳集》，评曰：“潮诗委曲怨切，颇多悲凉。”唐代李康成编的《玉台新咏》后集，顾陶编的《唐诗类选》，北宋李P等人编的《文苑英华》，郭茂倩编的《乐府诗集》等都收录其诗。

张潮的作品散轶严重，《全唐诗》中仅存五首，篇名分别是《江风行》、《襄阳行》、《采莲词》、《江南行》、《长干行》，另外尚存断句一联。尽管数量不多，但质量很高，可谓句句金玉，字字珠玑，广为世人传诵。《全唐诗简编》就录其三首，可见当代学者对张潮诗作水平的肯定。

下面我们就看看他的《采莲词》。

采莲词

张潮

朝出沙头日正红，晚来云起半江中。

赖逢邻女曾相识，并著莲舟不畏风。

学术界认为，“这首诗匠心独运，从另外一个角度写采莲，突出了采莲姑娘们团结互助的精神。第一句写早晨，太阳冉冉升起，晴空万里，又是一个采莲的好日子。第二句写傍晚，乌云突然涌来，遮住了大半个江面，一场大雨即将来临。第三、四句转而写人，狂风袭来，小船摇摆不定，大有颠覆之势，危急时刻，幸遇相识的邻女，两舟并靠在一起，就不怕狂风恶浪了。这首诗歌虽然短小，但写得惊心动魄，起起伏伏，几经转折，终于化险为夷。”

也就是说，这首诗赞颂采莲姑娘团结互助不畏风浪的品质。应该说，抛开生活实际，仅仅从诗歌字面上理解，这种解读是有一定道理的。但是，如果把这种解读告诉给渔家姑娘，她们绝对不会认同的。

笔者是地地道道的渔家子弟，从小生活在洪泽湖上，对此诗描写的情况是有发言权的。我认为，学术界对该诗的解读偏离了生活的真实。

风浪之中“莲舟”是不宜“并著”的。人们都知道风浪之中船不可空载，都知道并船可抗风浪的道理，却不知这种做法不是针对所有船只的道理。是的，大船航行绝不可空载，比如去年击退海盗的“振华”号万吨远洋货轮，返航时便自然地注了半舱海水。“并著”船只最典型的例子是赤壁之战中曹操的水军做法。但是，小船就不同了。多大的船为小船呢？大概在十米长以内的吧。渔家俗语叫此船为“小溜子”，后又叫“生产筏子”。小时，我等皆采过莲蓬，采莲船必须是小船，而且是越小越好，否则撑不进荷花荡的`。故而，诗中的“莲舟”必定是小船了。小船在荷花荡里是不怕风雨的，因为在茂密的荷花荡里再大的风(10级吧,江湖上最大的了)也掀不起浪的,吹不动船的； 至于下雨,就更不怕了,打个大片的荷叶,往头上一顶,只听雨打荷叶声--那个惬意呀--这是常识。

但是，诗中明明白白写“并著莲舟不畏风”，这又是为何呢？张潮没写错，诗的第二句写得清清楚楚，“晚来云起半江中”，傍晚时分，就是不“云起半江中”，“晚来” 采莲船也要回家的，回家就必然要离开荷花荡，必然要经过开阔的水面，恰在这时，起风了！

开阔的水面，有风就有浪。抗击风浪最好的办法是“并著莲舟”吗？如果这样想这样做，就大错特错了。为什么呢？因为小船抗风浪与大船不同，它抗风浪法是“跳浪法”，小船随着波峰浪谷“跳动”，江湖河道的风浪也奈何不了它的。一并船不但不利于小船跳浪，而且小船间的涌浪有可能打沉小船的--这也是常识--你看过踏板冲浪运动有几个并板的？

所以，同是善于驾莲舟的有好水性的渔家姑娘（采莲女）彼此间不会“赖”（依赖，依靠，幸亏）什么了，这点风浪算不了什么，独自驾舟回来便是了，绝不至于如此愚蠢地去“并著”“莲舟”的。

但是，诗中却明明写“赖逢邻女曾相识，并著莲舟不畏风”，这是怎么回事呢？此诗妙就妙在“赖逢邻女曾相识”一句上，是谁“赖逢邻女”？是采莲女吗？不是。根据以上分析，必然是几个（或一个）男子（可能其中就有张潮），这（些）男子无疑是“旱鸭子”，他（们）一大早也去采莲（或采风或为情），不想回来时麻烦了，遇风了。是巧遇“曾相识”的“采莲女”吗？可能是，更可能她一直就在他们船边。她也许早就希望“并著”了，希望彼此成为并蒂莲了，众目睽睽的，不能有过份的举动呀。真是“天助我也”，这下好了，赶上“天时”了，再过份的动作也有托词了：关键时刻，我采莲女岂能丢下“旱鸭子”船不管，独自跳浪回家吗？她迅速而喜悦地“并著莲舟”了，可以美滋滋地为小情郎保驾护航了！所以，张潮说：“赖逢邻女曾相识，并著莲舟不畏风。”是的，“不畏风”一语双关到家了，既不畏风浪，也不畏人们的风言风语了。

可见，“莲舟”不是为抗风浪而“并著”的，而是为情而并的，不信，看看唐代诗人崔国辅的《采莲曲》：

玉溆花争发， 金塘水乱流。

相逢畏相失， 并著木兰舟。

因此，实际的水上生活常识告诉我们，张潮的《采莲词》是一首情诗，写了采莲女对情郎的有情有义，关键时刻对小情郎进行了一番大胆而泼辣的保护，写得巧妙而动人心魄。

敬爱的周公

篇2：采莲词,采莲词张潮,采莲词的意思,采莲词赏析

采莲词,采莲词张潮,采莲词的意思,采莲词赏析 -诗词大全

作者：张潮  朝代：唐  体裁：乐府   朝出沙头日正红，晚来云起半江中。

赖逢邻女曾相识，并著莲舟不畏风。

篇3：代 词/ `(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

代 词

英语代词分为以下八类: 人称代词, 物主代词, 反身代词, 指示代词, 不定代词, 疑问代词, 连接代词, 关系代词. 本章只说明前五类代词的用法, 后三类代词的用法在其他章节说明

人称代词

一.人称代词的形式: 人称代词有人称, 数和格的变化

我 我们 你/你们 他 她 它 他们/她们/它们

主格 I we you he she it they

宾格 me us you him her it them

二.人称代词的用法:

1.主格的用法: 作主语, 表语

a. He often helps me with my English.

b. It is he who often helps me with my English.

2.宾格的用法: 作及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语.

a. Mr. Li teaches us English.

b. We often go and see her on Sundays.

c. You are really above me in maths.

d. Father bought a new bike for him.

3.关于人称代词用法需注意的问题:

①.在than / as引导的比较状语从句中常有省略, 注意其中的人称代词作主语用主格, 作宾语用宾格. 在这类从句中, 在不引起误解的情况下, 有时用宾格代词代替主格代词

a. He likes Mary better than I ( like Mary ).他比我更喜欢玛丽

b. He likes Mary better than ( he likes ) me他喜欢我,更喜欢玛丽

c. He is taller than I / me.

②.在强调句中, 若被强调的部分是代词, 则其格不变, 如:

a. It was I who first opened the door this morning.

b. It was me whom they talked about.

③.人称代词单独使用或是在not之后, 常用宾格

a. “ I like English. ” “ Me too.”

b. “ Would you like more wine ?” “ Not me.”

④.在同位语中, 人称代词的格视与之同位的词在句中的成分而定, 如:

a. We, Tom and I, showed her many wonderful pictures.

b. She showed us, Tom and me, many wonderful pictures.

⑤.人称代词在代替一些不定代词, 如: anybody, everybody, anyone, someone, no one, whoever及person等这些无明确对象的代词或名词时, 在正式场合用he / his / him代替, 在非正式场合用they / them / their代替, 如:

a. Nobody came, did he/they ?

b. Whoever comes, tell him / them the news.

⑥.在be或to be之后的人称代词的格应根据它所指代的名词或代词在句中的成分而定

a. I thought it was she. / I thought it to be her.

b. I was taken to be she.我被当成了她. / They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她

⑦.在口语中常用宾格代词作表语

a. “ Who is that ? ” “ It is me. ”

⑧.they可指“有关的人” “人们”, 相当于people, 如:

a. They say the fire broke out at midnight. = People say the fire broke out at midnight. / It is said that the fire broke out at midnight.

⑨.三个人称代词同时出现时, 其顺序一般是: 你, 他/她, 我; 我们, 你们, 他们

a. You, he and I all enjoy music.

物主代词

表示所有关系的代词称为物主代词

一.物主代词的形式: 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种

我的 我们的 你的/你们的 他的 她的 它的 他们的/她们的/它们的

形容词性物主代词 my our your his her its their

名词性物主代词 mine ours yours his hers --- theirs

二.物主代词的用法:

1.形容词性物主代词相当于一个形容词, 作定语, 如: our work, her students, their house

2.名词性物主代词相当于一个名词, 作主语, 表语, 宾语

a. His brother is a driver; mine is a worker.

b. These books are mine.

c. You can use my bike and I may use hers.

3. “of +名词性物主代词”可构成双重所有格, 如:

a. Wang Ling is a friend of mine.

b. This baby of hers is so lovely.

4.物主代词用法应注意的问题:

①.动名词的逻辑主语如果位于句首, 则多用物主代词, 如:

a. His coming late made everyone angry.

②.在介词后, 表示身体某部位或身上某位置的名词前, 用the而不用物主代词, 如:

a. I’ve hurt him in the finger.

b. He hit me on the back.

c. He caught me by the hair.

d. The man pulled me by the sleeve.揪住了我的衣袖.

反身代词

一.反身代词的形式: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves

二.反身代词的用法:

1.作宾语:

a. He taught himself English.

b. He is old enough to look after himself.

2.在句中作名词或代词的同位语, 以加强名词或代词的语气, 一般表示 “亲自” “本人”

a. I myself did the work.

b. You had better ask Tom himself.

指示代词

一.指示代词的形式: this, that, these, those, it, such, same

二.指示代词的用法:

1.this / these常指时间, 空间或心理上较近的人或物, that / those常指时间, 空间或心理上较远的人或物

2.this / these常指后面要提到的事物, 有启下的作用; 而that / those常指前面讲到过的事物, 有承上的作用

a. What I want to tell you is this: The meeting is put off until Friday.

b. He had a bad cold. That is why he didn’t attend the meeting.

3.that / those还可用来代替上文出现过的名词.作此用法时, 它们的用法及与one / ones的对比见下表

代替什么词 替换成．．． 定语问题

one [C]单数 某名词 有前置定语或后置定语

ones [C]复数 某名词 有前置定语或后置定语

that [C]单数或[U] the + 某名词 必无前置定语, 必有后置定语

those [C]复数 the + 某名词 必无前置定语, 必有后置定语

a. The weather in Beijing is not so hot as that ( = the weather ) in Shanghai.

b. The population of China is a quarter of that ( = the population ) of the world.

c. The students in class one work harder than those ( = the students ) in class two.

d. The question is an easy one.

e. Which pencils do you want ? The red ones.

f. He has a new coat and several old ones.

g. I have lost my pen. I am going to buy one.

4.such的用法

①.such代替或修饰可数与不可数名词都可

a. He is such a man.

b. I don’t like such words.

c. Such is our plan.

②.such应位于no, one, another, some, many, all等词之后

a. One such grammar book is enough.

③.such + a(n) + adj. + n结构等同于so + adj. + a(n) + n, 如:

a. It is such a good chance. =It is so good a chance.

④.如果名词为[U], 则只能用such而不能用so, 如:

a. He has made such great progress.

b. It was such good weather.

⑤.如果名词被many / much / little / few四个词修饰, 则要用so而不用such, 如:

a. He has made so much progress.

5.the same的用法: the same =同样(的), 可以作定语, 表语, 主语和宾语

a. They left for Beijing on the same day.

b. He will go to swim and I’ll do the same.

c. Whether he will come or not, it is all the same to me.

6.it的用法:

①.it指前面己经提到的人或事物

②.模糊it: it指时间, 季节, 气候, 距离, 情况等

a. It is time for the meeting.

b. It is Saturday today.

c. It is fine today.

d. It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city.

e. It is five kilometer from home to the school.

f. It is well with you ? 你身体好吗?

③.it作形式主语: it作形式主语时, 真正的主语可以是动词不定式, 动名词或由that引导的主语从句.当句中的这些真正主语用词较多时, 常用it作形式主语, 而把真正的主语移到后面

a. It is a good habit to do morning exercise.

b. It is no use learning without thinking.

c. It is pity that you didn’t see such a good film.

④.it作形式宾语: it作形式宾语时, 真正的宾语可以是不定式, 动名词或that引导的宾语从句. 当宾语之后有宾补, 而作宾语的不定式或宾语从句用词较多时, 常用it作形式宾语, 而把真正的宾语移到后面

a. I find it easy to learn English well if in the right way.

b. I consider it wrong that you stand too close to an Englishman.

c. They want to make it clear that they are doing an important and necessary job.

⑤.it用于强调句型: It + is / was + 被强调的部分 + that / who + 其他

a. Professor Wang teaches us English every Monday afternoon.(一般陈述句)

b. It is Professor Wang that / who teaches us English every Monday afternoon.(强调句)

c. It is us that / who Professor Wang teaches English every Monday afternoon.(强调句)

d. It is English that Professor Wang teaches us every Monday afternoon.(强调句)

e. It is every Monday afternoon that Professor teaches us English.(强调句)

不定代词

一.不定代词的形式: some, any, no, none, many, much, few, little, each, every, one, all, both, either, neither, other, another及some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词

二.不定代词的使用:

1.不定代词的使用要注意以下几个方面

①.不定代词作主语时, 要明确其究竟是单数还是复数, 如: both是复数, either / neither是单数, all则根据情况可作单数或复数

a. Both of them are students.

b. All were present at the meeting.

c. All goes well.

②.不定代词作定语时, 要明确其修饰可数与不可数的问题, 如: many / few修饰可数名词; much / little修饰不可数名词; some / any既修饰可数也修饰不可数

③.all / both / each / everybody / everything等含有“全部”或“每个”意义的词与否定词not连用时, 通常表示部分否定. 全部否定时通常采用否定代词none, no one, nobody, neither, nothing等

a. Not all ants go out for food. = All ants don’t go out for food.并不是所有的蚂蚁出去找食物

b. None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.

2.some / any的用法:

①.some常用于肯定句中. some在下列情况下也用于疑问句: 表示请求或邀请; 期待肯定回答,或认为对方肯定回答的可能性很大时; 表建议时

a. Could you lent me some money?

b. Will you have some milk?

c. Are you waiting for some friends?

d. Would you lend me some books please ?

②.any常用于疑问句和否定句中; any用于肯定句中表示 “任何”; 与一些否定含义的词如: hardly, never, not, without等连用多用any

a. I don’t have any ink.

b. Do you have any ink?

c. You can come and see me at any time.

d. Any student can solve the problem.

3.no / none / no one的用法:

①.no =not any, 通常用作定语, 修饰可数或不可数

a. There is no milk in the glass.

b. He has no brother.

②.none代替可数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数或复数都可(参看“主谓一致”); none代替不可数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数

a. None of the stories are / is interesting.

③. no one只泛指人, 不与of连用; none指人, 事, 物皆可, 可与of连用

4.many / much的用法: many用来修饰或代替可数名词; much用来修饰或代替不可数名词

a. Many students, many of the students.

b. Much has been done. / He has much to do. / He has much work to do.

5.few / little, a few / a little的用法: ( a ) few修饰或代替可数名词; ( a ) little修饰或代替不可数名词

a. Few of them are good at skating.

b. I met a few of my friends at the party.

c. There is still a little milk in the bottle.

d. Little remains to be said.

6.each / every的用法:

①.each指 “每个”的个别的情况, 相当于汉语的 “各个”

②.every虽有“每个”的意思, 但常从整体出发, 强调共同性, 相当于“每个都”

a. Every one of us has strong and weak points.(强调所有人都…)

b. Each of us has strong and weak points.(强调每个都…)

③.主语中有each / every, 构成反意问句时, 多用复数变化., 如:

a. Every student like the film, don’t they ?

b. Each of us takes part in the activity, don’t we ?

④.every可以和not连用, each不可以

a. Not every worker can do it.

7.one的用法:

①.表示“一个”, 如: one hour, one man

②.泛指不确定的人, 可译为“人们” “一个人”, 表此意时, 它的所有格是one’s, 反身代词是oneself

a. One should be strict with oneself.

b. One should serve his country wholeheartedly.

③.one / ones代替上文出现过的可数名词, 以避免重复

a. He has a washer. I want to buy one too.

b. Which shirt do you like? I like the red one.

8.all 的用法: 作主语时, 谓语动词根据情况采取单数或复数; 作定语时,修饰[ U/C]

a. All are here.大家都到了

b. All is going on well.

9.both表示“两者都”, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数; 作定语时, 修饰复数名词

10.either 表示“两者之中任何一个”, 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数; 作定语时, 修饰单数名词

a. Here are two pens. You may use either of them.

b. There are shops on either side of the street.

c. Either of them is going there.

11.neither表示“两者都不”, 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数; 作定语时, 修饰单数名词

a. Neither is right.

b. Neither film is interesting.

12.other的用法: the other表示两者中的另外一个; the others =the other +复数名词, 表示“其余的一些”; others =other +复数名词, 表示 “别的人或事物”

a. He has two sons. One is a teacher. The other is a worker.

b. Some went to the Great Wall, the others went to the lake.

13.another 指不定数目中的另外一个; another +复数名词表示“再一些, 又一些”

a. This skirt is too long. Please show me another.

b. I want to have another cup of coffee.

c. I will finish the work in another ten minutes.

14.复合不定代词是由some, any, no, every和body, thing, one构成的, 如: somebody, something, someone. 带some的不定代词一般用于肯定句, 带any的不定代词一般用于否定句及疑问句中, 它们的用法与some / any的用法相似

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇4：冠 词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

冠 词

1. 冠词的泛指和特指用法

泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物．也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。冠词的泛指和特指用法可归纳为下表：

单数可数名词一定要用冠词 a(n) 泛指单一，每一，仁义事物

指类别

the 特指 上文提到过的事物

被限制性修饰语所限定的事物

说话双方所默认的事物

世界上独一无二的事物

指类别

复数可数名词不可数名词 the特指 上文提到过的事物

被限制性修饰语所限定的事物

说话双方所默认的事物

零冠词 泛指的一些事物

指类别

不定冠词修饰可数名词．其意思为“一个”；定冠词既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词，往往表特指．其意思相当于“这个”，单数可数名词只要不用在抽象化的语境中，一定要加冠词(或者加不定冠词，或者加定冠词)。这时不妨可用“一个”或“这个(种)”来检验。

（1）---Have you seen _____ pen? I left it here this morning.

---Is it _____ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a

（2）Most animal have little connection with _____ animals of _____ different kind unless they kill them for food.

A. the; a B. /; a C. the; the D. /; /

2．不定冠词a(n)的几种特殊用法

（1）不定冠词a(n)用于有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词前。

_________________________________________________________________

许多人都持相同的看法，在当前国际贸易交往中，英语知识是必备的知识。

（2）不定冠词s(n)用于有形容词修饰的一日二餐前。

_________________________________________________________________

我每天早晨上班前．吃点简单的早餐。

（3）不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的季节、日期前。

_________________________________________________________________

车祸是7月底的一个星期天发生的。

（4）不定冠词a(n)用于序数词前，表示一次，又一。

_________________________________________________________________

再学一门语言是多么重要啊!

（5）不定冠词a(n)表示“per”的意思。

_________________________________________________________________

他的月收入是1000元。

（6）不定冠词a(n)用于有good／great many修饰的名词复数前。

_________________________________________________________________

我参观过长城好多次。 ’

（7）不定冠词a(n)用于形式为复数，但意义仍为单数的名词前。

_________________________________________________________________

一千英里是相当远的距离。

（8）不定冠词a(n)用于一些原来是动词的名词前。

_________________________________________________________________

晚饭后，让我们围着操场散步吧!

（9）有一些抽象名词：advice(忠告)，behavior(行为)，fortune(运气)，fun(娱乐)，information(情报)，progress(进步)，damage(损害)，harm(伤害)等，即使被形容词修饰，也不加不定冠词。

_________________________________________________________________

卡尔马克思就怎样学好外语，提出了许多建议。

（10）用在某些固定词组中。

A few, a little, a lot of, a bit, a couple of, all of a sudden(突然), as a matter of fact(实际上), in a hurry(匆忙的), in a word(简言之), have a good time(玩得愉快), do sb. a favour(帮忙), pay a visit to(访问), as a rule(惯例), as a whole(总之), in a day or two(一两天), in a way(在某种程度上), of a size(大小相同), have a word with sb.(与…交谈), make a living(谋生), take a pride in(自豪), take a walk(break, bath, seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座)), a great deal of(大量), be a pity(遗憾), have a cold(headache, fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧)), many a(许多), catch a cold(感冒).

3．用冠词与不用冠词的差异

在某些习惯用语中，用还是不用冠词，意义不同，有时甚至差别很大，使用时要特别注意。

1 进餐

在桌子旁

2 住院

在医院里

3 乘船（由海路）

在海边

4 当水手

去海边

5 从今以后，将来

未来

6 究竟

在地球上，在世上

7 上学（做礼拜…）

到学校（教堂）去

8 在…（外部的）前面

在…（内部的）前面

9 骑着马

在马背上

10 发生

代替

11 我们当中的两人

我们两人（共计两人）

12 毫无疑问，一定

不可能

13 大体上，一般地

全部地，整体

14 一个重要的会议

最重要的会议

15 又一次

第三次

16 稍远一些

在远处

17 许多

…的数目

18 一会儿

目前，暂时

19 负责…

由…负责，在…掌管之下

20 在白天

按日计算

21 拥有

为…所有

22 能看见

据…的见解

23 代替

在…的地方

24 成年

同龄

25 征求意见

听从劝告

26 他仍在执政

他仍在办公室里

1. Paper money was in _____ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _____ thirteenth

century.

A. the; / B. the; the C. /; the D. /; /

2. It is not rare in _____ that people in _____ fifties are going to university for further education.

A. 90s; their B. the 90s; / C. 90s; . D. the 9Os; their

3. Summer in _____ south of France are for _____ most part dry and sunny.

A. /; a B. the; / C. /; / D. the; the

4. Most animals have little connection with _____ animals of _____ different kind unless they hunt

them for food.

A. the; a B. /; a C. the; the D. /; he

5. Mr. Smith, there's a man at _____ front door who says he has _____ news for you of great

importance.

A. file: / B. the; the C. /; / D. /; the

6. The warmth of _____ sweater will of course be determined by the short of _____ wood used.

A. the; file B. die; / C. /; / D. /;/

7. A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in _____ leg.

A. a B one C. the D. his

8. I don't like talking on _____ telephone. I prefer writing _____ letters.

A. a; the B. the; / C. the; the D. a; /

9. Jumping out of _____ airplane at ten thousand that is quite _____.exciting experience.

A. /; the B. /; an C. an; an D. the; the

10. One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain good knowledge of basic word

formation.

A. / B. the C. a D. one

11. The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have _____ third one because _____ second one is rather too

small

A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a

12. There' s _____ dictionary on _____ desk by your side.

A, a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the

13. ---Where is my blue shirt?

---It' s in the washing machine. You have to wear _____ different one.

A. any B. the C. a D. other

14. The sign reads “In case of _____ fire, break the glass and push _____ red button.

A. /; a B. /; the C. the; the D. a; a

15. I earn 10 dollars _____ hour as _____ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a; an B. the; a C. an; a D. an; the

冠 词

1. 冠词的泛指和特指用法

泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物．也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。冠词的泛指和特指用法可归纳为下表：

单数可数名词一定要用冠词 a(n) 泛指单一，每一，仁义事物

指类别

the 特指 上文提到过的事物

被限制性修饰语所限定的事物

说话双方所默认的事物

世界上独一无二的事物

指类别

复数可数名词不可数名词 the特指 上文提到过的事物

被限制性修饰语所限定的事物

说话双方所默认的事物

零冠词 泛指的一些事物

指类别

不定冠词修饰可数名词．其意思为“一个”；定冠词既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词，往往表特指．其意思相当于“这个”，单数可数名词只要不用在抽象化的语境中，一定要加冠词(或者加不定冠词，或者加定冠词)。这时不妨可用“一个”或“这个(种)”来检验。

（1）---Have you seen _____ pen? I left it here this morning.

---Is it _____ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a

（2）Most animal have little connection with _____ animals of _____ different kind unless they kill them for food.

A. the; a B. /; a C. the; the D. /; /

2．不定冠词a(n)的几种特殊用法

（1）不定冠词a(n)用于有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词前。

Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.

许多人都持相同的看法，在当前国际贸易交往中，英语知识是必备的知识。

（2）不定冠词s(n)用于有形容词修饰的一日二餐前。

Before I go to work every morning, I’ve a light breakfast.

我每天早晨上班前．吃点简单的早餐。

（3）不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的季节、日期前。

The traffic accident happened on a Sunday towards the end of July.

车祸是7月底的一个星期天发生的。

（4）不定冠词a(n)用于序数词前，表示一次，又一。

How important it is to learn a second language!

再学一门语言是多么重要啊!

（5）不定冠词a(n)表示“per”的意思。

His income is one thousand yuan a month.

他的月收入是1000元。

（6）不定冠词a(n)用于有good／great many修饰的名词复数前。

I’ve visited the Great Wall a good many times.

我参观过长城好多次。 ’

（7）不定冠词a(n)用于形式为复数，但意义仍为单数的名词前。

A thousand miles is a good distance.

一千英里是相当远的距离。

（8）不定冠词a(n)用于一些原来是动词的名词前。

Let’s have a walk around the playground after supper.

晚饭后，让我们围着操场散步吧!

（9）有一些抽象名词：advice(忠告)，behavior(行为)，fortune(运气)，fun(娱乐)，information(情报)，progress(进步)，damage(损害)，harm(伤害)等，即使被形容词修饰，也不加不定冠词。

Karl Marx gave us some advice on how to learn foreign language well.

卡尔马克思就怎样学好外语，提出了许多建议。

（10）用在某些固定词组中。

A few, a little, a lot of, a bit, a couple of, all of a sudden(突然), as a matter of fact(实际上), in a hurry(匆忙的), in a word(简言之), have a good time(玩得愉快), do sb. a favour(帮忙), pay a visit to(访问), as a rule(惯例), as a whole(总之), in a day or two(一两天), in a way(在某种程度上), of a size(大小相同), have a word with sb.(与…交谈), make a living(谋生), take a pride in(自豪), take a walk(break, bath, seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座)), a great deal of(大量), be a pity(遗憾), have a cold(headache, fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧)), many a(许多), catch a cold(感冒).

3．用冠词与不用冠词的差异

在某些习惯用语中，用还是不用冠词，意义不同，有时甚至差别很大，使用时要特别注意。

1 at table 进餐

at the table 在桌子旁

2 in hospital 住院

in the hospital 在医院里

3 by sea 乘船（由海路）

by the sea 在海边

4 go to sea 当水手

go to the sea 去海边

5 in future 从今以后，将来

in the future 未来

6 on earth 究竟

on the earth 在地球上，在世上

7 go to school (church…) 上学（做礼拜…）

go to the school (church…) 到学校（教堂）去

8 in front of 在…（外部的）前面

in the front of 在…（内部的）前面

9 on horseback 骑着马

on the horseback 在马背上

10 take place 发生

take the place of 代替

11 two of us 我们当中的两人

the two of us 我们两人（共计两人）

12 out of question 毫无疑问，一定

out of the question 不可能

13 on the whole = in general 大体上，一般地

as a whole = altogether 全部地，整体

14 A most important meeting 一个重要的会议

the most important meeting 最重要的会议

15 A third time 又一次

the third time 第三次

16 at a distance 稍远一些

in the distance 在远处

17 A number of 许多

the number of …的数目

18 for a moment 一会儿

for the moment 目前，暂时

19 be in charge of 负责…

be in the charge of 由…负责，在…掌管之下

20 by day 在白天

by the day 按日计算

21 in possession of 拥有

in the possession of 为…所有

22 in sight of 能看见

in the sight of 据…的见解

23 in place of 代替

in the place of 在…的地方

24 be of age 成年

be of an age 同龄

25 take advice 征求意见

take the advice 听从劝告

26 He is still in office. 他仍在执政

He is still in the office. 他仍在办公室里

1. Paper money was in _____ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _____ thirteenth

century.

A. the; / B. the; the C. /; the D. /; /

2. It is not rare in _____ that people in _____ fifties are going to university for further education.

A. 90s; their B. the 90s; / C. 90s; . D. the 90s; their

3. Summer in _____ south of France are for _____ most part dry and sunny.

A. /; a B. the; / C. /; / D. the; the

4. Most animals have little connection with _____ animals of _____ different kind unless they hunt

them for food.

A. the; a B. /; a C. the; the D. /; he

5. Mr. Smith, there's a man at _____ front door who says he has _____ news for you of great

importance.

A. file: / B. the; the C. /; / D. /; the

6. The warmth of _____ sweater will of course be determined by the short of _____ wood used.

A. the; file B. die; / C. /; / D. /;/

7. A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in _____ leg.

A. a B one C. the D. his

8. I don't like talking on _____ telephone. I prefer writing _____ letters.

A. a; the B. the; / C. the; the D. a; /

9. Jumping out of _____ airplane at ten thousand that is quite _____.exciting experience.

A. /; the B. /; an C. an; an D. the; the

10. One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain good knowledge of basic word

formation.

A. / B. the C. a D. one

11. The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have _____ third one because _____ second one is rather too

small

A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a

12. There' s _____ dictionary on _____ desk by your side.

A, a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the

13. ---Where is my blue shirt?

---It' s in the washing machine. You have to wear _____ different one.

A. any B. the C. a D. other

14. The sign reads ”In case of _____ fire, break the glass and push _____ red button.

A. /; a B. /; the C. the; the D. a; a

15. I earn 10 dollars _____ hour as _____ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a; an B. the; a C. an; a D. an; the

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇5：冠 词 2(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

冠 词

一、定冠词的基本用法：

定冠词的用法口诀

世界独一二次现，序词形容高级前；富人伤员按天算，方位乐器影剧院；

群岛河山江湖海，普专复合姓氏前；双知年代击中脸，特指事物及习惯。

① 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful.

② 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.

③ 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。

④ 用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right.

⑤ 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest.

⑥ 用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded.

⑦ 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United States, the United Nation.

⑧ 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。

如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake.

⑨ 用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths

⑩ 用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin.

⑾ 发明物。如：The compass was invented in China.

⑿ 年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.

⒀ 固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time

二、不定冠词的基本用法：

不定冠词的用法口诀

a, an 不定冠，单数名词现；辅音前用a，an 在元音前。

泛指人物类似一，词组有a 是习惯；复数不可数，a, an均不见。

① 泛指一个。如：There is a book on the table.

② 指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.

③ 指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.

④ 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。

如：We have meals three times a day.（我们一天吃三餐。）

⑤ 表示同样的。如：They are of an age.（他们是同岁。）

⑥ 表数量，相当于one,但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk.

⑦ 使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother. （a hand译“帮手”）

⑧ 固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word

三、不用冠词的情况：

不用冠词即零冠词的情况

不用冠词有几点，呼语头衔职务前；星期月季节假日，专名球类及三餐；

听音下棋各学科，正午睡觉是习惯，名前代词这那限，泛指事物不用冠。

① 表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片。）

② 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English.

③ 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.

④ 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：She likes spring most.

the Spring Festival春节, the Lantern Festival元宵节, the Mid-autumn Festival中秋节

the Spring Festival春节, the Lantern Festival元宵节, the Mid-autumn Festival中秋节

⑤ 呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother?

⑥ 三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch?

⑦ 节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.

⑧ 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball.

⑨ 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm（手挽手）; hand in hand（手牵手）; side by side（肩对肩）; day and day（日日夜夜）; young and old（老老少少）; from door to door（挨门挨户）; from beginning to end（从头到尾）; from morning till night（从早到晚）等。

四、不定冠词a(n)的几种特殊用法

（1）不定冠词a(n)用于有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词前。

Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.

许多人都持相同的看法，在当前国际贸易交往中，英语知识是必备的知识。

（2）不定冠词s(n)用于有形容词修饰的一日二餐前。

Before I go to work every morning, I’ve a light breakfast. 我每天早晨上班前．吃点简单的早餐。

（3）不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的季节、日期前。

The traffic accident happened on a Sunday towards the end of July. 车祸是7月底的一个星期天发生的。

（4）不定冠词a(n)用于序数词前，表示一次，又一。

How important it is to learn a second language!再学一门语言是多么重要啊!

（5）不定冠词a(n)表示“per”的意思。

His income is one thousand Yuan a month.他的月收入是1000元。

（6）不定冠词a(n)用于有good／great many修饰的名词复数前。

I’ve visited the Great Wall a good many times.我参观过长城好多次。

（7）不定冠词a(n)用于形式为复数，但意义仍为单数的名词前。

A thousand miles is a good distance.一千英里是相当远的距离。

（8）不定冠词a(n)用于一些原来是动词的名词前。

Let’s have a walk around the playground after supper. 晚饭后，让我们围着操场散步吧!

（9）有一些抽象名词：advice(忠告)，behavior(行为)，fortune(运气)，fun(娱乐)，information(情报)，progress(进步)，damage(损害)，harm(伤害)等，即使被形容词修饰，也不加不定冠词。

Karl Marx gave us some advice on how to learn foreign language well.

卡尔马克思就怎样学好外语，提出了许多建议。

（10）用在某些固定词组中。

A few, a little, a lot of, a bit, a couple of, all of a sudden(突然), as a matter of fact(实际上), in a hurry(匆忙的), in a word(简言之), have a good time(玩得愉快), do sb. a favour(帮忙), pay a visit to(访问), as a rule(惯例), as a whole(总之), in a day or two(一两天), in a way(在某种程度上), of a size(大小相同), have a word with sb.(与…交谈), make a living(谋生), take a pride in(自豪), take a walk(break, bath, seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座)), a great deal of(大量), be a pity(遗憾), have a cold(headache, fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧)), many a(许多), catch a cold(感冒).

五、用冠词与不用冠词的差异

在某些习惯用语中，用还是不用冠词，意义不同，有时甚至差别很大，使用时要特别注意。

1 at table 进餐

at the table 在桌子旁

2 in hospital 住院

in the hospital 在医院里

3 by sea 乘船（由海路）

by the sea 在海边

4 go to sea 当水手

go to the sea 去海边

5 in future 从今以后，将来

in the future 未来

6 on earth 究竟

on the earth 在地球上，在世上

7 go to school (church…) 上学（做礼拜…）

go to the school (church…) 到学校（教堂）去

8 in front of 在…（外部的）前面

in the front of 在…（内部的）前面

9 on horseback 骑着马

on the horseback 在马背上

10 take place 发生

take the place of 代替

11 two of us 我们当中的两人

the two of us 我们两人（共计两人）

12 out of question 毫无疑问，一定

out of the question 不可能

13 on the whole = in general 大体上，一般地

as a whole = altogether 全部地，整体

14 A most important meeting 一个重要的会议

the most important meeting 最重要的会议

15 A third time 又一次

the third time 第三次

16 at a distance 稍远一些

in the distance 在远处

17 A number of 许多

the number of …的数目

18 for a moment 一会儿

for the moment 目前，暂时

19 be in charge of 负责…

be in the charge of 由…负责，在…掌管之下

20 by day 在白天

by the day 按日计算

21 in possession of 拥有

in the possession of 为…所有

22 in sight of 能看见

in the sight of 据…的见解

23 in place of 代替

in the place of 在…的地方

24 be of age 成年

be of an age 同龄

25 take advice 征求意见

take the advice 听从劝告

26 He is still in office. 他仍在执政

He is still in the office. 他仍在办公室里

练习：

真题l(甘肃、青海卷35)

--John，there is ________Mr Wilson on the phone for you．

--I’m in bath．

A．a；the B．the；a C．a；不填 D. the；不填

【答案及解析】A不定冠词修饰人名时，表示初次提到一个人，或者说话者认为没有必要或不想具体说明是哪一个。根据谈话的内容，所说的bath(澡堂，浴室)显然是说话双方都知道的，故前面须加定冠词，因此答案选A。

真题2(2004重庆卷32)

The most important thing about cotton in history is ________part that it played in ________Industrial Revolution．

A．不填；不填 B．the；不填 C．the；the D．a；the

【答案及解析】C part意指作用。特指工业革命时期所起的作用应加the，由普通名词构成的专有名词前用the。因此c为正确答案。

真题3(2004广东卷28)

While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope．Newton made discover which completely changed ________man’s understanding of colour．

A．a；不填 B．a；the C．不填；the D．the；a

【答案及解析】A根据句子的意思，牛顿的一次发现，是泛指，应用不定冠词；而人类的观念，不是某一个人，故在man前不能用冠词，答案选A。

真题4(2004福建卷23)

It’s ________world of wonders，________world where anything can happen．

A. a；the B. a；a C．the；a D．不填；不填

【答案及解析】B 世界上独一无二的事物前一般用定冠词，但当此名词带有定语修饰时，前面应用不定冠词，故答案选B。

真题5(2004湖北卷23)

There was ________time ________I hated to go to schoo1.

A. a；that B．a；when C．the；that D．the：when

【答案及解析】 B 根据句子的意思，并没有明确表明某一段时间，因此，这是泛指一段时间，从而排除C、D；而从句的主、谓、宾等齐全，从而可知，a time在从句中作状语，故答案选B。

真题6(2004辽宁卷31)

When you finish reading the book，you will have better understanding 0f

A．a；the B．the；a C．不填；the D．a：不填

【答案及解析】 D表示对某东西有所了解时，习惯在understanding前加不定冠词；而life泛指生活时，前面不用任何冠词，故答案选D。

真题7(2004浙江卷22)

The Wilsons live in ________A-shaped house near the coast．It is ________17th century cottage．

A．the；／ B．an；the C．／；the D．an：a

【答案及解析】D 根据house、cottage,两个空都必须填冠词，从而排除A、C；第二空后的17th century只表示房子的年代特征，而不表示具体的顺序.

真题8(2004江苏卷27)

Tom owns _______ larger collection of ______books than any other student in our

A. the；不填 B．a；不填 C．a；the D．不填：the

【答案及解析】 B 第一空填不定冠词，a collection of是常用结构，意为：……的收集品。a+抽象名词+of，这样的短语还有：a knowledge of，a waste of，a variety of．a number of，a way of等。第二空后的名词泛指书籍，因此不用冠词。

真题9(全国[河南、河北、山东、福建]24)

When you come here for your holiday next time，don’t go to hotel：I can find you ________bed in my flat．

A. the；a B．the；不填 C．a；the D．a；不填

【答案及解析】 A 本题考查冠词用法。find sb．a bed为固定短语，意为为某人安排床铺；前面go to the hotel或go to a hotel都可以。用排除法可得出答案选A。

真题10(2004四川卷31)

If you buy more than ten，they knock 20 pence off ________．

A. a price B．price C．the price D．prices

【答案及解析】C the price表特指买10个物品所要的价钱，故要加定冠词the。

真题11(2004天津卷24)

When he left _______college，he got a job as ______reporter in a newspaper office.

A．不填；a B．不填；the C．a；the D．the；the

【答案及解析】A当“college，school，hospital”等名词表示一种状态时，前面不能用冠词修饰；而reporter表示泛指某种身份时，前面加不定冠词。故答案选A。

真题12(2004北京卷32)

________on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French。Speaking Canadians is ________major concern of the country．

A．The：不填 B．The；a C．An；the D．An；不填

【答案及解析】B冠词的考查。从后面的介词短语可看出，前者特指目前说英语的加拿大人与说法语的加拿大人之间的分歧；后者泛指一件全国关心之事，故选B。

真题13(2004湖南卷26)

For a long time they walked without saying ________word．Jim was the first to break ________silence．

A．the：a B．a；the C．a；不填 D．the；不填

【答案及解析】B第一空填不定冠词，表示泛指，意思是“一句话”；第二空填定冠词，特指前面“没有说一句话而形成的沉默”。

真题14(北京春季卷28)

On ________news today，there were _______reports of heavy snow in that area．

A．the：the B．the；不填 C．不填；不填 D．不填；the

【答案及解析】B因news后有today修饰，特指“今天的新闻”，故用the；第二空泛指某方面的报道，并非特指，reports为复数，故其前不用冠词。

真题15(2004上海春季卷28) ．

As a rule。domestic servants doing odd jobs are paid_________．

A．by the hour B．by hour C．by all hour D．by hours

【答案及解析】A by为介词，意为“以……为标准或单位，以……计”。主要有两种表达方式：by +the+度量名词，如：by the day，by the yard；by+范畴名词．如：by time，by weight，by length。

真题16(全国卷26)

The sign reads “In case of ________fire，break the glass and push ________red button．”

A．不填：a B．不填；the C．the；the D．a；a

【答案及解析】 B fire是物质名词，其前可用零冠词或定冠词。泛指时用零冠词，特指时用定冠词。前一个空表泛指，因而用零冠词；后一个空要填定冠词，特指那个红色的按钮。译文：标志上写着“如果发生火灾，打碎玻璃并按下红色按钮”。

真题17(2003上海卷25)

I earn 10 dollars ________hour as ________supermarket cashier on Saturdays．

A. a；an B．the；a C．an；a D．an；the

【答案及解析】C hour以元音开头，前面加不定冠词an，an hour每小时；。表示“一个”，放在supermarket cashier前面表示类指，说明人的身份。译文：星期六我做超市出纳员每小时挣10美元。a／an的用法规则：以元音音素开头的单词前用an，以辅音音素开头的单词前用a。

真题18(2003北京春季卷24)

There’s ________dictionary on ________desk by your side．

A．a；the B．a；a C．the；a D．the：the

【答案及解析】 A desk后有by your side修饰表特定的，故前面要用the；there be后的名词常用非特定形式，故用a。

真题19(2003安徽春季卷23)

--Where is my blue shirt?

--It’s in the washing machine．You have to wear ________different one．

A．any B．the C．a D．0ther

【答案及解析】 C题意只是简单地表示“需另一件衣服”，由于不知“我”共有几件衣服，排除B；other前无the，后需用复数名词，排除D；any强调“任意一个”，排除A。

真题20(2003上海春季卷23)

An accident happened at _______crossroads a few metres away from _______bank．

A．a；a B．不填；a C．不填；the D．the：不填

【答案及解析】 A at a crossroads表示“十字路L1”，crossroads是复数形式单数用法；bank是可数名词，不能单独使用，前要加冠词或用复数。此处是泛指．前面要用不定冠词a。

真题21(全国卷26) 。

Jumping out of _______airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________exciting experience．

A．不填；the B．不填；an C．an；all D．the, the

【答案及解析】C airplane和experience都是可数名词，表示泛指，前要加不定冠词。译文：从一万英尺高的飞机里跳出来是一次令人激动的经历。

真题22(2002上海卷21)

One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain ________good knowledge of basic word formation．

A．／ B．the C．a D．one

【答案及解析】C a knowledge of sth为固定短语，意思为：对某事物有一点了解。knowledge是不可数名词，当被某些修饰语修饰时，前面要加不定冠词，如：He has a very good knowledge of English．他在英语方面有丰富的知识。

其题23(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷26)

I don’t like talking on ________telephone；J prefer writing letters．

A．a；the B．the；不填 C．the；the D．a；不填

【答案及解析】B从第一空可排除A和D，因为本题意思是：“我”不喜欢在电话上(即通过电话)谈话。on the telephone通过电话，on a telephone是指在一部电话上，类似的还有-“on the radio，on the internet，on Tv等。后一个空应是泛指，不用the也不用a(因为是复数)。

真题24(2002上海春季卷22)

The cakes are delicious．He’d like to have ________third one because ________second one is rather too small．

A．a：a B．the；the C．a；the D．the；a

【答案及解析】 C注意序数词前面的冠词的用法：当序数词表示顺序时用定冠词the；表示再一次时使用不定冠词a(an)。从句子的意思可知，a third one表示再吃一个；the second one表示所吃的第二个。译文：蛋糕很好吃。他想再吃一个，因为第二个太小了。

真题25(全国卷29)

The warmth of _______sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ________wool used．

A．the；the B．the；不填 c．不填；the D．不填；不填

【答案及解析】 B a／an／the+可数名词单数表示类别或直接用可数名词复数表示类别(通常指物)，所以sweater前用定冠词表示类别限定；the sort of wool = the wool。

真题26(2001上海卷21)

A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ________leg．

A．a B．one C．the D．his

【答案及解析】 C伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式wound／bite／beat／pat／take +sb+介词+the+部位。译文：子弹击中了战士，他的腿受了伤。

真题27(2001京、蒙、皖春季卷10)

Mr Smith，there’s a man at ________front door who says he has ________news for you of great importance．

A．the；不填 B．the；the C．不填；不填 D．不填；the

【答案及解析】 A第一空是特指；news为不可数的抽象名词，不加冠词。

真题28(全国卷10)

Most animals have little connection with ________ animals of ________ different kind unless they kill them for food．

A．the；a B．不填；a C．the；the D．不填：the

【答案及解析】B表示“某种……”时常用词组a／this／that／those +kind(s)of+名词，亦可用名词复数+0f+…kind(s)，两个animals都是表泛指的名词复数，故都不带冠词。of a kind同一类的；of a different kind另一类的，都属固定结构。译文：大部分的动物中，一个种群与其他种群之间是没有什么联系的，除非是捕杀它们作为食物。

真题29(2000京、皖春季卷8)

Summers in ________south of France ale for ________most part dry and sunny．

A．不填；a B．the；不填 C．不填；不填 D．the；the

【答案及解析】D “法国南部”和“大部分地区”都是特指，所以要用定冠词the。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇6：第四章：数 词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

第四章：数 词

一.基数词: 表示数目的数词

1.两位数: 几十和个位数之间加连词号, 如: twenty-three, forty-seven, ninety-six

2.三位数的读法: 第一个数字+hundred + and +后面的一位或两位数字, 如: 101读作one hundred and one, 864读作eight hundred and sixty-four

3.四位数和四位以上数字的读法: 阿拉伯数字每三位为一段, 从后往前用逗号分开, 每个逗号处所用的数词分别为: thousand, million, billion, 如: 21,634,755读作twenty-one million six hundred and thirty-four thousand seven hundred and fifty-five. 注意: 读这样的数时, 只在hundred一词后加and

4.hundred, thousand, million, billion表示具体数目时都不用复数形式, 但它们的复数形式可以用于一些词组中, 如: hundreds of, thousands of, millions of, billions of.

5.数词dozen, score的用法与hundred, thousand等相同

二.序数词: 表示数目顺序的词

1.序数词一般是由基数词加th构成, 序数词前一定要加the, 如: the seventh, the thirteenth, the one hundredth

2.以y结尾的基数词构成序数词时, 先把y变为i, 再加eth, 如: the twentieth, the fortieth, the fiftieth, the eightieth

3.大于二十的基数词对应的序数词, 只将末位数变为序数词, 前面的其他位数仍用基数词, 如: 第532读作five hundred and thirty-second

4.不规则的序数词如下: the first, the second, the third, the fifth, the eighth, the ninth, the twelfth

三.数词的用法:

1.编号的事物可用序数词或基数词加名词构成, 如: the fourth lesson =lesson four, the fifteenth page =page fifteen, the ninth part =part nine

2.编号的事物若数字较大, 一般用基数词放在名词后面来表示, 名词前一般不用定冠词, 如: room 302, page 215, No. 101 middle school

3.在表示年月日时, 年用基数词, 日用序数词, 年的读法是, 从后往前, 将年份分成两位一段, 依次读出每一段即可, 如: April 5,1976 读作April (the) fifth, nineteen seventy-six; October 1, 1949读作October the first, nineteen forty-nine; 年份1905读作nineteen hundred and five; 年份1800读作eighteen hundred; 年份2000读作year two thousand; 年份502 B.C.读作five o two B C; 年份A.D. 620读作six twenty A D

4.表示时间时用基数词:

①.表示几点整的说法: It is five (o’clock)

②.表示几点过几分的说法: 若不超过30分钟, 用past表示过几分; 若超过30分钟, 用to表示差多少分到几点, 如: 3:05 =five past three, 5:20 =twenty past five; 8:35 =twenty-five to nine; 12:50 =ten to one

③.表示几刻钟的说法, 如: a quarter, three quarters

④.表示上午,下午某时间, 如: 8:00 a.m., 4:15 p.m.

⑤.时刻也用24小时制读法, 只须依次读出点钟数和分钟数, 整点钟时, 需在最后加读hundred ( hours), 如: 18:45读作eighteen forty-five, 18:00读作eighteen hundred ( hours ), 以上提到的3:05, 5:20, 8:35分别也可读作three five, five twenty, eight thirty-five

5.表示加减乘除的说法: 数学运算的加减乘分别用plus, minus, times, divided by表示

a. How much is fifteen plus two?

b. How much is eight minus seven?

c. How much is twelve times twelve?

d. How much is eighty-one divided by nine?

e. Five plus three is / equals eight.

f. Five minus three equals / leaves two.

g. Five times three makes / is fifteen.

h. Fifteen divided by three equals five.十五除以三等于五

6.表示倍数的说法:

a. This room is three times bigger than that one.

b. The dictionary is four times thicker than that book.

c. The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.

7.表示百分比的说法: 基数词+ percent

8.有些基数词可以构成固定词组, 如: one by one, twos and threes三三两两

9.基数词可以与度量单位连用: twenty meters deep, ten meters long, one hundred yards

10.分数的表示法: 分子用基数词, 分母用序数词, 若分子大于1, 则分母用序数词的复数形式, 如: one third, two tenths, two thirds. 有些分数可以用half, quarter表示, 如: three quarters

11.小数: 小数点读作point, 小数点前面的数字读作一个完整的基数词, 小数点后面的每位数字依次用基数词读出, 如: 3.4读作three point four, 0.2读作zero point two, 8.97读作eight point nine seven

12.某些数字的读法与写法, 如: $10.20读作ten dollars and twenty cents; 35O 读作thirty-five degree; -20O 读作twenty degree below zero或minus twenty degree; Napoleon III读作Napoleon the third; World War II读作World War two或the second world war.

13.年龄的表示方法:

a. The boy is ten years old.

b. The boy is at the age of ten.

c. He is a ten-year-old boy.

d. The boy is of ten years.

14. in one’s + 整十数的复数形式, 表示“在某人几十多岁的时候”, 如:

a. He became famous in his thirties.

15. in the 1930s / 1930’s表示“在二十世纪三十年代”

16. 序数词前一般要用the, 但表示“又一,再一”的概念时, 序数词前也可以用a / an

a. They plan to buy a second house. 他们计划再买第二房子

四.选择使用数字或文字表示数的场合:

1.一般来说, 两位数以内的数目用文字表示, 超过两位数的数目用数字, 如:

a. There are forty-five students in our class.

b. There are about 2,100 students in our school.

2.在句首的数目多用文字表示:

a. One hundred and two voters are against the project.

3.基数词的复数形式多用文字表示:

a. There are three twos in six. 6之内有三个2.

b. He became famous in his fifties.

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇7：冠 词 篇 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

冠 词 篇

一、a与one的对比

1. 尽管a和one这两个在意义上有些相似，但它们几乎不能互换使用。

2. 在连续记数时，习惯上，用one而不用a。

3. 在名词前使用one往往表示数量上的对比。

4. 用在某些固定词组中。

e.g. all of a sudden（突然），as a matter of fact（事实上），in a hurry，in a word，do sb. a favour，pay a visit to，a hand of（少量的），a length of（一根、一段），a variety of（种种），a depth of（深度为），an article of（一件），a total of（总共），an average of（平均），one by one，one after another，one day

二、不定冠词的基本用法

1. 具有泛指的概念，表示“一类”或“其中的一个”。

2. 初次提到某人或某物。

3. 速度、比率、价格等，其意义相等于one或every。

4. 用在某些物质名词前，该物质名词便具体化了。

a coffee, a heavy rain

5. 用在某些抽象名词前，该抽象名词前便具体化了。

He has a knowledge of chemistry. The get-together was a great success.

6. 用在专有名词前，表示类似的一个或某一个。

He is a Kong Fansen. A Mrs Smith wishes to speak to you.

7. 表示“同一个”的意思。

The two boys are of an age.

These umbrellas are of a (=the same) colour and size.

8. 不定冠词的特殊位置：how/so/as/too+形容词+不定冠词+名词

so kind a man = such a kind man too difficult a book

三、定冠词的主要用法

1. 表示特指和第二次提到的人或物。

2. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。

3. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面。

4. 用在江河湖海、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词前。

5. 用在形容词或过去分词前表示一类人。

6. 用在表示国家和民族的形容词前表示泛指该国的人民。

7. 用在姓氏的复数前，表示该夫妇俩或全家人。

8. 乐器、通讯设备前一定要加定冠词。

9. 用于某些缩略词之前。 the PRC

10. 用在表示发明物的单数可数名词之前。

11. 固定搭配。 in the morning on the other hand

四、不用冠词的几种情况

1. 季节、节日、星期、三餐等之前，一般不加冠词。

the Spring Festival （除外）

2. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时，一般不加冠词。

3. 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加。

4. 球类、棋类、学科等名称前，一般不加冠词。

5. 称呼、头衔、职务等表示抽象性质的名词前，不加冠词。

6. 在与by连用交通工具名称前不加冠词。]

7. 在turn，go（变成、成为）变成后面的名词做短语时，名词前不加冠词。但become后面的名词前一定要加冠词。

8. 在一个以“普通名词+as”所引导的让步状语从句中，该普通名词前不加冠词。

9. 泛指复数名词前不用冠词。

10. 固定搭配。

in debt，in good (bad) health，in good condition，in great demand，in great need of，in time of danger，in office（就职），in honour of，in trouble (difficulty)，in favour of，with anger，in general，in size，in character（在性格上），in sight，in (out of) order，on business，on holiday， on leave，on watch，on fire，heart and soul，knife and fork，at sea，husband and wife，brother and sister，from morning till night，on horseback

五、特殊情况

1. 部分词组中有冠词和没有冠词其含义不同。一般说来，名词前

无冠词，则表示抽象意义；名词前有冠词，则表示具体意义。

out of problem（不成问题），out of the problem（不可能），take place，take the place of，in hospital，in the hospital，at table，at the table，in front of，in the front of，three of us，the three of us，on earth，on the earth，of age（成年），of an age（同岁数），lose colour（脸色苍白），lose the colour（褪色），

2. 有些诉组中用定冠词the还是不定冠词a ，意义不同。

a number of the number of

3. 注意当单数可数名词被so、as、how、too等词修饰时，冠词的位置要放在形容词后面。比较such。

4. 注意习惯用法。在某些词组、成语中，名词前不用冠词。

六、表示类别的三种情况

1. 定冠词+单数可数名词（用特指的那一类事物代表一类事物）。

2. 不定冠词+单数可数名词（用“任意一个”“某一个”所具有的特性、特征表示一类事物）。

3. 可数名词复数或不可数名词，指“类别”。（考虑到同一类中的各个情况）。

专题练习

冠词

1. Jumping out of ________ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________ exciting experience. (全国高考题)

A./; the B./; an C.an; an D.the; the

2. There’s ________ dictionary on ________ desk by your side. (北京春季高考题)

A.a; the B.a; a C.the; a D.the; the

3. An accident happened at ________ crossroads a few meters away from ________ bank. (2003上海春季高考题)

A.a; a B./; a C./; the D.the; /

4.The warmth of ________ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ________ wool used.

A.the; the B.the; / C./; the D./; /

5.Mr.Li will give us ________ talk.________ talk will begin at 8:00.

A.a; The B.the; A C./; / D.a; A

6.The sun gives us ________ heat and ________ light.

A.the; the B.a; a C.a; the D./; /

7.-What do you need in dinner?

-I need ________.

A.a knife and a fork B.a knife and fork

C.the knife and fork D.the knife and the fork

8.________ Mrs.Smith is waiting for you in your office.

A.The B.A C.One D./

9.She’s on ________ People’s Daily.

A.the B.an C.a D./

10._____ Einsteins could not pay for _____ advanced education that young Albert needed.

A.The; the B.A; a C.An; the D.The; an

11.She is ________ newcomer to ________ chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.

A.the; the B.the; a C.a; / D.a; the

12.-Where is Jack?

-I think he is still in ________ bed，but he might be in ________ bathroom.

A./; / B.the; the C.the; / D./; the

13.I don’t like talking on ________ telephone; I prefer writing ________ letters.

A.a; the B.a; / C.the; the D.the; /

14.Many people are still in ________ habit of writing silly things in ________ public places.

A.the; the B./; / C.the; / D./; the

15.-If you don’t like the red coat，take the blue one.

-OK，but do you have ________ size in blue? This one is a bit tight for me.

A.a big B.a bigger C.the big D.the bigger

16.I heard somebody playing ________ piano in ________ next room.

A.a; a B.the; the C.a; the D.the; an

17.________ Pacific Ocean is ________ largest of all.

A.the; a B./; the C.the; the D.a; /

18.Great changes have taken place in ________ 1990’s.

A./ B.a C.the D.an

19.Wouldn’t it be ____ wonderful world if all nations lived in _____ peace with one another?

A.a; / B.the; / C.a; the D.the; the

20.Alexander Graham Bell invented ________ telephone in 1876.

A./ B.a C.the D.one

21.In 1864，Lincoln was elected _____ President of ____ United States for the second time.

A.the; the B.a; a C./; the D./; /

22.John is ________ university student.

A./ B.any C.a D.an

23.The table is made of ________.

A.a wood B.some wood C.the wood D.wood

24.We are going to learn ________ next week.

A.Twelfth Lesson B.The Twelfth Lesson

C.Twelve Lesson D.The Twelve Lesson

25.-I’d like ________ information about the management of your hotel，please.

-Well，you could have ________ word with the manager. He might be helpful.

A.some; a B.an; some C.some; some D.an; a

26.Paper money was in _______ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ______ thirteenth century.

A.the; / B.the; the C./; the D./; /

27.Most animals have little connection with ________ animals of ________ different kind unless they kill them for food.

A.the; a B./; a C.the; the D./; the

28.Alice is fond of playing _____ piano while Henry is interested in listening to _____ music.

A./; the B./; / C.the; / D.the; the

29.Oh，John.________ you gave us!

A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise

C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise

30.________ terrible weather we’ve been having these days!

A.How a B.What a C.How D.What

31.Many people agree that _____ knowledge of English is a must in ____ international trade today.

A.a; / B.the; an C.the; the D./; the

32.Beyond ________ stars，the astronaut saw nothing but ________ space.

A.the; / B./; the C./; / D.the; the

33.-Have you seen ________ pen? I left it here this morning.

-Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it some where.

A.a; the B.the; the C.a; a D.the; a

34.After watching ________ TV，she played ________ violin for an hour.

A./; / B.the; the C.the; / D./; the

35.-Are you sure to help me find ________ bed for my new house?

-Sure，but not now. I’m heading for ________ bed and a good sleep.

A.a; / B.a; a C.the; a D.the; /

36.Charlie Chaplin was considered one of the greatest actors in ___ history of ___ cinema.

A./; / B.a; the C.the; the D.the; a

37.-What about ________ book?

-It’s too difficult ________ book.

A.a; a B.a; the C.the; the D.the; a

38.Towards ________ evening ________ cold rain began to fall.

A.an; the B.the; a C.the; / D./; a

39.She always plays ________ football after ________ school.

A.a; the B.the; the C./; a D./; /

40._____ wheel is thought to be _____ invention of _____ first importance in human history.

A.A; the; the B.The; an; the C.A; an; the D.A; an; /

41.I felt someone patted me on ________ shoulder.

A.a B.the C.my D./

42.-So you are running ________ restaurant?

-Yes，but I don’t want to make it ________ restaurant only for rich people.

A.the; / B.the; the C.a; the D.a; a

43.Xi’an was ________ starting point of ________ world famous“Silk Road”.

A./;/ B.a; a C.the; / D.the; the

44.It is ten o’clock in the morning but he is still ________.

A.in the bed B.at the bed C.in bed D.on bed

45.More than half of ________ water used for drinking，washing and irrigating crops comes from under ________ ground.

A.the; / B./; the C./; / D.the; the

46.At noon we reached ________ small village ________ east of ________ Summer Palace.

A.the; the; the B.a; /; the C.a; the; the D.a; /; /

47.The child had only ________ slight temperature，but the doctor regarded ________ illness as serious enough for ________ hospital treatment.

A./; /; the B.a; /; / C.a; the; / D./; the; the

48.I had ________ lunch at a friend’s house yesterday.________ food was good.

A.the; / B./; / C.the; the D./; The

49.-What is Jack going to do with all his money?

-He says he has always dreamed of taking ________ trip around ________ world.

A.a; the B.the; the C.a; / D.a; a

50.Qingdao is ________ most beautiful city in summer.

A.the B./ C.a D.one

51.Just now you said you always got to work on _______ 8 o’clock train. But would _______ later train get you to work on time?

A.a; a B.a; the C.the; the D.the; a

52.The building was completed in ______ September of 1956 not in ______ October,1955.

A./; the B.the; the C./;/ D.the; /

53.I would like to have _______ room，_______ window of which opens to _______ south.

A.a; the; a B.a; the; the C.a; /; / D.a; the; /

54.There is _______ house in the picture.There is _______ old woman near _______ house.

A.an; a; the B.a; an; the C.the; a; an D.a; the; an

55.________ Europe and ________ America are separated by ________ Atlantic Ocean.

A./; /; the B.the; the; the C./; /; / D.the; the; /

56.There is ________“h” in the word“honest”.

A.a B.the C./ D.an

57.________ terrible life people in the small island lived at that time!

A.What B.How C.What a D.How a

58.Father often says to me,“Be _____ honest boy today and _____ useful man tomorrow.”

A.a; a B.an; an C.a; an D.an; a

59.Things of ______ kind come together; people of _____ kind fall into _____ same group.

A.the; the; the B.a; a; the C.the; the; a D.a; the; the

60.________ Suez Canal brought ________ east and ________ west closer.

A.The; the; the B./; the; the C.The; /; / D./; /; /

1~5 CAABA 6~10 DBBAA 11~15 CDDCB 16~20 BCCAC

21~25 CCDBA 26~30 CBCCD 31~35 AACDA 36~40 CDDDB

41~45 BDDCD 46~50 BCDAC 51~55 DDBBA 56~60 DCDBA

【解析】

1.全句意为“在一万英尺的高空从飞机上跳下来真是一种激动人心的经历”。

2.全句意为“你旁边的桌上有一本词典”。

3.两个空都是表示泛指。

4.第一空用定冠词表示类别；第二空后的名词wool是不可数名词，故前面用零冠词。

7.a knife and fork是“一副刀叉”的意思。

10.姓的复数前加定冠词可表示“某某一家人或某某夫妇”；第二空是特指小Albert需要的高等教育。

12.第一空泛指“一个美妙的世界”，第二空的in peace是固定短语。

16.in the habit of意为“有……的习惯”,in public places意为“在公共场合”。

17.泛指“一件尺码更大的”。

25．information是不可数名词，have a word with意为“和……说句话”。

31.a knowledge of意为“知道/懂得一点……”，international trade泛指“国际贸易”,前面不用冠词。

35.find a bed意为“找到一张床”,第二空后的bed为抽象名词，意为“就寝、睡觉”，故不用冠词。

37.根据上下文的语气，第一空显然是表示特指(双方都知道指的是那一本书)；第二空则是说“这是一本很难的书”，因为与too连用，故将形容词提前。

41.接触到某人的某个部位，英语中习惯上在部位名词前用定冠词，不用人称代词。

42.两空都是表示特指。

46.第一空表示泛指，第三空表示特指，第二空是一个名词结构作状语，故其前面不用冠词。

50.各人观点不同，谁也无法断定青岛就是夏天最美的地方，故在most beautiful前用不定冠词，这时的a most相当于very的含义。

57.live a…life是“过着……的生活”的意思。

59.此句为一谚语，“物以类聚，人以群分”。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇8：第一章：名 词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

第一章：名 词

名词的意义和种类

一.名词的意义: 表示人, 事物, 或抽象概念的词叫做名词

二.名词的种类:

1.专有名词: 表示具体的人, 事物, 地点或机构的专有名称, 如: China, Lei Feng, Yan’an

2.普通名词: 表示某类人或某类事物的名称, 又可分为四类

①.个体名词: 表示单个的人或事物, 如: doctor, house, tree, orange, photo

②.集体名词: 表示一群人或事物的总称, 如: class, family, group

③.物质名词: 表示无法分出个体的物质, 如: rice, steel, water, coal, cotton

④.抽象名词: 表示抽象概念的词, 如: victory, health, progress, friendship

名词的数

一般地说, 个体名词和集体名词是可数的, 称为可数名词; 物质名词和抽象名词一般是不可数的, 称为不可数名词

一.可数名词复数形式的构成:

1.规则变化:

①.一般直接在名词后加-s, 如: desks, maps, bags, days, houses, faces

②.以字母s, sh, ch, x结尾的名词后加-es, 如: buses, brushes, watches, boxes

③.以字母f 或fe结尾的名词构成复数形式时, 把f / fe改为v, 再加-es, 如: lives, leaves, shelves, knives, wives, thieves, 但roofs, chiefs, gulfs, beliefs, proofs等例外

④.以-o结尾的名词的复数多数加-es, 如: heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, Negroes等, 少数加-s, 如: zoos, radios, studios, photos, pianos, bamboos, tobaccos, videos, kilos等

⑤.以辅音字母+ y结尾的名词, 要把y改为i, 再加-es, 如: factories, babies, countries

2.不规则变化:

①.改变单数名词中的元音字母, 如: men, women, feet, geese

②.单复数形式相同, 如: sheep, deer, fish, means(方式,方法), jin(斤), yuan(元)

③.其他形式, 如: child – children, ox – oxen, mouse – mice

④.表示某国人的名词的复数形式因习惯不同而名异

a.单复数形式相同(多以-ese结尾), 如: Chinese, Japanese, Swiss

b.词尾加-s(多以-an结尾), 如: Russians, Germans, Americans, Koreans, Indians, Italians, Greeks

c.将man变成men,将woman变成women, 如: Englishman, Englishwomen, Dutchmen

⑤.复合名词的复数形式有以下几种情况:

a.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式, 如: lookers-on, sons-in-law, step-sons, passers-by, editors-in-chief

b.如果复合名词中没有主体名词, 则在最后一个词的后面加s(或其他复数形式), 如: grown-ups成年人, go-betweens中间人

c.有些复合名词的组成部分都要变成复数形式, 如: men servants, women doctors

二.不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但要注意以下几点:

1.物质名词的复数可表示多种类, 多量, 多次等含义, 如: fruits各种水果, teas, steels, snows积雪, waters海水(或河水,湖水,江水)

2.有些不可数名词的复数形式表示与这个不可数名词不同的意义, 如: greens青菜, times时代, works著作, spirits情绪, irons镣铐, manners礼貌

3.有些物质名词有时也是可数名词:

a. A glass (玻璃杯) is made of glass.

b. Do you have any evening papers (报纸) ?

4.专有名词一般只用单数, 但有时也可用复数, 如: the West Indies西印度群岛, the Jacksons杰克逊一家

a. There are four Lius in our class.在我们班有四个姓刘的

5.物质名词在表示数量时, 常借助一些量词来表示, 如: a cup of tea, two glasses of milk, three pieces of chalk. 可数名词也可用这种形式来表示数量, 如: three boxes of matches, four baskets of apples

三.有此名词既可作不可数名词, 也可作可数名词, 但意义常有不同

1.物质名词表示种类或具体事物时, 可成为可数名词, 如: tea茶 / teas各种茶, hair头发 / a hair一根头发, glass玻璃 / a glass玻璃杯, paper纸 / papers试卷,论文,报纸

2.抽象名词具体化可使之成为可数名词, 如: difficulty表示“困难”时是不可数, 表示“难事”时是可数, 再如: pleasure表示“乐事”, youth表示“青年”时都是可数

3.可数名词用来表示抽象意义或物质意义时, 成为不可数名词, 如: room空间, talk空谈, chicken鸡肉

名词的格

英语中名词有三个格: 主格(作主语), 宾格(作宾语)和所有格

一.名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词的所有格

1.表示有生命的东西(人或物)的名词的所有格一般在名词后加’s, 如: my father’s room

①.以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加’, 如: the teachers’ reading room, the masses’ advice

②.不以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格要加’s, 如: the people’s needs, women’s rights

③.若专有名词以-s结尾, 它的所有格一般只加’, 但也有加’s的, 读作[iz], 如: Burns’s poems或Burns’ poem

④.复合名词或短语的所有格的’s加在最后一个词之后, 如: her son-in-law’s photo, the commander-in-chief’s report, the king of Spain’s daughter, somebody else’s car

⑤.如果一样东西为两人共有, 则在后面一个名词后加’s; 如果不是两者共有, 则在两个名词之后都要加’s, 如: Jane and Helen’s room (Jane和Helen共用的房间), Bill’s and Tom’s rooms(Bill的房间和Tom的房间)

⑥.在表示店铺, 某人的家的名词所有格后面, 一般省掉它所修饰的名词, 如: the tailor’s裁缝店, the barber’s理发店, at my uncle’s在叔叔家

2.表示无生命的名词一般用of构成词组表示所有关系, 如: the cover of the book, the workshops of the factory. 但, 表示时间, 距离, 重量, 国家, 城市, 地点等无生命的名词也可用’s形式来表示其所有关系, 如: three days’ sick leave, half an hour’s walk, today’s newspaper, a ton’s weight, China’s agriculture, Shanghai’s industry.

3.指有生命的名词也可以用of词组表示所有格, 常用于以下情况之下:

①.名词较长时, 如: the story of doctor Bethune, the works of Marx, Engels and Lenin

②.名词的定语较长, 如: the son of the man who you just talked to, the name of the boy standing there

4. of +名词的’s所有格形式或名词性物主代词称为双重所有格. 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词, 数词,不定代词或指示代词(如a, two, some, any, such, no, a few, this, that, these, those等)时, 常用双重所有格表示所属关系, 如: a friend of my father’s =one of my father’s friends, two brothers of his, some inventions of Edison’s, these poems of Li Bai’s, a few classmates of Xiao Ming’s, any friend of Tom’s, some houses of my grandfather’s.

关于双重所有格还需注意以下几点:

①.在双重所有格中, of前面的名词不和the连用, 如不能说: the new dress of Susan’s. 但若有定语从句在后, 则可以用the, 如可以说: the friends of my father’s who is going abroad

②.在双重所有格中, 作of宾语的名词必须是人, 而且是特指

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇9：情 态 动 词/ (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

情 态 动 词

1情态动词的语法特征

1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。

3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。

4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。 2 比较can 和be able to

1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),

只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。

They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2）只用be able to

a. 位于助动词后。

b. 情态动词后。

c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。

d. 用于句首表示条件。

e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.

= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.

注意：could不表示时态

1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。

--- Could I have the television on?

--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.

2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。

He couldn't be a bad man.

他不大可能是坏人。

3 比较may和might

1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。

May God bless you!

He might be at home.

注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。

2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为”不妨“。

If that is the case, we may as well try.

4 比较have to和must

1) 两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。

My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)

He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）

2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。

He had to look after his sister yesterday.

3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示”不必“

mustn't 表示”禁止“，

You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。

You mustn't tell him about it. 你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

5 must表示推测

1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为”一定“。

2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。

You have worked hard all day.You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）

He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。

比较： He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。

He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。

3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。

I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。

4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。

---Why didn't you answer my phone call?

---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.

5) 否定推测用can't。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

6 表示推测的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：

1）情态动词+动词原形。

表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。

I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.

2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。

表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。

At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.

这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。

3）情态动词+动词完成时。

表示对过去情况的推测。

We would have finished this work by the end of next December.

明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。

The road is wet. It must have rained last night.

地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。

表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。

Your mother must have been looking for you.

你妈妈一定一直在找你。

5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。

Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.

迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。

注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。

7 情态动词+ have +过去分词

1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。

Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.

Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.

2) must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，”肯定“，”量必“的意思。

---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.

---She must have gone by bus.

3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth

本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示”不该做某事而做了“。

You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.

He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）

ought to 在语气上比should 要强。

4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事

I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.

5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

8 should 和ought to

should 和ought to 都为”应该“的意思，可用于各种人称。

---Ought he to go?

---Yes. I think he ought to.

表示要求，命令时，语气由had better(最好)、should(应该).must（必须）渐强。

9 had better表示”最好“

had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。

had better do sth had better not do sth

It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.

She'd better not play with the dog.

had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为”本来最好“。

You had better have come earlier.

10 would rather表示”宁愿“

would rather do

would rather not do

would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。

还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示”宁愿“、”宁可“的意思。

If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.

I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.

典型例题

----Shall we go skating or stay at home?

----Which ___ do?

A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather

答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为”宁愿“，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选B。

11 will和would

1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。

Would you like to go with me?

2）Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。

Would you like some cake?

3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。

Won't you sit down?

12 情态动词的回答方式

问句 肯定回答 否定回答

Need you…? Yes, I must. No,I needn't

Must you…? /don't have to.

典型例题

1）---Could I borrow your dictionary?

---Yes, of course, you____.

A. might B. will C. can D. should

答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。

2）---Shall I tell John about it?

---No, you ___. I've told him already.

A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't

答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。

3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.

---______.

A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't

答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表”意愿、意志、决心“，本题表示决心，选B。

13 带to 的情态动词

带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：

Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?

She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.

You ought not to have told her all about it.

Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?

ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。

14 比较need和dare

这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。

1) 实义动词： need （需要, 要求） need + n. / to do sth

2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。

Need you go yet?

Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.

3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：

need doing = need to be done

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇10：语法复习十六：数 词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法复习十六：数 词

高考重点要求：

1．掌握基数词、序数词、分数词、倍数、百分数、年月日、钟点、年龄、序号的基本用法。

2．掌握不定数量词、约数词的表达方法。

数词在各个题项中，单选、阅读、听力、写作中发挥着很强的作用，往往用以说明事实的精确性和可信性。数词是由两大部分构成的即基数词和序数词，而其他数字表示法如分数，小数等均由这两大部分的不同组合而构成。

（一）基数词：表示数目的词为基数词，它的构成如下表：

范 围 特 点 实 例

1~12 无规律 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve

13~19 以teen为结尾 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen

20~90 以ty结尾 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety

21~99 十位与个位之间要加连字符 “-” twenty-five, sixty-five, ninety-nine

101~999 百位与十位之间通常用and three hundred and twenty-five（美语中常将and省略）

千以上 6275-six thousand two hundred and seventy-five；1200-twelve hundred

（二）序数词：表示顺序的数词为序数词，它的构成如下表：

范 围 特 点 实 例

1~19 各基数词尾加th 其中七个例外：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, 其余，如：four - forth, six - sixth, nineteen - nineteenth

20,30~90 把y变i后加eth twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth

21以后多位数 最后一个数用序数词，其余用基数词 21st - twenty-first, 110th - one hundred and tenth

（三）数词的用法：

1.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式列表

示例 英语表示法

．6．30 June 30,2001 30June,2001 30thJune, 2001

7：25 seven twenty-five twenty-five past even

12:54 twelve fifty four six to one

9:15 nine fifteen a quarter past nine

2:30 two thirty half past two

21:50 twenty-one fifty 9:50p.m.

第21 twenty-first

第123 one hundred and twenty-third

a half

two and two-fifths

20% 20 per cent 20 percent

第七路公共汽车 Bus Number Seven

第201房间 Room 201

人民路153号 153 Renmin Road

4+8 =12 Four plus eight is twelve

11-7=4 Eleven minus seven is four.

6×5=30 Six times five is thirty.

20÷5=4 twenty divided by five is four.

A＞B A is more than B.

A＜B A is less than B.

A≈B A is approximately (近似地, 大约)equals to B.

A≠B A is not equal to B.

2.约数表示法列表

含义 英语表达 例句

大于某数 more than He has lived here for more than twenty years.

over she is over fifty.

or more There're thirty people or more in the meeting-room.

小于某数 less than I have less than (not more than )fifty dollars.

under Children under seven are not allowed to enter.

below He would not sell it for below a hundred fifty dollars.

or less The coat might cost him sixty dollars or less.

大约（某数） nearly She is nearly fifty now.

almost Its almost three o'clock.

up to Up to ten men can sleep in this tent.

or He spent four or five days writing the article.

or so The distance is twenty miles or so.

about I visited that village about three years ago.

some Their team has some four or five players.

more or less The container can hold more or less twenty pounds of water.

around/round Let's make it round/around eight o'clock.

3.不定数量词“多”的表示法列表

被修饰名词的数 英语表达 汉译

修饰可数名词 dozens of 几十、许多

scores of 许多

many, a good(great) many, many a (饰单数可数名词) 许多、大量

hundreds of 数以百计

thousands of ,thousands upon thousands of 成千上万

millions of 数百万

billions of 亿万

修饰不可数名词 much , a great (good)deal of ,

a large amount of ,large amounts of 许多、大量

修饰可数名词或不可数名词 a lot of /lots of ,plenty of, a large quantity of ,

large quantities of 许多、大量

练习、数 词

1. Two __died of cold last winter.

A. hundreds old people B. hundred old people

C. hundreds old peoples D. hundred old peoples

2. He was only in__ at the time.

A. his 20's B. the 20's C. his twenties D. the twenties

3. The two great men wrote those letters in__ .

A. 1870's B. 1879s C. the 1870's D. the 1870

4. I wonder if I can ask him__ time.

A. four B. fourth C. the fourth D. a fourth

5. He came out__ in the track events.

A. first B. one C. the first D. the one

6. It was in 1939 that __broke out.

A. World War Second B. the World War Second C. Second World War D. World War II

7. You'll have to spend __writing your report here.

A. one day or two days B. one day or two C. a day or two D. two days or one

8. He cut the cake__ .

A. in halves B. in half C. into halves D. into half

9. The earth is nearly__ the moon.

A. 50 time the size of B. 50 times the size of C. 50 times as size as D. 50 times as that of

10. Either you or the headmaster __the prizes for these gifted students at the meeting.

A. is handing in B. are to hand out C. are handing in D. is to hand out

11. __of the population here are peasants.

A. 20 percents B. 20 percent C. the 20 percent D. the 20 percents

12. It's about__ , the thickness of a human hair.

A. two-fifteenth B. two-fifteenths C. two fifteen D. two fifteens

13. The price of such material was reduced__ .

A. by 18 percent B. to 18 percent C. at 18 percent D. for 18 percent

14. South of the equator, 81 percent of the surface of the earth__ water.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

15. They sold __boxes of such sweets last week.

A. four dozen B. four dozens C. four dozens of D. four dozen of

16. It took me __ days to finish drawing a beautiful horse.

A. a half dozen B. half a dozen C. haft dozens D. half dozen

17.__people were sent there to help fight against the flood.

A. Three scores of B. Three score of C. Three score D. Three scores

18. Don't leave you work,__ .

A. done half B. half done C. a half done D. done a half

19. Nobody can do two things well __ .

A. at one time B. at once C. one time D. once

20. He has__ books in his study.

A. several thousands B. some thousands of C. some thousands D. some thousand of

21. On National day__ people take part in all kinds of celebration.

A. hundreds of millions of B. millions of hundred of

C. hundreds millions of D. millions hundreds of

22. He has lived at__ for 30 years.

A. No. 101 Heping Street B. 101 Heping Street C. Heping Street 101 D. Heping street No. 101

23. You can find him in__ .

A. Room 201 B.201 Room C. the Room 20 D. the 201 Room

24. It's__ walk from here to my school.

A. two - hours B. two hours C. two - hour D. a two - hour

25. It was in__ when he was already in ___ that he went to Yan'an.

A. the 1940s, the 40s B. the 1940s, his forties C. 1940's, his forties D. the 1940's, his 40s

26. He went to the market and bought __eggs and some meat.

A. three dozen of B. three dozen C. three dozens D. three dozens of

27.Shortly after the accident two ___police were sent to the spot to keep order.

A. dozen of B. dozens C. dozen D. dozens of (MET92 29)

28.Mr Smith ___me to buy several __eggs for the dinner.

A. asked, dozen B. suggested, dozens of C. had, dozen D. persuaded, dozens of ('94上海)

29.____of the land in that district ___covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths , is D. Two fifths, are (上海)

30.Two ___died of cold last winter.

A. hundreds old people B. hundred old people

C. hundred old peoples D. hundred old peoples ('88MET.15)

31.It is not rare in ___that people in ____fifties are going to university for further education.

A.90s,the B. the 90s, / C.90s, their D. the 90s, their ('99上海 6)

32.-Have you seen many sheep in the distance ? -Yes, ___.

A. thousand of them B. two thousands of them

C. two thousand of them D. two thousand them

语法复习十六：数 词

1．B

2. C 表示”几十“的数字的复数与所有格代词一起来用以表示人的年龄，本句为”二十多岁“。

3．C 定冠词”the“和数的复数形式在一起表示年代。

4．D 序数词前面加不定冠词表示”又一次“(已经四次了)

5．A 这里”first“有人说起副词作用，可以看成表语，也可以看做一种”取得第一名“的习惯用法。

6．D 序数词和名词共同构成的专有名词还可以是thc Second World War的形式。

7．C 只有C项为正确的表达方式，或者也可以写成”one or two days“．再如：one hour and a half或one and a half hours．

8．B ”in half“表示”分成一样大小的两半“。也可以说”cut…in two“

9．B 再如twice the height(depth，width，weight，etc．)of

10．D either…or…连接主语用就近原则。be to hand out the prizes意为”要颁发奖品“。

11．答案为B。百分比作修饰语，前面不加冠词且不能加复数。

12．答案为B。分数做定语，分子用基数词，分母为序数词，当分子大于1时，分母用复数，本题中，其它表达方式均不正确。

13．答案为A。表增加或减少的数量的百分比，用by+百分数表示。

14．答案为A。不可数的名词的百分比用单数；可数名词的百分比则用复数。C项时态不对，另如：90 percent of the population here are peasents．这个句子中population的意思是people．

15．答案为A。”dozen“与数词或many，several等词连用时复数一般不加s，故B、C两项不选。此外，dozen与数词连用做定语，一般也不加of．当然也有例外：Place them in dozens on the table．dozens表数量很多。Two dozen of these are wanted．dozen后面有of因为有限定词these，the等。Dozens of people were here．dozens of也表示”很多“。

16．答案为B。”半打“的表达方式一定要用”hall a dozen“。

17．答案为B。score做定语修饰名词用a(three)score of，而不用复数形式；常用”scores of“为其复数形式，意为”大量“，但有：three score and ten，a score or more

18．答案为B。”hall“起副词作用，修饰过去分词”done“，因为这个过去分词表状态，故”half“应在”done“前。再如：well done，well known，不用a half修饰done，故不选C、B两项。

19．B意为”同时“，不是”立刻“。

20．B

2l．A 如：tens of thousands of(小数在前，大数在后)thousands and thonsands of(两数一样大)。

22．B 居住的门牌号用介词at+号数+街道名”。

23．A

24．答案为D。“walk”作为名词，常与不定冠词连用。注意：在表数量的合成词中，名词部分为单数，如：a two-year-old boy．

25．答案为B。“在20世纪40年代”，必须有定冠词“the”．此外，年代后要加's或s。“他已经40多岁了”要用in his forties。

26．答案为B。dozen与数词或多或少several, many连用时，复数不加s。dozens of表示数量很多，在修饰有these，the等词限定的名词时，可用dozen of的形式。如：three dozen of these eggs.

27.C 28.A 29.C 30.B 31.D 32.C

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇11：语法复习十四：代 词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法复习十四：代 词

It 的用法

1．作人称代词

John likes playing Pingpong．/ He always does it in the afternoon．(指代上下文提到的事物)；/ It's time we went home. / How far is it from here to your home ? / It is getting warmer and warmer．/ It's very quiet at the moment．(可指时间、天气、环境等)

2．引导词

A．作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。

It's important for us to learn a second language．/ It's no use talking to him．/ It's known to all that the earth goes round the sun．

B．作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。

We feel it our duty to help others．/ He made it clear that he would leave the city．

C．强调结构：It is (was) +被强调部分＋that (或who)…

注意: 在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that 。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。

It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar．(that引起强调句)

It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar．(where引起定从)

It was twelve o'clock when we arrived there．(when引起时间状语从句）

It was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there．（that 引起强调句）

3. it，one，that 的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。

NMET2000，23．

---Why don't we take a little break? ---Didn't we just have __________?

A．it B．that C．one D．this

NMET2001，25．

The Parkers bought a new house but _________will need a lot of work before they can move in．

A．they B．it C．one D．which

one 用以指代同类事物中的任一，that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而it指代上文提过的同一事物。

不定代词

不定代词种类较多，用法各异，在使用中一定要注意区别。

1、both，either ，neither 都表两者范围，在句中作主语、宾语、定语 ，both可用作同位语。 both 意为“两者都”，either 表“两者中任一个”，neither表“两者都不”。

2、any，none ，all 表三者或三者以上范围，any 表任何一个、一些(不可数或复数概念，用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中)；none 表三者或三者以上中的哪一个都不；表示不可数物中的一点儿也没有；all 整个的；所有的(三者或三者以上)；所有的(不可数)。

e.g.This book is a good seller，so you can buy it at any shop in Beijing．/ None of us are/is perfect．/ All of the village was flooded．

3、no one，nobody，none，nothing：no one，nobody表没有人，nothing 指没有什么事物，none 兼指人和物。none 着眼于数量概念。“特指的人或物一个也没有，一点儿也没有”。

----How many people are there in the hall ? ----None．

----who wants to go with him ? ----No one(Nobody)．

----What can you see in the bottle ? ----Nothing．

----Is there any water in it ? ----None．

4、another，the other，the other+复数名词(或the others)，other (或other +复数名词)：another 表三者或三者以上范畴中的任一；与数词连用，表“再有”；the other 表两者中的另外那个，特指；the other+复数名词(或the others)，另外那些，表示其余所有的人或物，用于特指；others (或other+复数名词)另一些，表余下人或物中的另一些，泛指。

---I don't like this，show me another one．(NMET 2000，16)

If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15．

A．another B．other C．more D．Each (A)

人称、物主、反身、指示代词

高考重点要求

1．掌握人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词、指示代词的基本用法。2．重点掌握不定代词的指代含义及数的情况，能通过语境准确选取答案。3．掌握it的基本用法。

一．人称代词

1）分清主格和宾格形式。

eg：---I love you more than her，child ．/ ---You mean more than ___love her or more than she loves____? A． you；me B．I；you C．you；you D．I；me

2)注意约定俗成的用法。

---Who is it ? ---It's me ． ---I'd like to have a rest ． ---Me，too．

3）使用we 和you 泛指一般人

4)使用she代表国家、船只、月亮、大地等

China is a great country．She has a long history．

5)并列主语或宾语中顺序是：you，he(she) and I； we，you and they

二．物主代词：名词性物主代词――在句中做主语、宾语、表语、补足语，构成双重所有格：a friend of mine 。形容词性物主代词――只能起定语作用。

三．反身代词

1) 在句中作宾语、表语和同位语；2)单复数的确定；3)在一些语境中的特殊含义。

e.g. I'm not quite myself today．我今天不大舒服。/ Make yourself at home．不要拘礼；请随便吧。 / Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．别紧张，喜欢吃什么就吃什么。/ Have you enjoyed yourself today? 你今天玩得愉快吗？

四．指示代词

（一）this，that，these those

1．在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。

2．this(these)一般指时间和空间上较近的人或物，而that (those)常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。e.g. This is a novel and that is a magazine．

3．this(these)一般指后面要讲到的事物，而that(those)常指前面讲到的事物。e.g. What he told me is this：he wanted to go to Beijing．/ He didn't come．That is why he didn't know．

4．that，those 常用来指代前面提到过的某个名词。e.g. The oil output in was higher than that of 1995．( that 代替oil output) / The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．

（二）such

such引起倒装句，谓语数取决于后面主语的数：e.g Such is my answer．/ Such are our people．

做定语，注意和so 的区别，尤其是在so …that， such…that 句型中。e.g. I have never seen such beautiful flowers．(复数名词前，so 不可) / I have never seen such a great film．(也可为so great a film) / We have such beautiful weather today that we should go out for an outing．(不可数词前，不可用so) / There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．(在数量概念的many，much，little，few 之前，不可用such )

练习（一）、代 词

一、强化训练：

1. New English-Chinese Dictionary has been republished several times,_____ more up to date than the last edition.

A. any B. everyone C. either D. each

2. After paying 1,000 dollars_____ ,you'll all become full members of our club.

A. each B. all C. every D. both

3._____ was her cruelty that we all hated her.

A. It B. What C. That D. Such

4. Mary has been ill in bed for a week. I wonder if she is _____ better now.

A. much B. some C. any D. very

5. -Which of these two ties will you take? -I don't like these. Do you have any_____ ?

A. one B. other C. ones D. others

6. I' d rather ride a bike as bike riding has _____ of the trouble of taking buses.

A. much B. all C. neither D. none

7. I need some blue ink today but there is _____ at hand.

A. not B. nothing C. a little D. none

8. I found the very watch of mine _____ I had left _____ .

A. where, it B. that, it C. which, one D. where, one

9. I haven't got time to get the tickets. Who's going to ____?

A. do so B. do it C. buy it D. do them

10. -Jack certainly has a high opinion of Susan. It can't be better than _____of him.

A. hers B. she C. that D. her

11. -Shall we introduce ____ fire-fighting equipment from abroad? -Go ahead, if necessary.

A. other B. a few more C. another D. some other

12. -How about the price of these refrigerators? -They are equal in price to, if not cheaper than,_____ at the other stores.

A. others B. it C. that D. the ones

13. -I dislike _____ when others laugh at me in public or speak ill of me behind. -So do I.

A. them B. those C. it D. that

14. -Which do you prefer, classical music or pop music? -_____. I prefer folk music.

A. Either B. Both C. None D. Neither

15. Why don' t you trust and use old Tom? He is still as strong as _____ in the team.

A. nobody B. anybody else C. everybody D. somebody else

16. -Are the new methods taking any effect? -Yes,_____ articles are stolen from our supermarket.

A. few B. more C. some D. none

17. During the meeting a young man cried out suddenly and threw his notebook at the chairman,_____ brought the room to disorder.

A. it B. and which C. and that D. this

18. I've just seen no more than one copy of Gone with the Wind in the bookshop opposite. Tom, go and buy_____ back.

A. one B. any C. it D. some

19. -Do you have _____ at home now? -No, we still have to get scores of eggs and some vegetables.

A. nothing B. everything C. anything D. something

20. Nancy is expecting another baby and hopes _____ will be a boy.

A. he B. that C. it D. there

21. Surely it's _____ with the big nose you mean, not ____!

A. he, I B. him, me C. him, I D. he, me

22. The temperature can fall to –30℃. _____ is,30°C below freezing point.

A. Which B. It C. That D. This

23. -The exam was easy, wasn't it? -Yes, but I don' t think _____ could pass it.

A. somebody B. everybody C. anybody D. nobody

24. Cut the apple into halves so that the twins may each get _____ half.

A. every B. each C. another D. either

25. _____ of us can do everything, but all of us can do _____ .

A. None, something B. Some, everything C. Few, something D. Few, nothing

26. -May I help you with some gloves, sir? -Yes, I'd like to try those blue ____.

A. one B. ones C. pair D. two

27. Of all my friends _____ will be able to persuade Tom to change his mind. He is so firm upon it.

A. none B. nobody C. neither D. no one

28. -Is he content to accept our offered price?

-Yes. He cares more about the quality. Money is _____ to him.

A. everything B. anything C. nothing D. something

29. I have no idea which was better, so I took ____ of them.

A. both B. none C. all D. any

30. You mustn't always do _____ as he asks you to do. He may be wrong sometimes.

A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything

31. I'm no painter, and to me, one painting is much like .

A. another B. the other C. others D. one

32. I didn't want either of ____ hats and asked the salesman to show me_____.

A. those, another B. two, the other C. all, the others D. both, others

33. The children were catching butterflies in the garden. Some caught a lot, and others caught _ at all.

A. nothing B. none C. no one D. neither

34. Thank you very much indeed. That' s _____ of you.

A. kindest B. most kind C. the kinder D. the most kind

35. Jack is a very likable fellow, but I've learned to take _____ he says with a grain of salt.

A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything

36. -I love you more than her, child. -You mean more than ____ love her or more than she loves ____?

A. you, me B. I, you C. you, you D. I, me

练习（二）、代 词

二、高考题选：

1. Was it during the Second World War _____he died? (MET88)

A．that B. while C. in which D. then

2. Is _____necessary to take off our shoes when we enter the lab? (MET88H)

A．everyone B. this C. her D. it

3．Is _____possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship? (MET88)

A．now B. that C. it D. man

4．His Parents wouldn't let him marry anyone _____family was poor．(MET88)

A．of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose

5．_____leaves the room last ought to turn off the light． (MET88)

A．Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who

6．_____writer is better known in China，Charcles Dickens or Mark Twain? (MET88)

A．Which B. What C. Either D. Whether

7．---Have you seen Tom and Mary? ---I haven' t seen _____of them．(MET88)

A．neither B. any C. either D. all

8．Is _____necessary to complete the design before National Day? (MET89)

A．this B. that C. it D. he

9．All _____is needed is a supply of oil．(MET89)

A．the thing B. that C. what D. which

10．His camera is more expensive than ______．(MET89)

A．hers B. her C. it D. its

11．I don't think _____possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．(MET90)

A．this B. that C. its D. it

12．______of them knew about the plan because it was kept in a secret．(MET90)

A．Each B. Any C. No one D. None

13．He paid the boy ￥10 for washing ten windows，most of _____hadn't been cleaned for at least a year．(MET90)

A．these B. those C. that D. which

14．Kate and her sister went to holiday with a cousin of _____．(MET90)

A．their B. theirs C. her D. hers

15．I invited Tom and Ann to dinner，but _____of them came．(NMET91)

A．neither B. both C. either D. none

16．She heard a terrible noise，_____brought her heart into her mouth．(MET91)

A．it B. which C. this D. that

17．We couldn't eat in a restaurant because _____of us had _____money on us．(MET91)

A．all; no B. any; no C. none; any D. no one; any

18．These plants are watered _____．(NMET91)

A．each other day B. every other day C. each of two days D. every of two days

19．Alice received an invitation from her boss，_____came as a surprise．(NMET91)

A．it B. that C. which D. he

20．Does _____matter if he can't finish the job on time?

A．this B. that C. he D. it

21．Mr．Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _____who had already taken them．(MET92)

A．the ones B. ones C. some D. the others

22．There're so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind _____to buy． (MET92)

A．what B. which C. how D. where

23．Although he's wealthy，he spends _____ on clothes．(NME792)

A．little B. few C. a little D. a few

24．In the dark street，there wasn't a single person _____ she could turn for help．(MET92)

A．that B. who C. from whom D. to whom

25．_____he said at the meeting astonished everybody present．(MET93)

A．What B. That C. The fact D. The matter

26．---Would you like some wine? ---Yes，just _____．(MET93)

A．little B．very little C．a little D．little bit

27．Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder，but _____didn't help．(MET93)

A．he B．which C．she D．it

28．---Is _____here? ---No，Bob and Tim have asked for leave．(MET93)

A．anybody B．somebody C．everybody D．nobody

29．---Is your camera like Bill's and Ann's? ---No，but it's almost the same as _____．(NMET94)

A．her B．yours C．them D．their

30．The weather turned out to be very good， _____was more than we could expect．(NMET94)

A．what B．which C．that D．it

31．_____is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language．(NMET95)

A．There B．This C．That D．It

32．They were very tired，but _____of them would stop to take a rest．(NMET95)

A．any B．some C．none D．neither

33．I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _____．(NMET95)

A．it B．those C．them D．one

34．---When shall we meet again? --Make it _____day you like; it's all the same to me．(NMET96)

A．one B．any C．another D．some

35．Tom felt that he knew everybody's business better than they knew it _____．(NMET96 )

A．themselves B．oneself C．itself D．himself

36．I agree with most of what you said，but I don't agree with _____．(NMET97)

A．everything B．anything C．something D．nothing

37．Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers，Now she would like to read_____stories by writers from _____ countries．(NMET97)

A．some; any B．other; some C．some; other D．other; other

38．It was about 600 years ago _____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made．(NMET97)

A．that B．until C．before D．when

39．I hate _____when people talk with their mouths full．(NMET98)

A．it B．that C．these D．them

40．Dr．Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge．I can't remember _____．(NMET98)

A．where B．there C．which D．hat

41．Why do you want a new job _____you've got such a good one already? (NMET98)

A．that B．where C．which D．when

42．It was only when I reread his poems recently _____I began to appreciate their beauty．(NMET98)

A．until B．that C．then D．so

43．Few pleasures can equal _____of a cool drink on a hot day．(NMET99)

A．some B．any C．that D．those

44． If you want to change for a double--room you'll have to pay _____$15．(NMET2000 )

A．another B．other C．more D．each

45．---Why don't we take a little break? ---Didn't we just have _____? (NMET2000)

A．it B．that C．one D．this

46．It is the ability to do the job _____matters not where you come from or what you are．(NMET2000 )

A．one B．that C．what D．it

47．If this dictionary is not yours，_____can it be? (NMET2001)

A．what else B．who else C．which else's D．who else's

48．Many people have helped with canned food，however，the food bank needs _____for the poor．(2001春招)

A．more B．much C．many D．most

49．The Parkers bought a new house but _____will need a lot of work before they can move in．(NMET2001)

A．they B．it C．one D． which

50．---He was nearly drowned once.（春招）

---When was _____?

---_____was in 1998 when he was in middle school.

A. that; it B. this; this C. this; it D. that; this

语法复习十四：代 词

一、强化训练：

1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. D 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. C21. B 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. C 29. A 30. D 31. A 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. D 36. A

二、高考题选：

1．A 这是一个强调句式的一般疑问句。

2．D it是形式主语，to不定式是真正主语。

3．C 参看2题。

4．D family与先行词anyone之间是所属关系。

5．C 在主语从句中，whoever充当主语，指代人，相当于anyone who。而C项who也可引导名词性从句，但它具体指“是谁”。

6．A 特殊疑问句中的选择，用which。

7．C 前一句只提到两个人。neither，either，both仅用于表述两者的情况，而any，all表述多者的情况，且I haven't seen either of them相当于I have seen neither of them。

8．C 可参看2、3题。

9．B all是先行词，that 引导定语从句，且all that=what。

10．A His camera是句子的主语，也是信息词，应填名词性的物主代词hers，它相当于her camera。

11．D it是形式宾语，to master…是真正宾语。此句还可说成I don't think it is possible to…。可参看2、3、8题。

12．D A、B项不符合句意。C项no one后不接of短语。

13．D which是定语从句中的关系代词，指代上文的windows。A、B、C项不能引导定语从句，且填进去后，两个分句缺少连词。

14．B 可参看10题。

15．A 前文提到邀请两个人，两个人都没来，故用neither参看7题。

16．B which引导非限定性定语从句。which指代前面一句话。如果两个分句是由and连接，则A、C、D项也对。

17．C A项中的all放在否定句中，是部分否定，与上文we couldn't eat in a restaurant矛盾，B项不符语法，n项no one后不接of短语，且只指代人。

18．B every other day每隔一天，是习惯用法。

19．C which在非限定性定语从句中指代前面一句话。可参看16题。

20．D 考生非常熟悉It doesn't matter这一句型，该题现在是一般疑问句，it是matter的主语，if引导条件状语从句。

21．A C、D项不能做定语从句的先行词来指代上文的the pupils，只能用the ones，因为它被限定性定语从句所修饰，表特指。该句的意思是：“张先生把教科书分给了所有的学生，那些已经拿走了的学生除外。”

22．B 原题中的so many kinds of tape-recorders暗示考生要买的是录音机，故排除A项。因为有这么多种类，因此不能决定买哪个。C、D项是连接副词，不能做buy的宾语。

23．A B、D项应排除，它们指代可数名词的复数。全句意为：“虽然他很富有，但很少花钱买衣服。”故C项不符句意。

24．D turn at sb．for help是惯用法，在定语从句中把to提前与whom构成介词十关系代词。

25．A 主语从句中缺少宾语，故what充当。

26．C 原题中的答语Yes暗示考生应选表示肯定意义的a little．A、B项表示否定意义。

27．D it指代前面一句话。因有but，故前后为并列句，不用关系代词(which)只用代词it。

28．C Is everybody here?“都到齐了吗”，Is anybody here?“这里有人吗?”B项some body可用在表示征求对方意见，并希望得到对方肯定回答的问句里。D项不符原题句意。

29．B 参看10、14题。

30．B 参看16、19题。

31．D it是形式主语，that从句是真正主语。如果fact前有the修饰，就可选B或C项，that引导同位语从句。

32．C but是关键词，表转折，该句意为“他们非常疲劳，但没有一个人愿意停下来休息一会儿。”

33．D one指代one of the glasses，且each一词是信息词。该句意思是：“我希望有足够的玻璃杯，以便每位客人有一个”。

34．B one day表示“某一天”，可用在一般过去时，当它用在将来时的句中时，可与some day互换。another day指另一天。原题中的It's all the same to me和you like是信息句，可暗示考生，只能选any day，即“你喜欢定在哪天都行，或随便哪一天都行。”

35．A themselves；是they的反身代词。

36．A 从上文“我同意你说的大部分，”可知，下文应填everything表示部分否定。B项填入后该句为全否定。C项不用在否定句中。D项填入后，该句成为肯定句。故B、C、D项是错误的。

37．C 从上文“Sarah已经读了许多美国作家写的故事”，可知，下文是“她现在想读一些由别的国家的作家写的故事”。A项中any用在肯定句中表示“任何一个”，与后面的countries不符。B、D项不符原句的逻辑。

38．A 这是一个强调句式。如果把It was…that去掉，该句子意思完整。不缺任何成份。

39．A 该题考查it作形式宾语的用法。四个选项均为代词，只有it作先行代词时，本身没有具体意义，而只是帮助把真正的宾语移到后部去。句中it的作用是代替它后面的宾语从句when people talk with their mouths full，故正确答案为A。

40．C 该题考查在省略的宾语从句中连接代词的用法。A、B项为副词，不可作及物动词remember的宾语，应先排除。指某一范围的“哪一个”需用连接代词which，前一个分句中的from either Oxford or Cambridge已限定了范围，故答案选C。

41．D 该题考查引导从句的关系联词的用法。that和which作为关系代词引导定语句必须在从句中充当某一成份；where作关系副词引导定语从句在从句中作状语，先行词必须是表示地点的名词，故应排除A、B、C。由题于中从句与主句所表示的逻辑关系考虑，此空应填表示因果关系的从属连词when，这时when=since；for，意为“由于”、“既然”，答案为D。

42．B 该句考查强调结构。“It+be+被强调部分+that从句”是it的强调句型，如果强调的是时间、地点、原因等状语，别后面接that引导的从句，而不能用when，where，because等词来引导，因此答案为B。再如：

It was when I was thirty--five that I got married and had a family．

It was when we got to the station that it began to rain．参看1题。

43．C 该题考查不定代词的替代用法。在进行比较时要用同类的事物相比，排除A、B。按照英语习惯用法，that可以代替一个单数名词或一个不可数名词，以避免重复前面提到过的名词。that前面没有任何修饰词，后面的介词主要是of。由空白后表示所属关系的语境可以确定此空应填that，代替pleasure，故答案选C。

44．A another在此足不定代词，意为“再…个”，pay to another $15。意为“再付15美元。more应放在$15之后。

45．C one不定代词指代上文的break。

46．B It is…that为强调结构。

47．D 根据句意，”不是你的，可能是另外谁的呢?“所以答案是D。

48．A 根据句意，”还再需要一些“，故选A。

49．B 代替the new house。

50．A。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇12：高三英语复习与训练八--特殊词精讲 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

高三英语复习与训练八--特殊词精讲

8.特殊词精讲

8.1 stop doing/to do

stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing 停止做某事。例如：

They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。

I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。

典型例题

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.

A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest

答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择”stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事“。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。

8.2 forget doing/to do

forget to do 忘记要去做某事，forget doing 忘记做过某事。例如：

The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）

He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）

典型例题

---- The light in the office is still on.

---- Oh，I forgot___.

A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off

答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。

8.3 remember doing/to do

remember to do 记得去做某事，remember doing 记得做过某事。例如：

Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。

Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

8.4 regret doing/to do

regret to do 对将要做的事遗憾，regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如：

I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。

I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。

典型例题

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

---Well, now I regret ___ that.

A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done

答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。

8.5 cease doing/to do

cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事，cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：

That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。

8.6 try doing/to do

try to do 努力，企图做某事，try doing 试验，试着做某事。例如：

You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。

8.7 go on doing/to do

go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing 继续做原来做的事。例如：

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。

Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习

8.8 be afraid doing/to do

be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为”怕“，be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为”生怕，恐怕“。例如：

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.

她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。

She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

8.9 be interested doing/to do

interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如：

I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）

I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?

我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? （一种想法）

8.10 mean to doing/to do

mean to do 打算、想，mean doing 意味着。例如：

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。

8.11 begin（start） doing/to do

begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.

1） 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如：

How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？

2） begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如：

I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。

3） 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如：

I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。

4） 事物作主语时。例如：

The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了

8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do

感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如：

I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调”我看见了“这个事实）

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调”我见他正干活“这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

典型例题

1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.

A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow

答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.

A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play

答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇13：虚义it与分裂句引导词it的区别 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)

虚义it与分裂句引导词it的区别

【知识点拨】

1.人称代词it，是第三人称单数中性，代表前文已提到过的一件事物。如：

1）That vase is valuable. It’s more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。

2）I love swimming. It keeps me fit. 我喜欢游泳，它能使我保持健康。

当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可用it来表示。 如：

3）It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可爱，是男孩还是女孩？

it可用来指代团体。如：

4）The committee has met and it has rejected the proposal. 委员会已开过会，拒绝了这项建议。it用以代替指示代词this, that.如：

5）--- What’s this? --- It’s a pen.

6）--- Whose book is that? --- It’s Mike’s.

2.指示代词it，常用以指人。如：

1）Go and see who it is. 去看看是谁。

2）--- Who is making such a noise? -是谁发出这样的吵闹声？

--- It must be the children. -一定是孩子们。

3.虚义it无指代性，常用作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如：

1）It is half past three now. 现在是三点半钟。

10）It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. 这里离最近的医院也有六英里。

11）It was very cold; it snowed and grew dark. 天气很冷；天下着雪，渐渐地变黑了。

it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。如：

12）It’s awful-I’ve got so much work I don’t know where to start. 糟透了--我有这么多工作要做我不知从何开始。

13）How is it going with you? 你近况如何？

14）Take it easy. 不要紧张。

it也常用于下列结构：

15）It looks as if the college is very small. 看起来这个学院很小。

16）It seems as though our plan will be perfect. 似乎我们的计划很完善。

17）It’s my turn. 该轮到我了。

it也常用于某些习惯用语中作宾语，各该习惯用语有具体意义，但it并无具体意义。如：

cab it 乘车 catch it 受责，受罚 come it 尽自己分内 come it strong 做得过分 walk it 步行 make it 办成 take it out of somebody 拿某人出气

4.先行词it.

it充当形式主语或形式宾语，本身无意义，只起一种先行引导的作用，先行词不重读。后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词结构或名词性从句。

（1）用作形式主语

18）It is difficult to translate this article. 翻译这篇文章很难。

19）It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get a living. 懒汉谋生是日益困难了。

20）What time would it be most convenient for me to call again?什么时候我再给你打电话最合适？

21）It is no use going there so early. 这么早去那里没有用。

22）It has been a great honour your coming to visit me. 你的来访是我很大的荣幸。

23）It is strange that he did not come at all. 真奇怪，他竟还没来。

24）It doesn’t matter what you do.什么都没关系。

在上述诸例中，后置的真正主语可以取代先行it的位置，而出现于句首。

To translate this article is difficult.

Going there so early is no use.

That he did not come at all is strange.

上述结构远不如用先行it结构普通。此外，也并非所有先行it结构都可作上述转换。如：

25）It seems that John is not coming after all.

26）It happened that John was the only witness.

上述两例只能转换为：

John doesn’t seem to be coming after all.

John happened to be the only witness.

（2）用作形式宾语

27）I found it difficult to explain to him what happened.

28）He thought it no use going over the subject again.

29）They kept it quiet that he was dead. 他们对他的死保密。

30）We must make it clear to the public that something should be done to stop pollution.

5.分裂句引导词it.

分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构形式是：It+be的一定形式+中心成分+that-/who-从句。如：

31）It was Jane that/who called this morning.

32）It was a parcel that she brought him. 她带给他的是一个包裹。

分裂句是由普通陈述句转换而来的。通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分。如：

33）John gave Mary a handbag at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。

根据上下文和语义意图，说话人可以通过分裂句分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语，使之成为信息中心。

34）It was John that/who gave Mary a handbag at Christmas.是约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。

35）It was Mary that John gave a handbag (to) at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节是给玛丽提包的。

36）It was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节给玛丽的是一个提包。

37）It was at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag. 是在圣诞节约翰给了玛丽一个提包。

分裂句的时态一般应一致，即主句与从句的时态应皆用现在时，或皆用过去时，或皆用将来时。如：

38）It is not I who am angry. 发怒的不是我。

39）It was my two sisters who knew her best. 是我的两个姐妹最了解她。

40）It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this. 对此须受责难的将不是你。

有时分裂句的谓语动词还可以采取复杂形式。如：

41）It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag. 可能是在圣诞节约翰给玛丽一个提包。

42）It might have been John who gave Mary a handbag. 很可能是约翰给了玛丽一个提包。

分裂句可以强调多种多样的状语成分。如：

43）It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang. 是在她即将上床睡觉时电话铃响了。

44）It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday. 我昨天是由于想买一本词典而进城的。

45）It was not until his father came back that Tom went to bed yesterday. 昨天汤姆是直到他父亲回来才上床睡觉的。（注意句中not的位置）

主语补语通常不可以用作分裂句的中心成分，如在规范英语中通常不说：

It is beautiful that she is.

It is chairman of the Committee that he is.

但是宾语补语是可以这样用的。如：

46）It is the chairman of the committee that they elected him. 他们选他是作委员会主席。

47）It is green that they have painted the wall. 他们把墙壁漆的是绿色。

注：（1）当强调的中心成分为主语，指人时可用连词that或who，如上述例（31）、（34）、（38），强调其余的成分时，连词一律用that。

（2）分裂句中的that与who在非正式文体中可以省略，如：

48）It was the President himself spoke to me. 是总统亲自和我谈了话。（省去从句主语who）

49）It was the dog I gave the water to. 我是给那条狗水的。（省去从句的宾语that）

50）It was yesterday I first noticed it. 我是昨天开始注意到的。（省去从句连词that）

有时还可省去句首的it is，如：

51）A good, honest trade you are learning, Sir Peter! 彼得爵士，你学得是一种很好而诚实的一行啊！

（3）分裂句中的被强调部分有时可放在句首，如：

52）Now was it that his life was done, and the fate which he could not escape was upon him.

就在这时，他的生命完结了，他所逃不脱的命运降临了。

53）When was it that he arrived at the village? 是何时他到达了这个村子？

54）Why was it that he was late for school? 他是为什么上学迟到的？

1． 分裂句引导词it与先行词it的区别： 比较：

55）It is surprising that Mary should have won the first place. 玛丽本应获得第一名，真令人吃惊！（先行词it）

56）It is Mary that has won the first place. 是玛丽获得了第一名。（分裂句引导词it）

2． 虚义it与分裂句引导词it的区别。 比较：

57）It was three o’clock in the morning when his father came back.（虚义it指时间） 他父亲回来时是凌晨3点。

58）It was at three o’clock in the morning that his father came back. （分裂句引导词it） 他父亲是在凌晨3点回来的。

3． 分裂句中that/who- 从句与that/who引导的定语从句之区别。 比较：

59）It is money that is most needed.（分裂句中的that-从句） 最需要的是钱。

60）This is the money that is most needed.（that引导定语从句） 这就是最需要的钱。

61）It is Mary who has broken the glass.. （分裂句中的who-从句） 是玛丽打破了玻璃杯。

62）Mary is the girl who has won the first place.（who引导定语从句） 玛丽是获得第一名的姑娘。

区别方法：如将句型It is/was… that结构去掉，而句子能还原成普通陈述句，则该句是分裂句，否则不是。

如（56）例去掉It is …that 则变成： Mary has won the first place. 玛丽获得了第一名。

（58）例变成：His father came back at three o’clock in the morning. 他父亲在凌晨3点回来。

（59）例变成：Money is most needed. 钱是最需要的。

（61）例变成：Mary has broken the glass. 玛丽打破了玻璃杯。

4． “拟似”分裂句

如前所述，一般分裂句是不可以用简单陈述句的谓语动词作为中心成分的。如果要强调谓语动词，就得采用另外一种强调句型，这种句型又叫做“拟似”分裂句。如：

63）I gave her a book. What I did was (to) give her a look. 我所做的是给她一本书。

64）He took a plane to Beijing. What he did was (to) take a plane to Beijing. 他所做的是乘飞机去北京。

65）The student is going to write an article. What the student is going to do is(to) write an article.

这个学生要做的是写一篇文章。

“拟似”分裂句的主语通常是由what引导的名词性从句，从句的主动词通常是do的一定形式；这种分裂句的主语补语通常是不定式结构，可带to，也可不带to，它构成“拟似”分裂句的信息中心。

“拟似”分裂句还可采取另外一种形式，即“what-从句+be+名词词组”的形式，如：

66）What he gave her was a handbag. 他所给她的是个提包。

也可采取“名词词组+be+what-从句”的形式

67）A handbag was what he gave her. 提包就是他所给她的。

【知识过关】it用法演练

Task1 单项选择(32分)

1.It took us over an hour ________ along the street.

A. walk B. to walk C. walking D. walked

2.I think it a great honour _______ to visit your country.

A. to invite B. inviting C. having invited D. to be invited

3.Many people now make_______ a rule to buy cards for their friends before Christmas.

A. themselves B. it C. that D. this

4. ________ is very clear to everyone that he's round and tall like a tree.

A. This B. What C. That D. It

5.In the United States, bus travel doesn't cost much as train travel,________ ?

A. don't they B. does it C. do they D. doesn't it

6.Someone is at the door, who is_______ ?

A. this B. that C. it D. he

7.-It is raining cats and dogs.

- ____________. .

A. So it is B. So is it C. Neither it is D. Neither is it

8.-My home is in that tall building over there.

- __________ ?

A. Can it see B. Can see it C. Can be seen it D. Can it be seen

9. _________ raining hard for 3 hours without stopping.

A. It is B. It was C. It has been D. It had been

10.-Has the boy got his bicycle now?

-Yes, the police gave_________. .

A. him to him B. it to it C. it to him D. him to it

11.-Boy, ____________.

-It is, looks like spring is coming soon.

-Yeh, It'll just be a few more weeks.

A. it's really a nice day today, isn't it?

B. what knid of weather are we going to have today?

C. do you think it is going to rain today?

D. what' it like outside today?

12.It is important ________ their offer.

A. reject B. rejects C. to reject D. rejecting

13.Has ________ been decided when we are to hold the sports-meeting?

A. that B. this C. it D. what

14.-Did Li Lei call me while I was out?

-Yes, it was ________ that called you.

A. him B. he C. who D. whom

15.Nothing is wrong with the radio _________ ?

A. isn't it B. is that C. is it D. isn't that

16.I don't know ________ makes her afraid of having her business discussed.

A. what it is about Mary that

B. that is it abut Mary what

C. what is it about Mary that

D. that is about Mary what

17.Which sentence is wrong?

A.I felt it impossible for him to take the exam.

B.I found it impossible that he might take the exam.

C.I thought that he might not take the exam.

D.In my opinion he might take the exam.

18.I don't think _____difficult for a Chinese student to master a foreign language within five years

A. that B. it C. too D. very

19.It's the second time you _______ late this week.

A. arrive B. arrived C. have arrived D. had arrived

20.It will not be_______ we meet again.

A. long before B. before long

C. soon after D. shortly after

Task2．用it开头改写句子(14分)

1. Her sisters offered to pay her fare. That was generous of them.

2.Her brother invited her to stay. That was very kind of him.

3.You found your wallet. That is lucky.

4.You couldn't find a less expensive hotel. That is a pity.

5.To walk in the garden is pleasant.

6.To pronounce a long word is often difficult.

7.To learn a foreign language is very important.

KEY:

Task1．

1.B 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C

11.A 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.C 20.A

Task2．

1.It was generous of them (her sisters) to offer to pay her fare.

2.It was kind of her brother to invite her to stay.

3.It is lucky that you found your wallet.

4.It is a pity that you couldn't find a less expensive hotel.

5.It is pleasant to walk in the garden.

6.It is often difficult to pronounce a long word.

7.It is very important to learn a foreign language.

责任编辑：李芳芳

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