教你一眼看穿GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项

时间：2023-01-03 09:13:30 作者：莹莹综合材料收藏本文下载本文

【导语】“莹莹”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了8篇教你一眼看穿GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项，以下是小编收集整理后的教你一眼看穿GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项，仅供参考，希望对大家有所帮助。

目录
第1篇：教你一眼看穿GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项第2篇：GRE考试长篇阅读错误干扰项如何找第3篇：gre考试阅读错误选项怎么排除第4篇：GRE阅读6种常见错误选项第5篇：如何做好GRE长篇阅读第6篇：托福阅读各题型应对错误干扰选项高分建议第7篇：托福阅读5大重点题型错误干扰选项判断技巧第8篇：托福阅读5大重点题型错误干扰选项判断技巧

篇1：教你一眼看穿GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项

教你一眼看穿GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项

GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项类型介绍

GRE长篇阅读中存在的错误干扰选项主要有以下几类：

1. 偏题项

这类选项比较隐蔽，其表现形式往往是内容本身是正确的，但说偏了没抓住重点，不是文章的主线。考生很容易跟正确选项混淆而选择它。不同于未提及项，这类选项在文中是有所涉及的，因此也更具有欺骗性，考生需要先明确题目所问问题才能避免被偏题项干扰思路。

2. 反义项

有些题目本身比较长，加上一些否定和双重否定等，考生就容易理解错误，而特别设置的部分反义项，就往往会等着考生自己被绕晕了以后自投罗网。这些选项的特点是和其它选项的意思完全相反，乍看之下非常显眼，但实际上却并非正确答案。小编建议大家仔细读题，把反义否定等关系搞清楚再解答。

3. 错位项

还有些错误选项，主题和修饰错位，或者把不相关的内容拼凑在一起，看似哪边都沾一点关系，其实本身却是错位选项，也很容易影响考生的判断。这种选项同样具有很强的干扰性，可能选项中部分选取了文章内容，但之后引导出的结论却和文章完全没有关系，也是考验大家对于文章细节记忆能力的干扰项，最好的应对方法是阅读过程中多做标记定位，解题时适当参考就可以避免错位混淆。

4. 极端项

极端项其实是比较明显的错误干扰选项，常会使用一些代表主观判断的最高级词汇比如best/most/least，唯一性词汇比如only、alone或者比较级词汇比如better、worse等。这些选项表现出一种极端的不容否定的态度。看似很有道理其实却并正确。这类选项由于标志明显，所以熟悉套路以后反而很容易发现，考生也会主动去注意那些极端词汇，稍加留意就不会中招了。

5. 未提项

这种错误选项陷阱也比较常见，故意给出一些看似很有联系的新信息点，说得头头是道，考生如果因为文章篇幅较长没有阅读全文，就会以为自己没看仔细，其实这些所谓的信息都是一些根本没有出现在文章中完全和题目无关的未提及选项。这类选项同样很好辨认，看似涉及到了细节，但实际上并没有在文章中提到，大家面对阅读要学会根据文章所提内容进行选择，千万不要自己想当然，只要能做到这点，那么这种类型的干扰错误选项就无用武之地了。

6. 主观项

这种错误选项的制定思路是根据一些常识性的推断，引导考生做出的判断，其本身带有很强的主观性，而并不是客观的事实，如果考生不加注意就很容易被带歪思路。类似上文的未提项，这类主观项同样是建立在看似迎合实则错误引导考生思路的做法上的。大家在阅读过程中应学会以文章内容为主，不要想当然地去结合自己的经历经验进行联想。脚踏实地才能做好这类题目。

重视阅读错误选项才能避免受到影响

之所以要特别列出阅读中的错误选项，是因为这种选项对于考生阅读部分的正确率杀伤率极高。比起其它一目了然的数学或者填空题，GRE阅读要解题首先就要读文章，很多考生读完文章，特别是长篇文章后，本身思路已经有些混乱，再被这些干扰选项祸害一下，很容易就会出现连续错误。而许多考生对于GRE阅读存在的畏惧情绪和心理阴影，其实也往往是由错误选项导致的。

综上所述，GRE长篇阅读中的错误选项对于阅读能力欠缺考试时间又不太够的考生来说还是有很大杀伤力的，大家一定要对上文提到的这些常见错误干扰选项类型有所了解，才能在考试中顺利发现问题排除错误，提高鸡肋长篇阅读的得分。

GRE考试阅读理解模拟题及答案解析

Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop.

The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor.

The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air.

Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop.

As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.

It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. (126 words)

1. According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction in a heat pump is to

(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point

(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor

(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point

(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders.

It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one‘s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.

The recent popular psychohistory, committed to Freudian psychoanalysis, takes a radically different approach.

This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.

Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history.

It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians.

Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of the truth.

2. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?

(A) The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.

(D) The psychological assessment of an individual‘s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.

3. The author of the passage puts the word “deepest” in quotation marks most probably in order to

(A) question the usefulness of psychohistorians‘ insights into traditional historical scholarship

(B) draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians‘ method

(D) disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians‘ claims from her opinion of their method

(E) signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians‘ claims for their work

Eight percent of the Earth‘s crust is aluminum, and there are hundreds of aluminum-bearing minerals and vast quantities of the rocks that contain them.

The best aluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminum is present as hydrated oxides.

Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum.

Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum.

Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process.

The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them. (153 words)

4. The author implies that a mineral must either be or readily supply which of the following in order to be classified as an aluminum ore?

(A) An aggregate

(B) Bauxite

(D) Corundum

(E) An aluminum silicate

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

5. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions regarding aluminous minerals

□A Are aluminum-bearing nonbauxite minerals plentiful?

□B Do the aluminous minerals found in bauxite contain hydrated oxides?

□C Are aluminous hydrated oxides found in rocks?

6. The author implies that corundum would be used to produce aluminum if

(A) corundum could be found that is not contaminated by silicates

(B) the production of alumina could be eliminated as an intermediate step in manufacturing aluminum

(D) new technologies were to make it possible to convert corundum to a silicate

(E) manufacturers were to realize that the world‘s supply of bauxite is not unlimited

Tillie Olsen‘s fiction and essays have been widely and rightly acknowledged, particularly by contemporary feminists, as major contributions to American literature.

Yet few of Olsen‘s readers realize the extent to which her vision and choice of subject are rooted in an earlier literary heritage—the tradition of radical political thought, mostly socialist and anarchist, of the 1910‘s and 1920‘s, and the Old Left tradition of the 1930‘s.

I do not mean that one can adequately explain the eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or that left-wing politics were the single most important influence on it.

My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives — owes much to that earlier literary heritage. (126 words)

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

7. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true of the heritage mentioned in the passage?

□A It emphasizes gender as the determinate influence on people‘s lives.

□B It includes political traditions that span three decades of the twentieth century.

□C It has been the most important influence on Olsen‘s work.

8. Select the sentence in which the author denies possible interpretations of an earlier assertion.

Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop.

热泵使液态制冷剂在一个闭环中循环的过程中，制冷剂从液态到气态不停交替。

The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor.

低温低压蒸汽状态的制冷剂经过电机驱动进入一个压缩机。

The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air.

经过压缩机制冷剂变热变稠，进入一个叫做冷凝器的热交换器，把热量从制冷剂传导至一股空气。

Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop.

现在制冷剂变成高压冷却的液体，经过限流使压力下降。

As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.

随着压力下降，制冷剂扩张部分气化，进一步降温。

It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. (126 words)

然后制冷剂经过第二个热交换器，蒸馏器，它把热量从空气传导给制冷剂，使第二股空气降温。

1. According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction in a heat pump is to

(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point

(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor

(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point

(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed

选C

见句 4、5 。

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders.

按传统来说，历史研究的领域都已固定，侧重于时期，国家，大事件和重要领导人。

也有了清晰明确的关于治学程序的概念：如何提出一个历史问题，如何呈现和证明某个结论，证据如何取舍。

The recent popular psychohistory, committed to Freudian psychoanalysis, takes a radically different approach.

最近流行的心理历史学，致力于弗洛伊德精神分析，采取了一种本质上不同的方式。

This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.

这不是历史学者惯常理解的方式。

心理历史学不从历史中寻找 “事实” ，(比如)对历史事件及其影响的详实完备的记录，而来自对创造历史的的个人的精神分析，不从他们一生中的具体事件推导观点，而来自超越历史的人性观。

It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians.

它违背历史学证据的基本标准：证据必须对所有的历史学者公开，进而被所有学者检验。

心理历史学家们都相信自己观点的绝对正确，相信他们的观点是对任何事件的“最深刻”的解释而其他人的解释都不是真相。

2. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?

(A) The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.

(D) The psychological assessment of an individual‘s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.

选A

BCDE 都有文段中不曾出现的新信息。

3. The author of the passage puts the word “deepest” in quotation marks most probably in order to

(A) question the usefulness of psychohistorians‘ insights into traditional historical scholarship

(B) draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians‘ method

(D) disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians‘ claims from her opinion of their method

(E) signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians‘ claims for their work

选E

再看一遍句 7 。

都觉得自己对，别人都不行，显然是一种自以为是的态度，“deepest” 加引号是作者表达自己对这种态度的保留，所以选E。

Eight percent of the Earth‘s crust is aluminum, and there are hundreds of aluminum-bearing minerals and vast quantities of the rocks that contain them.

地壳的8%是铝，有超过百种含铝的矿物以及大量含铝的矿石。

The best aluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminum is present as hydrated oxides.

最好的铝矿石是铝土矿，这是一种纯度不一的含铝矿石，铝以水合氧化物的形式存在。

Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum.

大量出现的铝矿石中以铝土矿含量最高，而且它可以产出三氧化二铝，是制取铝的中间产物。

Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum.

三氧化二铝也天然地存在于刚玉中，但这种矿物并未发现大量的高纯度蕴藏，因此不是符合实际的制铝资源。

Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process.

很多非铝土矿的含铝矿物大部分是硅酸盐，和所有的硅酸盐一样，它们耐高温，难以分解，极难加工。

The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them. (153 words)

因此含铝硅酸盐通常不适合作为铝土矿的替代方案，因为要从中提取铝需要多消耗相当数量的能源。

4. The author implies that a mineral must either be or readily supply which of the following in order to be classified as an aluminum ore?

(A) An aggregate

(B) Bauxite

(D) Corundum

(E) An aluminum silicate

选C

难点在于审题，作者认为一种矿物质必须是 ___ 或者提供 ___ 才能被称为铝矿石，句 2 说到水合氧化物，句 3、4 出现了三氧化二铝，综合来看选 C，只有包含三氧化二铝的矿石，才被称为铝矿石。

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

5. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions regarding aluminous minerals

□A Are aluminum-bearing nonbauxite minerals plentiful?

□B Do the aluminous minerals found in bauxite contain hydrated oxides?

□C Are aluminous hydrated oxides found in rocks?

选ABC

A 见句 5 。Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals …

B/C 见句 2 。

6. The author implies that corundum would be used to produce aluminum if

(A) corundum could be found that is not contaminated by silicates

(B) the production of alumina could be eliminated as an intermediate step in manufacturing aluminum

(D) new technologies were to make it possible to convert corundum to a silicate

(E) manufacturers were to realize that the world‘s supply of bauxite is not unlimited

选C

见句 5

Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum.

如果这个不利条件改变，则刚玉也可以作为生产铝的一种理想的原料矿石，所以选C。

Tillie Olsen‘s fiction and essays have been widely and rightly acknowledged, particularly by contemporary feminists, as major contributions to American literature.

T 的小说和随笔广为流传也受到公正的评价，特别是被同时代的女权主义者视为美国文学的主要贡献。

Yet few of Olsen‘s readers realize the extent to which her vision and choice of subject are rooted in an earlier literary heritage — the tradition of radical political thought, mostly socialist and anarchist, of the 1910‘s and 1920‘s, and the Old Left tradition of the 1930‘s.

然而没有几个读者意识到她的视野和主题选择来源于一种更早的文学传统 —— 1910 和 1920 年代的那种激进的政治观念，主要是社会主义者和无政府主义者的传统，以及1930年代的老式左派传统。

I do not mean that one can adequately explain the eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or that left-wing politics were the single most important influence on it.

我不认为从政治起源的角度可以充分解读她作品的雄辩，也不认为左翼观点对其作品的影响最大。

My point is that its central consciousness — its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives — owes much to that earlier literary heritage. (126 words)

我的观点是它的核心意识 —— 它对于阶级和性别影响塑造人物命运的深刻理解 —— 相当程度上源于她早期的文学师承。

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

7. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true of the heritage mentioned in the passage?

□A It emphasizes gender as the determinate influence on people‘s lives.

□B It includes political traditions that span three decades of the twentieth century.

□C It has been the most important influence on Olsen‘s work.

选AC

好题，首先注意选 NOT true 项。

A 争议大。

有的同学认为 A 是 true 的，让我们回到句 4 ——

My point is that its central consciousness — its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives — owes much to that earlier literaryheritage.

作者的看法的主干是 “核心意识归因于继承” ，也就是说是 T 小说有某种看法，而这种看法受 heritage 的影响，但不能推出 heritage 有着这样的看法。

举个类比的例子，我因为看到城管粗暴执法的视频受到影响，同情小贩，这不代表城管同情小贩(虽然某些城管内心也许也有同情)。

B true ，所以不选。

C 见句 3 。

8. Select the sentence in which the author denies possible interpretations of an earlier assertion.

句 3

“I do not mean that one can adequately explain the eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or that left-wing politics were the single most important influence on it.”

篇2：GRE考试长篇阅读错误干扰项如何找

GRE考试长篇阅读错误干扰项如何找

GRE long reading中有几种类型的错误干扰选项：

一。部分项目

这种选择比较隐蔽，其表现形式往往是内容本身是正确的，而不是文章的主线。考生很容易混淆正确的选择，选择它。与未提及的项目不同，这类选项在文章中有所涉及，因此更具欺骗性。考生需要先把自己提出的问题弄清楚，才能避免被部分项目分散注意力。

2。反义词

有的题目比较长，加上一些否定和双重否定，考生容易理解错误，而一些专门设置的反义词，往往是等考生迷茫后才投网的。这些选项的特点是与其他选项的含义相反。乍一看很明显，但不是正确的答案。编辑建议大家仔细阅读问题，弄清反义词和否定词的关系，然后解决问题。

三。放错地方的物品

也有一些错误的选择，主题和装饰，或是不相关的内容放在一起，看似有点关系，但其实都是错位的选择，很容易影响考生的判断。这种选择也有很强的干扰。也许有些选择已经选择了文章的内容，但之后得出的结论与文章无关。gre考试介绍,gre考试培训它也是一个干扰项，测试每个人记住文章细节的能力。最好的办法是在阅读过程中多做标记和定位，解决问题时适当参考，可以避免错位和混乱。

四。极端项目

实际上，极值项是一个明显的误差干扰选项。一些代表主观判断的顶级词汇，如best/most/least、unique词汇，如only、alone或comparative词汇，如better、word等，经常被使用。这些选择显示了一种极端和不可否认的态度。这似乎是合理的，但不是。由于这些选项的明显迹象，当您熟悉这些程序时很容易发现。考生也会主动注意那些偏激的词语，稍有注意就不会得逞。

5个。未提及

这种错误的选择陷阱也很常见。它故意给出一些似乎非常相关的新信息点，这是非常清楚的。如果考生因为文章篇幅太长而没有阅读全文，他们会认为没有仔细阅读。事实上，这些所谓的信息并没有在文章中提及，这与话题一点关系都没有。这种选择也很容易被人认出来，似乎涉及到细节，但实际上在文章中并没有提到。阅读时，要学会根据文章中提到的内容进行选择。不要想当然。只要你能做到这一点，这种干扰错误的选择将是无用的。

6. 主观项

这种错误选项的制定思路是根据一些常识性的推断，引导考生做出的判断，其本身带有很强的主观性，而并不是客观的事实，如果考生不加注意就很容易被带歪思路。类似上文的未提项，gre考试介绍,gre考试培训这类主观项同样是建立在看似迎合实则错误引导考生思路的做法上的。大家在阅读过程中应学会以文章内容为主，不要想当然地去结合自己的经历经验进行联想。脚踏实地才能做好这类题目。

重视阅读错误选项才能避免受到影响

GRE考试阅读选项的规律

1. 正确选项：

(1)同义变换。即将原文中的某一句话用另一种说法表达，也就是英文中的paraphrase。如将文章中的“many wind-pollinated species fail to release pollen when wind speeds are low or when humid conditions prevail.”换成选项中的“Pollen is sometimes not released by plants when there is little wind”。

其中包括三种类型：变换同义词，变换句型，变化同根词的词性。以下分别论述，请注意表格中的斜体字。

2.错误选项：

对于GRE阅读文章中更大量的错误选项，也形成了一套固定的规则。以下笔者就用实例来说明错误选项编制的规则：

(1)混偏反无。

1)混: 此类选项的错误可以形象地概括为：“张冠李戴”。如下例：

文章：“...unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses”

题目：The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to

(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm

(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses (本题问大公司如果没有使投标转化为订单将引起什么结果。而这恰恰是小公司的特点。)

(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors

(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts

2)偏：意即选项中所包含的逻辑范畴与原文不符。包括”以偏概全“ 以及”以全概偏”。请看下文：

Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine’s development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970’s.

题目：The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) comparing the works of three Black American authors

(B) describing common themes in Black American literature

(D) providing insights about Black American literature in the early twentieth century

(E) providing historical information about the writing of Black American novels in the second half the twentieth century

分析：此文描述并评价了美国黑人文学史上一部优秀的著作。而其中的D，E选项中的“Black American literature”以及“the writing of Black American novels”无疑扩大了原文的逻辑涵盖的范围，即属于“以全概偏”。于是不予选择。

3)反：即选项中的内容与文章内容相反。

文章：“....Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a black community......”

题目：

According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they

(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives

(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century

(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture

(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women

分析：从文章中得知：“马歇尔已经摆脱了抗议小说所一贯描绘的受压迫并且带有悲剧色彩的女主人公形象”。但是B选项却说道：“马歇尔深深地受到二十世纪早期抗议小说的影响”，明显与原文意思相反。

再如：

It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being

(A) completely different from novels written before 1959

(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century

(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today

(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s

分析：C选项“与之前的抗议小说类似” 与原文意思相反。而B选项的“深受二十世纪早期小说的影响”从文章无法推测出。

4)无：即提到文章中未涉及的内容。由于此种选项编制容易，并且一厢情愿地认为此种迷惑手段非常高明。因此，此类错误选项在GRE阅读的错误选项中数量众多。请各位考生紧记：凡基于文章内容无法推测出的选项必然错误。

还是上文：

题目：

According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they

(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives

(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century

(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture

(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women

分析：从文章中得知：“马歇尔与另外两位的的共同点在于他们都把小说聚焦于一位普通的黑人女性对自己身份的追求，当然故事是以一个黑人社会为背景”。其中的A选项“未研究百人文化对角色生活所带来的影响”文章从未涉及。

再如：

It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being

(A) completely different from novels written before 1959

(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century

(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today

(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s

分析：D选项“二十世纪50年代末期重要，但是今天过时了”文章从未涉及。

(3) 含有强调性语言(最高级、唯一性和比较级)的选项

会随意地在选项中加入一些极端语言来编制错误选项。集中表现为含有最高级，唯一性以及比较级的词汇。换句话说，含有这三类词汇的选项错误的几率很高。具体说：

1)最高级词汇：best , the most important, the least useful, uttermost, foremost, uppermost, always ,never, often, usually，primarily，primary，exact(ly)，complete(ly) . entire(ly) absolute(ly) extremely, unmitigated . unrestrained . unchecked. first等

2)唯一性词汇：only, alone, exclusively, sole(ly), unique(ly)

3)比较级词汇：more useful than, less beneficial than, better , worse than ，as ..as, the same with, similar to 等等。

还是以上两例：

According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they

(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives

(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century

(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture

(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women

分析：此处的D选项和E选项中的“primarily”以及“exclusively”都属于比较极端的词汇。

It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being

(A) completely different from novels written before 1959

(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century

(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today

(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s

分析：此处的A选项中的“completely” 也属于比较极端的词汇。

(4) 违反“论据集中”原则：

即此类选项试图使用非定位处的信息回答问题。此类选项极具迷惑性，因为这些错误的选项在文章中确实被提及过，可是由于与问题回答无关因此不予选择。

请看下例：

“No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the(E) mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by(B) temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a (D)back-coupling, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.

On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offs or changes in direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the (C)Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. ”

【题】The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in order to

(A)illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle

(B)show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents

(C)demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

(D)describe the complicated motions made possible by back coupling

(E)account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges

分析：此题为一道举例作用题。其定位为文章中加粗和划线的句子。但是这四个错误的选项都无一例外地通过利用其它的句子编制而成，即出题机构分别使用文章中标号为 A，B，C和D的内容编制出四个错误的选项。因此，不予选择。考生切忌因为文章别的地方曾经出现过类似的内容而犹豫不决。

GRE阅读如何找到重点信息

1.一句话只看一遍，充分利用自己的语法知识，时刻把握句子主干，修饰成分要毫无感觉得快速浏览(这里的“毫无感觉”不是略读，而是不希望过多的修饰成分或插入成分影响对句子主干的理解，这四个字需要自己体会)。

2.做标记除了大写字母、时间年代、最高级、转折标志词、因果标志词、列举、让步、强对比以外，还要标记出并列连接词(如and)、分号、冒号、表示作者态度的词(这个比较难，需要自己体会收集)。做标记的小窍门：标记符号不要只用一种(如下划线)，也不要过多，个人感觉最多三种(如括号、圆圈、下划线)，分别标记原因、转折和其他，不过自己只用下划线和括号。

3.一定要取舍。标准是：

a)让步分句(如：带although的分句、带it is true的分句、带do的分句等)一律跳过(但是用括号括起来)，只看后半个分句;

b)such as后的内容一律跳过，也用括号括起来，不过我会数数列举的个数，如果是4个，则必出题，其他个数不用管，出题了再回头看;

c)for example举例只要提炼关键词的首字母就可以了，也要括起来，重点看后面或前面的结论。

d)原因——标志词常为BECause、since——一律跳过，括起来，只看结果。比较容易被忽略的是result in和result from，遇到这两个，我在下面划横线做标记。

e)老观点只把握关键词、知道讲的是什么就行，其他一律跳过。

f)冒号后一律跳过，冒号下做标记。

g)分号后一律跳过，因为表示并列，内容和前面大体一致，分号做标记，出题的话再回来看。

现在的标准是：上面这些全看，因为速度上来了，但看这些内容时仍然是“毫无感觉”地看，可以不用担心它们会分散注意力了。

当这些内容都做标记后，文章结构就非常清楚了，哪儿是举例、哪儿是结论、哪儿是原因、哪儿是转折一目了然，定位非常容易。

4. (本来想把这条放在第一位的)我的提高阅读速度的不二法门：反复阅读已经读过的文章，5遍左右吧!慢慢地就会产生一种直觉，知道哪里略读哪里重读。

篇3：gre考试阅读错误选项怎么排除

gre考试阅读错误选项怎么排除

gre阅读错误选项类型介绍

gre考试 long reading中有几种类型的错误干扰选项：

一。部分项目

2。反义词

有的gre阅读考试题目比较长，加上一些否定和双重否定，考生容易理解错误，而一些专门设置的反义词，往往是等考生迷茫后才投网的。这些选项的特点是与其他选项的含义相反。乍一看很明显，但不是正确的答案。编辑建议大家仔细阅读问题，弄清反义词和否定词的关系，然后解决问题。

三。放错地方的物品

四。极端项目

5个。未提及

6. 主观项

重视阅读错误选项才能避免受到影响

GRE阅读分数的影响因素

一、专业向阅读是软肋

有些同学做GRE阅读比较糟糕，原因是如果篇长阅读是社科类的，更准确地说是艺术类的。根据一般的经验，中国考生最害怕的就是社科类的长阅读。这种阅读再加几个生词，绝对能要你命。花了很多时间好好读了，结果还是不知所云，7题全蒙的。考完问了一下别人，情况也都差不多。

二、造成这种状况的原因

造成这种现象的原因，对于我来说，就是对美国文化了解太少。像这次那篇BT长阅读，说的好像是什么impressionist(印象派)和modernist(现实主义)的东东。由于对这方面毫无了解，所以读这篇文章毫无感觉。平心而论，哪怕再给我十分钟我也读不懂，所以我后来也索性放弃跨区了。

我不是要大家去补习美国文化的知识，这工程量太大，尤其对10月考试的同学。网上都说平时要多看什么economist什么的，试问有几个人会真正为了GRE去看?

三、给出的一些建议

我的建议就是，大家可以抽一点时间，利用相关资源(比如wikipedia)，多去了解一下GRE社科类阅读爱考的知识。凭我粗粗做完所有阅读备考资料的印象，GRE社科类阅读非常喜欢考黑人文学Black literature，黑人音乐Black music(尤其是Jazz)，妇女(包括妇女地位的改变，妇女文学)，艺术类包括impressionist、modernist等。另外务必多留意一下上述知识的代表人物!比如Ragtime就是Jazz的代表人物及一种风格。并不是要求大家知道这个人物做了什么，只需要混个眼熟，考试的时候万一碰到一大串人名，能对其中一两个有点眼熟，能大概猜测出来是关于什么的就行!

GRE阅读：提升方法

新旧观点型首先提出过去传统大家都接受的观点，然后出现表示转折或让步的词汇，这些观点是旧观点，最后经过一番论证证伪旧观点，抛出新观点。

现象解释型首先给出一种自然或社会现象，通常很古怪，接着对现象进行解释，解释手段有引用理论、实验验证、举例证明、分层说明以及过程描述等。最后还可能有对解释理论的态度，态度的类型分为支持、反对、无态度(客观公正)以及无明确态度，如果文中解决了问题，可以将之认为作者持正面态度。

结论解释型首先是判断句，然后做出转折。写作方法有：

(a)首句正/负评价，后面的相反评价是结论。

(b)判断句后加情境背景。

问题解决型首先出现设问句，接着给出解决方法。写作方法有：

(a)若有多种解决方案，注意新老解决方案的区别。

(b)写出解决的原则和手段。

(c)用试验证明解决。

(d)引用原理解决。

掌握了GRE阅读的套路，接下来就是如何提升其阅读速度问题，阅读习惯的培养相当重要，阅读过程中绝对不可以出声朗读，也不可以不出声在脑子里面朗读，因为眼睛拍摄文字把它传向大脑的速度远远大于嘴巴逐字逐句念给大脑的速度，人的大脑可以直接用字形图像来理解含义，而用字音再理解反而会多一道程序。也不能单单对一个词进行死抠，要知道阅读考的是句子和文章。

具体有四个训练项目：一是意群训练，即以几个相邻的词为阅读对象。二是不回视训练，保证第一遍阅读时的高度注意力，避免回视。三是合理化训练，根据文章上下文进行逻辑推理。四是速度与理解力的平衡点训练，首先找出自己的速度与理解力的平衡点，然后在阅读中根据所读内容的难度和重要程度，调整自己的现场阅读速度。

GRE阅读：云和气候

As of the late 1980’s, neither theorists nor large-scale computer climate models could accurately predict whether cloud systems would help or hurt a warming globe. Some studies suggested that a four percent increase in stratocumulus clouds over the ocean could compensate for a doubling in atmospheric carbon dioxide, preventing a potentially disastrous planetwide temperature increase. On the other hand, an increase in cirrus clouds could increase global warming.

That clouds represented the weakest element in climate models was illustrated by a study of fourteen such models. Comparing climate forecasts for a world with double the current amount of carbon dioxide, researchers found that the models agreed quite well if clouds were not included. But when clouds were incorporated, a wide range of forecasts was produced. With such discrepancies plaguing the models, scientists could not easily predict how quickly the world’s climate would change, nor could they tell which regions would face dustier droughts or deadlier monsoons.

15.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(A) confirming a theory

(B) supporting a statement

(D) predicting future discoveries

(E) reconciling discrepant findings

15.2. It can be inferred that one reason the fourteen models described in the passage failed to agree was that

(A) they failed to incorporate the most up-to-date information about the effect of clouds on climate

(B) they were based on faulty information about factors other than clouds that affect climate

(D) their originators disagreed about the kinds of forecasts the models should provide

(E) their originators disagreed about the factors other than clouds that should be included in the models

15.3. It can be inferred that the primary purpose of the models included in the study discussed in the second paragraph of the passage was to

(A) predict future changes in the world’s climate

(B) predict the effects of cloud systems on the world’s climate

(D) assess the percentage of the Earth’s surface covered by cloud systems

(E) estimate by how much the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere will increase

15.4. The information in the passage suggests that scientists would have to answer which of the following questions in order to predict the effect of clouds on the warming of the globe?

(A) What kinds of cloud systems will form over the Earth?

(B) How can cloud systems be encouraged to form over the ocean?

(D) What proportion of cloud systems are currently composed of cirrus of clouds?

(E) What proportion of the clouds in the atmosphere form over land masses?

篇4：GRE阅读6种常见错误选项

GRE阅读6种常见错误选项形式类型讲解

GRE阅读中常见的的错误干扰选项主要有以下几类表现形式：

1. 偏离题目大意

2. 直接取反义干扰

3. 错误引导拼凑

4. 使用极端词汇

5. 脑补未提及内容

6. 带入常识判断

记住错误干扰选项特征快速解题

上文提到的这些GRE阅读中常见错误干扰选项，小编希望大家都能够有所了解。GRE阅读本身就是比较有难度又消耗时间的题型，考生如果能够结合本文内容提升阅读解题速度和正确率，那么对于提高GRE整体成绩将会有很大帮助。

新GRE阅读考试长难句实例解析

Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James,their presence does(15) encourage attempts to unify the novel's heterogeneous parts. (4+)

诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯(Henry James)的那种意识相比拟;然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都统一、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course.

难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词

解释：本句的结构固然复杂，但造成最大的阅读难度的，主要还是对一些抽象词的理解。正面是对一些关键词汇的解释：

Granted that出现在句首，其意思是大家都同意、当然，实际上是一种让步语气，等于admitted,of course.

Need not argue中的argue在此不是表示常用的那个辩论、争论的意思，而是表示意味着或证实的意思，其同义词是maintain或prove.

Camparable的词义有两个，除了读者熟悉的that can be compared之外，还有一个意思是worthy of comparison，其同义词是as good as.本文中用的是后面的那个意思，对于这个词义的理解，后面的第18题考到了。

意群训练：Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does(15) encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts.

gre阅读长难句的并不是一天两天就能解决的，需要考生的坚持和日常的积累。

新GRE阅读考试长难句实例解析

1. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. (4)

采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。

难句类型：复杂修饰、易混指代

解释：主语后的修饰成分同样隔开了主语和谓语，但本句的难度主要在because从句中。按照一般的习惯，作为从句主语的it应该指主句的主语，但本句的主句是一个比较结构，A should be faster than B because it…，此处it也可以指B.但是因为这种指代不符合和我们以前所形成的习惯，所以阅读现场不得不边读边根据句意来判断，这就增加了阅读理解的难度。现场阅读时，类似antiserums的这种专有名词不必理会，仅需从词头anti推出这是一个反p荷尔蒙的东西即可。

意群训练：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.

2. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.(3+)

然而，研究P时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。

难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、修辞

解释：句末的由how引导的名词性从句中包括了双重的倒装，正常的语序本来是：If they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes.本句中由于arrange的方式被提前，就造成了arrange的动作执行者也要提前，前面的if they had been 则必须后置;这样一来又造成了if被省略，成为had they been的倒装结构。

另外，作者为了表达其对于这些研究者的模型的负态度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虚拟语气，并使用了fanciful这个词以表示这些研究的不负责任、异想天开的幼童心理。

意群训练：Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.

新GRE阅读考试长难句实例解析

1. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.(3+)

然而，研究P时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。

难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、修辞

2. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. (4)

难句类型：复杂修饰、易混指代

尽管新gre单词量减少，取消了“类反”但是难度并没有减少，这更要求考生在新gre阅读考试中增强逻辑推理能力。虽然逻辑推理能力的考察对我们国内考生来说有点难度，只要保持好心态就能更好地去理解长难句在gre阅读考试句子类型型。

篇5：如何做好GRE长篇阅读

如何做好GRE长篇阅读?名师为你揭秘

1、读原文

GRE阅读的基本做题方法，就是先读原文再看题目，看过题目后再根据题目定位回原文，所以读原文是做一篇阅读的第一步。有些读者已经养成了先读题目再看原文的阅读习惯，其实，做题的顺序要因阅读特点和出题方式而异，GRE阅读题目的出题顺序和原文几乎没有任何联系，也就是说第一道题可能考了原文的末尾，而最后一道题可能考的是原文的开始，故先读题目再读原文对做题没有任何帮助，反而有可能扰乱读者理解原文内在的逻辑结构。

2、读原文的同时对重点、考点做标记

做标记是指在读文章的时候用简单的符号记录所读重点内容，这应该和读文章同步进行，标记可以轻轻做在试卷边缘，也可以另外写在草稿纸上。所标记的主要目的是为了读完选项之后能快速、准确的定位，这个步骤要求读者熟悉常考考点，对应做标记的内容烂熟于胸，这样才能不费时间的给自己下一步的定位作准标记。

3、读题干、选项

读题干的过程也是个找题干特征的过程，看看题干所述和自己所做标记的内容有没有联系，如果有，则可以直接定位，故定位最主要的基础是题干与标记之间的联系。有时候题干可能没有可以捕捉的特征，这时读者不妨从选项下手，选项中也时常会有明显的特征反映出它与原文中的重点内容之间的相关性。

4、定位

定位指的是确定考题针对原文中什么位置的内容发问，通常通过题干和选项的特征词来找，判断了原文所述的位置之后，就可以找原文和答案之间的对应关系了，绝大多数题目都可以通过找题干和选项的特征词准确的定位到原文某处。

5、(排除干扰选项后)按文字对应原则选答案

GRE考试的备选答案都是五个，通常很少有考题能让读者非常直接的判断出正确答案，总有1-2个迷惑性比较大的选项，所以，考生不妨先竖读各选相，排除一些明显错误的选项，然后再对剩下的进行细致的比较，通过原文和选项之间的文字对应关系，进行选择。

GRE阅读备考训练

Dogs, unlike people, are capable of pure love—at least according to Freud.

与人类不同，狗对主人的情感是纯洁无瑕的——至少弗洛伊德是这么说的。

As ever more Americans live alone, unconditional affection is in demand.

随着美国独居人数的增多，这种无条件的爱更是广受欢迎。

Pet ownership has risen for decades.

数十年来，越来越多的人开始饲养宠物。

More than a third of homes have at least one dog, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association.

根据美国兽医协会的调查，超过三分之一的家庭养了至少一只宠物狗。

But the popularity of four-legged friends has an icky cost: dogs squeeze out more than twice the waste of the average person, or around 275 pounds a year.

但四条腿朋友的盛行代价也是恼人的：狗年均排泄量比人均两倍还要多，大概一年在275磅左右。

With over 83m pooches roaming the country, that is a lot of poop.

超过8300万流浪狗游走在城市之间，这可是个不小的“粪”量。

Around 60% of the stuff gets scooped and trucked to landfills, where it releases methane, a GREenhouse gas.

约60%的粪便会被挖走并运到释放温室气体甲烷的沼气填埋池。

The rest delivers surprises to pedestrians and can contaminate waterways, as carnivorous diets create pathogen-rich waste.

剩余的便便在惊到路人的同时还会污染河流，因为这种肉食性的饮食会制造出大量携带病菌的排泄物。

The problem is particularly bad in cities, where green spaces are few and lonely souls seeking puppy love plentiful.

这个问题在城市里极其严重，因为绿化少，而寻求宠物情感关爱的孤独身影却尤为多。

New York boasts over 600,000 hounds—one for every 14 people—generating over 100,000tons of turd a year.

纽约市以拥有逾60万只宠物狗而自豪——平均每14个人就会饲养1只——它们一年将会制造10万多吨排泄物。

Some of it smudges unlucky stilettoes, but most is dutifully tossed into rubbish bins and hauled to landfills, at a cost of over $100 per ton.

一部分会弄脏不走运的穿高跟鞋的女士，而大部分则会被负责地扔进垃圾箱，运到沼气填埋池——大概1吨会花费一百多美元。

This is a missed opportunity, says Ron Gonen, the city's former recycling tsar.

“这简直就是错失良机。”前城市“回收沙皇”罗恩·戈南说道。

Now in the private sector, he is trying to launch “Sparky Power”, a programme to transform dog waste into clean energy in the city's dog parks.

如今，在私营企业的他正准备启动一项名为“生机能源”的项目，该项目旨在将城市宠物公园的粪便转化成清洁能源。

The idea is to fit parks with small anaerobic digesters.

这个想法的初衷是在公园里安装小型厌氧化粪器。

Dog owners would place their mongrels' mounds into the machine, which then converts poo togas for powering lamps and other park equipment.

宠物主人把小狗们的粪便放入化粪器，该设备随即将粪便转化成气体燃料，用于为路灯和其他公园设备供电。

A year-long pilot would introduce digesters in three parks at a cost of around $100m.

一个为期一年的试点项目将花费近1亿美元将化粪器投入到三个公园中使用。

The parks department is pondering the proposal.

公园部门正在考虑此项提议。

Similar schemes in other cities have proved short-lived.

类似的方案在其他城市昙花一现。

An underground Energy Transformation Using Reactive Digestion (E-TURD) device created by Arizona State University students for a dog park in Gilbert, Arizona, in 2012 ultimately failed.

亚利桑那州立大学的一名学生为吉尔伯特镇的宠物公园设计了一套名为E-TURD的地下能源转换设备，该设备通过化学消化来实现能源转化。然而该项目最终于2012宣布失败。

“It's great to turn it into a bio fuel, but first you gotta pick it up,” says Tom Boyd, an entrepreneur in Tennessee.

“把粪便转化成生物燃料的点子真是太棒了，但是首先你得把它们捡起来。”一个田纳西州的企业家汤姆·博伊德说道。

His company, Poo Prints, shames the owners of dogs who fail to clean up their messes by testing DNA in uncollected coils.

他的公司“便便印记”通过检验便便DNA来让那些不清理宠物散落的粪便的狗主人无地自容。

There are enough offenders to secure a new customer every two hours, he says.

他说，“罪犯”过多，以至于每两小时就能为他们带来一名新客户。

Most are landlords of smart apartment complexes, but in September the company launches its first district-wide programme—in the London borough of Barking and Dagenham, naturally.

顾客大多数都是高档住宅小区的老板，九月，该公司将开启首次跨国项目——地点当然是在伦敦的巴金达格南区。

GRE阅读备考训练

ONE of Indonesia’s newest brands of beer, Prost, traces its ancestry back to 1948 when Chandra Djojonegoro, a businessman, started selling a “health tonic”, known as Anggur Orang Tua, from the back of a bright-blue lorry at night markets in the coastal city of Semarang.

Prost是印尼的最新啤酒品牌的之一，其源头可以追溯到1948年，在港口城市三宝垄的夜市上，一个名为Chandra Djojonegoro的商人在货车车斗里开始出售一种称为“Anggur Orang Tua”的“保健品”。

A troupe of dancing dwarves would pull in the punters, while Djojonegoro peddled shots of what was, in essence, a fortified herbal wine to fishermen.

一群跳舞的侏儒会拦住船夫们，让Djojonegoro将这些强化版草药酒兜售给渔夫们。

It kept them warm during the chilly nights in the Java Sea.

这种酒得以让他们在爪哇海的寒夜里保持温暖。

The tonic is still sold in bottles with distinctive labels depicting an old Chinese man with a thick white beard.

如今这种补酒仍然以瓶装出售，并且带有独特的标签——一个长着厚厚白胡子的中国老人。

The company that makes it now produces a vast range of consumer goods, and Prost beer is the latest addition to its range.

它的公司现在生产着多种多样的消费品，而Prost啤酒是最新产品。

It is made in a $50m brewery that opened in August 2015, filled with shiny stainless-steel machinery from Germany.

生产Prost的这个耗资5000万美元的啤酒厂于8月建成，里面是闪闪发亮的不锈钢德国机器。

Thomas Dosy, chief executive of the subsidiary that produces Prost, says that given Orang Tua’s history in the booze business it was natural for the company to move into Indonesia’s $1bn-a-year beer market.

生产Prost酒的子公司的首席执行官Thomas Dosy表示，从Orang Tua酒经营的历史看，进入印度尼西亚的年消费额十亿美元的啤酒市场是自然而然的事。

It will not be straightforward.

但这将不是一件简单的事情。

Conservative Muslim groups have become more assertive.

保守派穆斯林组织态度变得更加强硬。

Only months before the brewery opened, the government slapped a ban on the sale of beer at the small shops where most people buy their groceries.

在酿酒厂开工的短短数月前，政府颁布法令禁止在小商店里出售啤酒，而那里是大部分人购买日常用品的地方。

It led to a 13% slump in sales, according to Euromonitor, a research firm.

负责调查研究的欧睿公司称，这项禁令已经导致销售业绩下滑了13%。

The government minister who issued the decree has since been sacked, but his ban remains in place.

宣布这一禁令的政府官员已下台，但这项禁令依然存在。

And Muslim parties in parliament are still not satisfied.

而国会中的穆斯林政党仍不满意。

They are pushing legislation that would ban the production, distribution and consumption of all alcoholic beverages.

他们正在推进立法，要求禁止生产、分销和购买所有酒精饮料。

Drinkers could face two years in jail.

饮酒者可能会面临两年监禁。

The law is unlikely to pass.

这条法令不太可能会通过。

Muslim parties control less than one-third of the legislature’s seats.

因为穆斯林政党在立法机构仅占不到三分之一的席位。

The government is proposing a far more limited law aimed at curbing the production of toxic home-brews, known as oplosan, which are responsible for nearly all alcohol-related deaths in Indonesia.

政府正提出一个范围更有限的法案，其旨在遏制人们生产有毒的自酿酒，在印尼，几乎所有的酒精致死事件都与自酿酒有关。

Turning Indonesia dry would be seen by many people as an affront to the cultural diversity of the sprawling archipelago, which has large Buddhist, Christian and Hindu minorities, as well as many Muslims who are partial to a cool one.

在很多人看来，印尼禁酒是对这个群岛国家文化多样性的公然挑战，因为这里有佛教、__、少数印度教，同时还有很多得到偏爱的穆斯林教徒。

Brewers argue that alcohol is not an import from the decadent West, as the puritans often claim, but has been produced and consumed in Indonesia for at least 700 years.

酿酒商认为，酒不是像清教徒声称的堕落的西方的舶来品，它已经在印度尼西亚生产和消费了7以上。

“It is part of the culture of Indonesia,” says Michael Chin, chief executive of Multi Bintang, the country’s biggest brewer.

印尼最大的啤酒商星星啤酒公司的董事长Michael Chin说：“喝酒是印尼文化的一部分。”

Indonesians consume less than one litre of alcohol per head a year, belying Muslim groups’ claims that booze is creating a health crisis.

印尼每年人均喝不到一公升酒，与穆斯林团体声称的酒正在损害人们的健康不符。

Still, even without a national prohibition, Islamists will push for local bans—such as the one in force in Aceh since 2005 and adopted elsewhere.

但是，就算没有国家禁令，伊斯兰教徒们也会推动地方立法禁酒，就像那个从开始先在亚齐省生效，然后推广到各处的法令一样。

Beyond booze, the state-backed council of clerics, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) , has in recent years passed edicts condemning everything from homosexual partnerships to the wearing of Santa hats.

受政府支持的印度尼西亚伊斯兰学者理事会近年来还通过了一系列的法令谴责除酒以外的很多事情，从同性恋关系到戴圣诞帽都有涉及。

Although these have no legal force under Indonesia’s secular constitution, vigilantes have sometimes used the edicts to target revellers as well as religious and sexual minorities.

虽然这些法令在印度尼西亚的世俗宪法之下并没有法律效力，但是义警会时常利用这些法令去攻击一些喝酒狂欢的人、宗教少数群体和性少数群体。

Partly at the MUI's urging, parliament has passed sweeping anti-pornography laws, which some Indonesians see as a threat to artistic and cultural liberties.

一定程度上来说，正是在伊斯兰学者理事会的督促下，国会通过了大量的反色情法，这些法律被一些印度尼西亚人视为对艺术自由和文化自由的威胁。

Muslim groups are petitioning the courts to interpret the law in a way that would criminalise extramarital sex.

穆斯林团体还要求法院将婚外性行为按有罪处理。

They are also making more use of laws against blasphemy—notably in the trial against the governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, a Christian of Chinese descent.

他们还越来越多地利用反渎神的法律，尤其是在起诉雅加达省长钟万学一案中,钟万学是一名华裔__徒。

Still, for a country with the world’s largest Muslim population, Indonesia is remarkably permissive.

尽管如此，印度尼西亚作为全世界穆斯林人口最多的国家还是相当的宽容的。

Night spots in Jakarta, the capital, and tourist magnets such as the island of Bali have their raunchy sides.

在首都雅加达的夜总会或者巴厘岛这样的游客聚集地也有很多粗俗的方面。

In Semarang, Mr Dosy predicts steady growth in domestic sales of 8-9% per year, buoyed by a growing number of middle-class tipplers.

在三宝垄，Dosy先生预测国内销售受日益壮大的中产阶级贪杯客的影响，将以每年8%—9%的速度平稳增长。

Most Indonesians, proud of their tradition of tolerance, will be hoping that he is right.

许多印度尼西亚人对他们宽容的传统非常骄傲，也希望他是对的。

篇6：托福阅读各题型应对错误干扰选项高分建议

托福阅读各题型应对错误干扰选项高分建议分享

事实题

直接事实题中，有的选项重复文章中的信息，但并没有回答问题。这样的选项最容易迷惑考生。

建议：在做直接事实题时直接排除那些本身就矛盾的选项，同时千万不要因为某个选项内容在文章中出现过就选择该选项，一定要回答问题。

句子简化

有的选项内容和原文相符，但忽略了原文重要信息，这样的选项最容易误导考生。

建议：在做题时要仔细研读文章中所标识的句子，根据标点和关联词，把句子按照义群，拆分为几个部分，学会长句短读，迅速找出句子的主句，也就是主谓宾或者主系表。

修辞

修辞目的题中，选项中出现的是例子，即作者说了什么，但这种题考查的是作者为什么这样说。

建议：在做题时注意字眼definition, example, to illustrate, to explain, to criticize 等

推论类

推论类问题中，选项重复原文信息，也就是选项为原文直接清楚表述的内容，这样的选项也容易误导考生。

建议：注意在解答此类问题时，不仅要理解作者所写出的句子的字面意思，还必须搞清楚这些句子之间的逻辑性暗示。正确答案一定是从原文中已经给出的内容推论出来的。

主旨题

主旨题中，选项为细节信息或者是支持性论述，而非主要观点。

建议：在做此类题型时主要考察考生对文章主要观点及相对重要信息的理解和辨识能力，因此正确的答案综合了文章的各个观点，所以不会与文章中的任何一句话完全相符;欲选出正确答案考生需要在通篇文章中查找，并且在头脑中形成文章的一个整体框架结构，并且记清楚文章主要观点和其他重要信息。

托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导

【待插入句子】One example of such tropical abundance is found in Panama, which has 667 species of breeding birds一three times the number found in Alaska.

【待插入段落】 When we look at the way in which biodiversity (biological diversity) is distributed over the land surface of the planet, we find that it is far from even. The tropics contain many more species overall than an equivalent area at the higher latitudes. This seems to be true for many different groups of animals and plants. [■]

Why is it that higher latitudes have lower diversities than the tropics? [■] Perhaps it is simply a matter of land area. [■] The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes—a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth’s curved surface, since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes—and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect. [■] But an analysis of the data by biologist Klaus Rohde does not support this explanation. Although area may contribute to biodiversity, it is certainly not the whole story; otherwise, large landmasses would always be richer in species.

1.首先公布答案：1st square;

2.看到待插入句子中有one example…，这是个典型的论点+论据的结构! 给我们的是论据，那么前面一定要出现论点，这样才能和举例子对应起来。之后，看看举的是什么样的例子——这样的热带多样性被发现在Panama，有667个鸟类物种，是Alaska的三倍。

3.最后让我们来看一下待插入段落的各个句子：

P1:1st:当我们来看生物多样性(biodiversity)在地表分布的方式时，我们会发现这种分布(it)不是(far from)均匀的(even)。2nd:热带(tropics)比同样(equivalent)面积的高纬度(higher latitudes)地区包含了更多地物种。 3rd:这种现象对许多不同种类的动植物都是正确的。

P2: 1st: 为什么高纬度有(比热带)更低的多样性?

2nd: 可能只是陆地面积的缘故。(托福中经典的自问自答!)

3rd:热带(比高纬度区域)包含了更大的地表面积，有些生物地理学家把这种多样性的差异(differnece in diversity)当成是(regard...as)这种结果(this effect, 只带前半句的热带面积更大)的反射——面积的事实(a fact)在我们看地球曲面投影图的时候并不总是明显的，因为投影(this)会夸大(exaggerate)高纬度地区的陆地面积。(这一句也考到了句子简化题，注意”先大后小”的原则，破折号留到后面读)

4th: 但是KR的数据分析并不支持这个解释。

5th:尽管面积可能导致(contribute to…)生物多样性，它当然不是全部的理由(not the whole story);否则(otherwise),大的地表面积就应该总是有更丰富的物种。 (言外之意是并非如此。——考察常识)

看完之后就很清楚了，第一个段落讲现象，第二个段落讲原因。而待插入的句子说的是现象，所以放在第一段关于生物多样性的论点后面，perfect。

语法积累

far from… 跟上次课讲过的other than…一样，表示否定。

more…than…;lower…than…; larger…than… 识别比较关系。

regard…as… 被认为...

not the whole story 字面理解为“不是全部的故事”;常用的承上启下转移话题的短语。

词汇积累

diversity 多样性

distribute 分布

even平均的

equivalent 等价的

reflection 反映，反射

contribute to… 导致

otherwise 否则

托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导

(1)Between 1900 and 1920 nearly 7.5 million new urban dwellings were added to aturn-of-the-century total of 10 million. (2)In the 1920s another 5.7 million were occupied. (3)Thus by 1930 a majority of urban homes had been built within the past thirty years.

托福阅读长难句解析：

难点在于对地道表达和句间关系的理解。

第(1)句，从1900到1920，有7.5百万新住房被增入世纪之初(即1900年)的10百万总量住房中。

第(2)句，从1920-1929，另外的5.7百万新住房被居住。

第(3)句，因此，截止到1929，大多数的城市住房是在过去的30年(1900-1930)建的。为什么呢?因为7.5+5.7=13.2>10，已经超过1900前所有原住房数量了。即(7.5+5.7)/(7.5+5.7+10)>50%。

托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导

1. Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.

○ One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known as aestivation, during the hottest and driest times of year.

○ Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing their metabolic rate and body temperature.

○ The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimes involves a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature.

○ When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known as aestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape.

原句中，escape involves aestivation, 后面解释aestivation=dormancy(torpor) = reduce metabolic rate & body temperature; 最后加一个时间点during...

看四个选项，1st选项中one way对应原句的involve, 后面说明escape包含dormancy或aestivation，省略了定语从句which修饰dormancy，但整体跟原句相符;2nd选项without…不对;3rd选项中 escape=actions=aestivation把escape的范围缩小了; 4th选项中 suffer from不对，不是遭受，而是主动选择;此外，也未解释escape。

碰到这种同位语或插入语很多的情况，一定要以读懂为主，不要纠结生词!

2. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important and species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. ( 举例论证)

A. Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.

B. Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.

C. Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.

D. Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.

原句中，前面是论点后面是论据，学习合适的社会行为对群居物种很重要，举猴子的例子。

选项中，D选项猴子和其他群居动物需要学习behaviors，符合原句。 A选项only就错了，用论据代替了论点;B选项in order to前后反了，是因为要群居，所以才practice behaviors; C选项直接说some monkeys，跟A选项一样，用例子代替论点，而且说错了

复习完毕，进入到因果关系类：

先闭上眼睛，默默回顾下有哪些词可以表达因果关系的?

马上想到的必须是because, 之后应该就是for, since, as, with, 等连接词，表示原因。此外还有表示结果的so, hence, thus等;有一个比较容易被忽略但会在阅读中出现频率非常高的是：v-ing, 也就是结果状语。

除此之外，还有美国人民非常爱用的so…that… ;

除了直接的因果关系词之外，还有表示导致/归因于的词大家要非常关注!包括 be responsible for…, cause, lead to, give rise to…, contribute to…,result in等;以及表示explain的account for…。

一下子丢出这么些词可能有些无从下手，我们来看下具体的题目：

1. Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor.

O Photography did not replace other fine arts because people felt the image looked cheap in relation to the other arts.

O Photography was so cheap and readily available that it could be purchased by people who were too poor to purchase fine art.

O Photography not only spread quickly but also was a cheap art form and so became true successor of fine arts rather than its poor relation.

O Photography was not considered a true art because people could use it to create many images cheaply.

原句中，because表示因果，因为the medium非常prolific，后面in the sense that (在某种意义上因为)进一步补充prolific，prolific是因为produce cheaply;所以它被当成art的穷亲戚，而非继承者(rather...than...表对比)。

也就是说：因为medium便宜，所以多，所以不被当成fine art。

看选项，四个选项都有因果关系词，关键是把因和果匹配清楚;1st选项，说照片没有代替其他fine arts因为人们觉得图像看清来很便宜;结果对原因错，原因是照片真的便宜，不是看起来便宜。 2nd选项，so...that表示因果;照片太便宜以及太多，以至于买不起艺术品的人也能买;原因对，结果错，结果是不被当成艺术。 3rd选项，前面not only…but also表示并列，但spread quickly原句未提及;而且后面结果也说反了。 4th选项，照片不被当成true art因为它很便宜;虽然省略

最后，大家发现原句用的是medium，到选项却变成photography了，这个是个很好的paraphrase，用medium媒介这个词去替代photography。大家读文章的时候看到这种不太熟悉的词替换成相应的简单词去理解就好了。

2. Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.

○ Buying imported grain led to the Dutch demanding that other foodstuffs and consumer goods be imported.

○ Keeping the price of grain low was a primary goal of the Dutch at a time when they could not produce enough grain to provide for all their needs.

○ The demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods forced the Dutch to import grain and other products at a time when maintaining low prices was especially important.

○ Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer goods.

原句中，先不看插入的定语从句;进口谷物使价格变低，因此刺激(stimulated)个人对其他消费品的需求;定语从句里面说的是，谷物如果自己生产就会很贵。

简而言之，进口谷物使得对其他产品有需求。

选项中，1st选项，最后的other be imported信息不存在，原句只是说有需求，没有说更多进口需求;2nd选项， keeping price low是主要目标，因为他们不能产生足够多的谷物与原句不符(when表示原因);3rd选项，对其他消费品的需求forced荷兰人去进口谷物，谓语动词前后的关系说反了。4th选项，因为荷兰人进口便宜谷物，用一个inexpensive概括了插入语中的定语从句;后面说结果就是有钱买更多。

托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导

托福阅读长难句：But we need to be aware that when painters working in a naturalistic style make images that seem like untouched snapshots of actual objects, their skill can also render lifelike such fictions as a unicorn or a dragon.

托福阅读长难句难点：大量生词+倒装+抽象语义的对应

托福阅读长难句解析：首先扫清词汇问题：snapshots快抓照片，render导致…,使…呈现出…，fiction此处不能理解为“小说”，应结合语境取“虚构”之意，unicorn独角兽。最大难点在“render lifelike such fictions”这个倒装结构的处理，这是将宾语补足语lifelike提前，正常语序为“render such fictions lifelike”，即“使得这些虚构看起来栩栩如生”。(在1.7考试解析中也出现该考点)。

另外，注意整句话前后的转折对应上，“untouched snapshots of actual objects”与“lifelike such fictions as a unicorn or a dragon”是最大的对应，其中“actual objects(真实物体)”又与“fictions，unicorn，dragon(虚构，独角兽，龙)”对应。

托福阅读长难句翻译，“但是我们需要意识到：当致力于写实主义风格的画家画出似乎看起来未经过任何改动的快照一样的真实物体的绘画时，他们的(这种写实主义)技艺也能够使得这些类似独角兽和龙一样的虚构物体看起来栩栩如生。”

这里透露出作者对写实主义双刃剑效果的警惕，写实主义既可以如实反映真实世界，也可以将虚假世界描绘的以假乱真。