GRE阅读6种常见错误选项形式类型讲解

时间：2023-02-08 03:55:27 作者：黃色大門综合材料收藏本文下载本文

【导语】“黃色大門”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了7篇GRE阅读6种常见错误选项形式类型讲解，下面是小编为大家整理后的GRE阅读6种常见错误选项形式类型讲解，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

目录
第1篇：GRE阅读6种常见错误选项形式类型讲解第2篇：GRE阅读6种常见错误选项第3篇：GRE阅读出题的6种形式第4篇：gre考试阅读错误选项怎么排除第5篇：教你一眼看穿GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项第6篇：GRE阅读中的常见错误解析第7篇：GRE写作2个观点类常见错误实例讲解

篇1：GRE阅读6种常见错误选项形式类型讲解

GRE阅读6种常见错误选项形式类型讲解

GRE阅读中常见的的错误干扰选项主要有以下几类表现形式：

1. 偏离题目大意

这类选项比较隐蔽，其表现形式往往是内容本身是正确的，但说偏了没抓住重点，不是文章的主线。考生很容易跟正确选项混淆而选择它。不同于未提及项，这类选项在文中是有所涉及的，因此也更具有欺骗性，考生需要先明确题目所问问题才能避免被偏题项干扰思路。

2. 直接取反义干扰

有些题目本身比较长，加上一些否定和双重否定等，考生就容易理解错误，而特别设置的部分反义项，就往往会等着考生自己被绕晕了以后自投罗网。这些选项的特点是和其它选项的意思完全相反，乍看之下非常显眼，但实际上却并非正确答案。小编建议大家仔细读题，把反义否定等关系搞清楚再解答。

3. 错误引导拼凑

还有些错误选项，主题和修饰错位，或者把不相关的内容拼凑在一起，看似哪边都沾一点关系，其实本身却是错位选项，也很容易影响考生的判断。这种选项同样具有很强的干扰性，可能选项中部分选取了文章内容，但之后引导出的结论却和文章完全没有关系，也是考验大家对于文章细节记忆能力的干扰项，最好的应对方法是阅读过程中多做标记定位，解题时适当参考就可以避免错位混淆。

4. 使用极端词汇

极端项其实是比较明显的错误干扰选项，常会使用一些代表主观判断的最高级词汇比如best/most/least，唯一性词汇比如only、alone或者比较级词汇比如better、worse等。这些选项表现出一种极端的不容否定的态度。看似很有道理其实却并正确。这类选项由于标志明显，所以熟悉套路以后反而很容易发现，考生也会主动去注意那些极端词汇，稍加留意就不会中招了。

5. 脑补未提及内容

这种错误选项陷阱也比较常见，故意给出一些看似很有联系的新信息点，说得头头是道，考生如果因为文章篇幅较长没有阅读全文，就会以为自己没看仔细，其实这些所谓的信息都是一些根本没有出现在文章中完全和题目无关的未提及选项。这类选项同样很好辨认，看似涉及到了细节，但实际上并没有在文章中提到，大家面对阅读要学会根据文章所提内容进行选择，千万不要自己想当然，只要能做到这点，那么这种类型的干扰错误选项就无用武之地了。

6. 带入常识判断

这种错误选项的制定思路是根据一些常识性的推断，引导考生做出的判断，其本身带有很强的主观性，而并不是客观的事实，如果考生不加注意就很容易被带歪思路。类似上文的未提项，这类主观项同样是建立在看似迎合实则错误引导考生思路的做法上的。大家在阅读过程中应学会以文章内容为主，不要想当然地去结合自己的经历经验进行联想。脚踏实地才能做好这类题目。

记住错误干扰选项特征快速解题

之所以要特别列出阅读中的错误选项，是因为这种选项对于考生阅读部分的正确率杀伤率极高。比起其它一目了然的数学或者填空题，GRE阅读要解题首先就要读文章，很多考生读完文章，特别是长篇文章后，本身思路已经有些混乱，再被这些干扰选项祸害一下，很容易就会出现连续错误。而许多考生对于GRE阅读存在的畏惧情绪和心理阴影，其实也往往是由错误选项导致的。

上文提到的这些GRE阅读中常见错误干扰选项，小编希望大家都能够有所了解。GRE阅读本身就是比较有难度又消耗时间的题型，考生如果能够结合本文内容提升阅读解题速度和正确率，那么对于提高GRE整体成绩将会有很大帮助。

GRE阅读题目解析:十七世纪荷兰绘画

P52

In the late nineteenth century, art critics regarded seventeenth-century Dutch paintings as direct reflections of reality. The paintings were discussed as an index of the democracy of a society that chose to represent its class, action, and occupations exactly as they were, wide-ranging realism was seen as the great accomplishment of Dutch art. However, the achievement of more recent study of Dutch art has been the recovery of the fact that such paintings are to be taken as symbolizing mortality, the renaissance of earthly life, and the power of God, and as message that range from the mildly moralizing to the firmly didactic. How explicit and consistent the symbolizing process was intended to be is a much thornier matter, but anyone who has more familiarity than a passing acquaintance with Dutch literature or with the kinds of images used in illustrated books (above all emblem books) will know how much less pervasive was the habit of investing ordinary objects than of investing scenes with meaning that go beyond their surface and outward appearance. In the mid-1960s, Eddy de Jongh published an extraordinary array of material — especially from the emblem books and vernacular literature — that confirmed the unreliability of taking Dutch pictures at surface value alone.

The major difficulty, however, with the findings of critics such as de Jongh is that it is not easy to assess the multiplicity of levels in which Dutch viewers interpreted these pictures. De Jongh’s followers typically regard the pictures as purely symbolic. Not every object within Dutch paintings need be interpreted in terms of the gloss given to its equivalent representation in the emblem books. Not every foot warmer is to be interpreted in terms of the foot warmer in Rowmer Visscher’s Sinnepoppen of 1614, not every bridle is an emblem of restraint (though many were indeed just that).

To maintain as Brown does, that the two children in Netscher’s painting A Lady Teaching a Child to Read stand for industry and idleness is to fail to understand that the painting has a variety of possible meanings, even though the picture undoubtedly carriers unmistakable symbolic meanings, too. Modern Art historians may well find the discovery of parallels between a painting and a specific emblem exciting, they may, like seventeenth-century viewers, search for the double that lie behind many paintings. But seventeenth-century response can hardly be reduced to the level of formula. To suggest otherwise is to imply a laboriousness of mental process that may well characterize modern interpretations of seventeenth-century Dutch Art, but that was, for the most part, not characteristic in the seventeenth century.

1. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

A. Reconciling two different points of view about how art reflects

B. Criticizing a traditional method of interpretation

C. Tracing the development of an innovative scholarly approach

D. Describing and evaluating a recent critical approach

E. Describing a long-standing controversy and how it was resolved

2. The author of the passage mentions bridles in the highlighted portion of the passage most likely in order to

A. Suggest that restraint was only one of the many symbolic meanings attached to bridles

B. Provide an example of an everyday, physical object that was not endowed with symbolic meaning

C. Provide an example of an object that modern critics have endowed with symbolic meaning different from the meaning assigned it by seventeenth-century Dutch artists

D. Provide an example of an object with symbolic meaning that was not always used as a symbol

E. Provide an example of an everyday object that appears in a significant number of seventeenth century Dutch paintings

3. Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage?

A. It provides specific applications of the critical approach introduced in the preceding paragraph

B. It present a caveat about the critical approach discussed in the preceding paragraph

C. It presents the research on which a theory presented in the preceding paragraph is based

D. It refutes a theory presented in the preceding paragraph and advocates a return to a more traditional approach

E. It provides further information about the unusual phenomenon described in the preceding paragraph

4. The passage suggests which of the following about emblem books in seventeenth-century Holland?

A. They confirm that seventeenth century Dutch painting depict some objects and scenes rarely found in daily life.

B. They are more useful than vernacular literature in providing information about the symbolic content of seventeenth-century Dutch painting.

C. They have been misinterpreted by art critics, such as de Jongh, who claim seventeenth century Dutch paintings contain symbolic meaning

D. They are not useful in interpreting seventeenth-century Dutch landscape painting.

E. They contain material that challenges the assumptions of the nineteenth-century critics about seventeenth-century Dutch painting.

P52

In the late nineteenth century, art critics regarded seventeenth-century Dutch paintings as direct reflections of reality.

十九世纪后期，艺术评论家们把十七世纪的荷兰绘画视为对现实的直接反映。

The paintings were discussed as an index of the democracy of a society that chose to represent its class, action, and occupations exactly as they were, wide-ranging realism was seen as the great accomplishment of Dutch art.

在讨论中，绘画作为一个社会民主程度的指标，如实地反映了社会阶层，活动，和职业，包罗万象的现实主义被视为荷兰艺术的巨大成就。

However, the achievement of more recent study of Dutch art has been the recovery of the fact that such paintings are to be taken as symbolizing mortality, the renaissance of earthly life, and the power of God, and as message that range from the mildly moralizing to the firmly didactic.

然而，更晚近的关于荷兰艺术的研究发现，这些画作被理解为象征死亡，世俗生命的复活，以及神的力量，也被解释为各种信息，从温和地道德教化到强硬地说教。

(take A as B 把 A 理解 / 解释为 B)

How explicit and consistent the symbolizing process was intended to be is a much thornier matter, but anyone who has more familiarity than a passing acquaintance with Dutch literature or with the kinds of images used in illustrated books (above all emblem books) will know how much less pervasive was the habit of investing ordinary objects than of investing scenes with meaning that go beyond their surface and outward appearance.

这种刻意为之的象征过程有多明显以及多稳定，是另一个更为棘手的问题，但任何对荷兰文学或图书(包括所有 emblem books)中出现过的那些画面稍有了解的人，都会意识到，采用超越表象另有深意的画面，比采用常见实物的图片的情况更普遍。

(抓狂，慢慢来。

加粗部分为主干，will know 后面有个小倒装，还原为：

…… will know how much less pervasive the habit of investing ordinary objects was than(the habit)of investing scenes with meaning that ……

above 在 … 之上，超出某种范围。不知道用在这是什么意思，只能猜测，all emblem books 中都存在这种现象，即 use certain kinds of images，所以把 above 意译为包括。这种译法我自己也不太相信。

invest 投资，付出(时间、精力等)于某事物，授予(职位、地位或荣誉)。我不确定这是不是合乎规格的用法，只能猜测在文段中，是在书中采用图片的意思。

emblem book

An emblem book is a book collecting emblems (allegorical illustrations) with accompanying explanatory text, typically morals or poems. This category of books was popular in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.

(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_book)

百度说这东西叫寓意画册，大家体会下。)

In the mid-1960s, Eddy de Jongh published an extraordinary array of material — especially from the emblem books and vernacular literature — that confirmed the unreliability of taking Dutch pictures at surface value alone.

1960 年代中期，E d J 公布了一系列不寻常的材料 —— 尤其是来自于 emblem books 和白话文学 —— 证实了荷兰绘画不能只看表面价值。

The major difficulty, however, with the findings of critics such as de Jongh is that it is not easy to assess the multiplicity of levels in which Dutch viewers interpreted these pictures.

然而，像 d J 这样的评论者的研究发现的主要困难，在于难以评估荷兰观众对这些画作的解读的多种不同层次。

De Jongh’s followers typically regard the pictures as purely symbolic.

D J 的后继者们特别地把这些画视为纯象征性的。

Not every object within Dutch paintings need be interpreted in terms of the gloss given to its equivalent representation in the emblem books.

不是荷兰绘画中出现的每种事物，都有必要解释为像 emblem books 里那样有什么寓意。

Not every foot warmer is to be interpreted in terms of the foot warmer in Rowmer Visscher’s Sinnepoppen of 1614, not every bridle is an emblem of restraint (though many were indeed just that).

不是每个暖脚炉都要解释为 1614 年 R V 的作品 S 中出现的暖脚炉，不是每副马笼头都象征着约束(尽管很多时候确实象征着约束)。

正如 B 认为 N 的作品 A Lady Teaching a Child to Read 代表勤劳和懒惰，未能理解这幅画包含的其他可能的含义，尽管这幅画无疑也带有明显的象征意味。

Modern Art historians may well find the discovery of parallels between a painting and a specific emblem exciting, they may, like seventeenth-century viewers, search for the double that lie behind many paintings.

当代艺术史学者可能也认为，发现一幅画和一种特定的象征之间的对比关系很有趣，他们也许会像十七世纪的观众那样，寻找许多画背后的类比对象。

But seventeenth-century response can hardly be reduced to the level of formula.

但十七世纪的观众的反应，很难概括成公式。

To suggest otherwise is to imply a laboriousness of mental process that may well characterize modern interpretations of seventeenth-century Dutch Art, but that was, for the most part, not characteristic in the seventeenth century.

否则就意味着一种更复杂的心理过程，也可以定义对十七世纪荷兰艺术的现代解读，但那很大程度上已经跟十七世纪没什么关系了。

1. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

A. Reconciling two different points of view about how art reflects

B. Criticizing a traditional method of interpretation

C. Tracing the development of an innovative scholarly approach

D. Describing and evaluating a recent critical approach

E. Describing a long-standing controversy and how it was resolved

选 D

描述以及评估一种近期出现的批评方法。

以前人们认为荷兰绘画的特点是写实，后来发现其中有很多象征意义，后者就是 recent critial approach，代表人物是 Eddy de Jongh 以及后面出现的 Brown 。

2. The author of the passage mentions bridles in the highlighted portion of the passage most likely in order to

A. Suggest that restraint was only one of the many symbolic meanings attached to bridles

B. Provide an example of an everyday, physical object that was not endowed with symbolic meaning

C. Provide an example of an object that modern critics have endowed with symbolic meaning different from the meaning assigned it by seventeenth-century Dutch artists

D. Provide an example of an object with symbolic meaning that was not always used as a symbol

E. Provide an example of an everyday object that appears in a significant number of seventeenth century Dutch paintings

选 D

句 9：

…… not every bridle is an emblem of restraint (though many were indeed just that)

没啥解释的。

3. Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph(句 10 - 13) of the passage?

A. It provides specific applications of the critical approach introduced in the preceding paragraph

B. It present a caveat about the critical approach discussed in the preceding paragraph

C. It presents the research on which a theory presented in the preceding paragraph is based

D. It refutes a theory presented in the preceding paragraph and advocates a return to a more traditional approach

E. It provides further information about the unusual phenomenon described in the preceding paragraph

选 B

句 8 - 9 出现的三个 not every … 已经提示我们，把画上出现的所有元素都视为象征是不可取的，进入第三段，作者进一步明确指出，这样看待作品可能产生的后果，… fail to understand that the painting has a variety of possible meanings, …(句 10)。

可以认为这是一种 caveat 警告，告诫。

所以选 B 。

4. The passage suggests which of the following about emblem books in seventeenth-century Holland?

A. They confirm that seventeenth century Dutch painting depict some objects and scenes rarely found in daily life.

B. They are more useful than vernacular literature in providing information about the symbolic content of seventeenth-century Dutch painting.

C. They have been misinterpreted by art critics, such as de Jongh, who claim seventeenth century Dutch paintings contain symbolic meaning

D. They are not useful in interpreting seventeenth-century Dutch landscape painting.

E. They contain material that challenges the assumptions of the nineteenth-century critics about seventeenth-century Dutch painting.

选 E

当你以为这是一道综合全局信息才能判断的题，其实它是一道细节题。

题目所问的 emblem books 寓意画册，第一次出现在句 4：

只要对荷兰文学和图书(包括 emblem books)中所采用的图片有基本的熟悉，就知道多数是象征性的，而不是写实的。

回溯句 1：

In the late nineteenth century, art critics regarded seventeenth-century Dutch paintings as direct reflections of reality.

十九世纪的评论家认为荷兰画是对现实的直接反映，即写实的。

综合两部分，可以确定 E 正确。

GRE阅读题目解析:十八世纪英国文化权威

P53

Late-eighteenth-century English cultural authorities seemingly concurred that women readers should favor history, seen as edifying, than fiction, which was regarded as frivolous and reductive. Readers of Marry Ann Hanway’s novel Andrew Stewart, or the Northern Wanderer, learning that its heroine delights in David Hume’s and Edward Gibbon’s histories, could conclude that she was more virtuous and intelligent than her sister, who disdains such reading. Likewise, while the na?ve, novel-addicted protagonist of Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey, Catherine Morland, finds history a chore, the sophisticated, sensible character Eleanor Tilney enjoys it more than she does the Gothic fiction Catherine prefers. Yet in both cases, the praise of history is more double-edged than it might actually appear. Many readers have detected a protofeminist critique of history in Catherine’s protest that she dislikes reading books filled with men “and hardly any women at all.” Hanway, meanwhile, brings a controversial political edge to her heroine’s reading, listing the era’s two most famous religious skeptics among her preferred authors. While Hume’s history was generally seen as being less objectionable than his philosophy, there were widespread doubts about his moral soundness even as a historian by the time that Hanway was writing, and Gibbon’s perceived tendency to celebrate classical paganism sparked controversy from the first appearance of his history of Rome.

1. The author’s primary purpose is that

A. the evidence used in support of a particular argument is questionable

B. a distinction between two genres of writing has been overlooked

C. a particular issue is more complex than it might appear

D. two apparently different works share common features

E. two eighteenth-century authors held significantly different attitudes toward a particular

2. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Hume’s reputation in the late eighteenth century?

A. He was more regarded as a historian than Gibbon

B. His historical writing, like his philosophical writing, came to be regarded as problematic

C. He was more well-known for his historical writing than for his philosophical writing

D. His historic writing came to be regarded as morally questionable because of his association with Gibbon

E. His views about classical paganism brought him disapproval among the general reading public

3. The highlighted sentence exemplifies which of the following?

A. Cultural authorities’ attempt to use novels to support their view about the value of reading fiction

B. Eighteenth-century women authors’ attempts to embody in their work certain cultural authorities’ views about reading

C. A point about the educational value of reading books about history

D. An instance in which a particular judgment about the value of reading history is apparently presupposed

E. A challenge to an assumption about eighteenth-century women’s reading habits

4. The author mentions the “widespread doubts” in order to

A. support a point about the scholarly merit of Hume’s writings

B. contrast Hume’s philosophical writing with his writing on historical subjects

C. suggest that Hanway did not understand the implicit controversy depicting her heroine as reading Hume

D. identify an ambiguity in Hanway’s depiction of the philosopher in The Northern Wanderer

E. illustrate a point about a way eighteenth-century fiction sometimes represented historians

P53

Late-eighteenth-century English cultural authorities seemingly concurred that women readers should favor history, seen as edifying, than fiction, which was regarded as frivolous and reductive.

十八世纪晚期的英国文化权威们似乎都认同，女人应该喜欢读历史作品超过小说，前者陶冶情操，后者肤浅且简化。

Readers of Marry Ann Hanway’s novel Andrew Stewart, or the Northern Wanderer, learning that its heroine delights in David Hume’s and Edward Gibbon’s histories, could conclude that she was more virtuous and intelligent than her sister, who disdains such reading.

M A H 的小说 A S 或 t N W 的读者，意识到女主角很喜欢读 D H 和 E G 的历史著作，可以断定女主角比她那讨厌历史读物的姐妹更聪明，也更有德行。

Likewise, while the na?ve, novel-addicted protagonist of Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey, Catherine Morland, finds history a chore, the sophisticated, sensible character Eleanor Tilney enjoys it more than she does the Gothic fiction Catherine prefers.

同样，尽管 J A 的小说 N A 中天真，爱读小说的主角 C M 认为历史书很烦，但成熟通达的角色 E T 更爱读史书，超过 C 喜欢的哥特小说。

(chore 家务，日常琐事，讨厌或累人的工作)

Yet in both cases, the praise of history is more double-edged than it might actually appear.

然而在这两个例子中，对历史书的褒奖比实际情况更具有双重效果。

Many readers have detected a protofeminist critique of history in Catherine’s protest that she dislikes reading books filled with men “and hardly any women at all.”

C 在抗辩自己不爱读历史书时说，这些书里全是男人“ 几乎没有一个女人 ”，许多读者在其中读出了一种早期女权主义者对历史的批判声音。

Hanway, meanwhile, brings a controversial political edge to her heroine’s reading, listing the era’s two most famous religious skeptics among her preferred authors.

同时，H 在她最喜欢的作者中列举了两位在那个时代著名的宗教怀疑论者，给她的女主角的阅读带来一定政治上的争议。

While Hume’s history was generally seen as being less objectionable than his philosophy, there were widespread doubts about his moral soundness even as a historian by the time that Hanway was writing, and Gibbon’s perceived tendency to celebrate classical paganism sparked controversy from the first appearance of his history of Rome.

尽管 H 的历史著作一般被认为不像他的哲学书那么令人反感，但直到 H 写作的时期，他作为一个历史学家的道德甚至都广受质疑，而 G 众所周知的推崇古典异教倾向，从他的历史著作 R 刚面世起，就引发了争议。

1. The author’s primary purpose is that

A. the evidence used in support of a particular argument is questionable

B. a distinction between two genres of writing has been overlooked

C. a particular issue is more complex than it might appear

D. two apparently different works share common features

E. two eighteenth-century authors held significantly different attitudes toward a particular

选 C

文段讨论始终围绕着 “ 十八世纪晚期的女性读者，应该读小说还是历史书，哪个好 ” 这个问题。

句 1 出现的 cultural authorities 认为历史书好，edifying，启发、陶冶人，小说不好，肤浅而且太简单化。

句 4 出现的 double-edged 双刃的，双重效果的，暗示着读历史书也未必那么好，此后直到文段结束，都在说读历史书可能遇到的问题。

综合后选 C，情况比较复杂。

2. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Hume’s reputation in the late eighteenth century?

A. He was more regarded as a historian than Gibbon

B. His historical writing, like his philosophical writing, came to be regarded as problematic

C. He was more well-known for his historical writing than for his philosophical writing

D. His historic writing came to be regarded as morally questionable because of his association with Gibbon

E. His views about classical paganism brought him disapproval among the general reading public

选 B

不算太明显，我用的是排除法。

A 被认为比 G 更配称为历史学者。毫无根据的比较，文中没有此类信息。

B 历史著作和哲学著作一样被认为有问题。文中说的是，前者不像后者那么令人反感，objectionable，没那么反感，但也有问题。勉强可以接受的选项。

C 更因历史方面的写作出名。未知信息，无法判断他因为什么出名。

D 首先错在人们质疑的是 H 这个人作为历史学者的道德问题，而不是质疑他的作品有道德问题，这是完全两回事，就像毕加索生活中是人渣，作品没有道德问题;其次 because 后面的内容无根据。

E 喂，怼错人了啊。

3. The highlighted sentence exemplifies which of the following?

A. Cultural authorities’ attempt to use novels to support their view about the value of reading fiction

B. Eighteenth-century women authors’ attempts to embody in their work certain cultural authorities’ views about reading

C. A point about the educational value of reading books about history

D. An instance in which a particular judgment about the value of reading history is apparently presupposed

E. A challenge to an assumption about eighteenth-century women’s reading habits

选 D

某种判断 a particular judgement 指句 1 cultural authorities 的认为历史书比小说好的观点;

明显事先假定了 is apparently presupposed 是说读者认为，因为女主角喜欢读历史书，所以一定比不喜欢读历史书的姐妹更聪明这种看法，是明显受到了 cultural authorities 的影响，预先假定 cultural authorities 的看法是对的，才做出了那种判断。

4. The author mentions the “widespread doubts” in order to

A. support a point about the scholarly merit of Hume’s writings

B. contrast Hume’s philosophical writing with his writing on historical subjects

C. suggest that Hanway did not understand the implicit controversy depicting her heroine as reading Hume

D. identify an ambiguity in Hanway’s depiction of the philosopher in The Northern Wanderer

E. illustrate a point about a way eighteenth-century fiction sometimes represented historians

选 C

难题，非常精致巧妙的一道难题。我喜欢这题。

题目说的 widespread doubts 出现在句 7：

不管你做不做对，现在告诉你正确答案是 C，你能找出 C 的根据吗?

为什么说 “ 暗示着 H 不理解这种不明确的争议 ”?

关键在于句 4：

Yet in both cases, the praise of history is more double-edged than it might actually appear.

double-edged 双刃剑的，有双重效果的

所谓有双重效果，即有好处也有坏处，双方都有损失。

这本文语境下，好处是读者看到角色喜欢读历史书，就认为角色聪明、有德行，virtuous and intelligent(句 2);坏处是，H 本人就广受质疑 widespread doubts about his moral soundness even as a historian。

假定你是小说作者，你给角色的设定是 virtuous and intelligent，你会冒险用一个被大家认为品德不高的学者完成你的设定吗?肯定不会，即便你私下相信并支持这个学者，都不会在作品中这样做，因为这影响了作品表达，会产生不必要的误解。

唯一的解释是，Hanway 没想明白这件事，就让自己的角色爱上了 Hume 的书。所以 C 正确。

篇2：GRE阅读6种常见错误选项

GRE阅读6种常见错误选项形式类型讲解

GRE阅读中常见的的错误干扰选项主要有以下几类表现形式：

1. 偏离题目大意

2. 直接取反义干扰

3. 错误引导拼凑

4. 使用极端词汇

5. 脑补未提及内容

6. 带入常识判断

记住错误干扰选项特征快速解题

新GRE阅读考试长难句实例解析

Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James,their presence does(15) encourage attempts to unify the novel's heterogeneous parts. (4+)

诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯(Henry James)的那种意识相比拟;然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都统一、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course.

难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词

解释：本句的结构固然复杂，但造成最大的阅读难度的，主要还是对一些抽象词的理解。正面是对一些关键词汇的解释：

Granted that出现在句首，其意思是大家都同意、当然，实际上是一种让步语气，等于admitted,of course.

Need not argue中的argue在此不是表示常用的那个辩论、争论的意思，而是表示意味着或证实的意思，其同义词是maintain或prove.

Camparable的词义有两个，除了读者熟悉的that can be compared之外，还有一个意思是worthy of comparison，其同义词是as good as.本文中用的是后面的那个意思，对于这个词义的理解，后面的第18题考到了。

意群训练：Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does(15) encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts.

gre阅读长难句的并不是一天两天就能解决的，需要考生的坚持和日常的积累。

新GRE阅读考试长难句实例解析

1. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. (4)

采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。

难句类型：复杂修饰、易混指代

解释：主语后的修饰成分同样隔开了主语和谓语，但本句的难度主要在because从句中。按照一般的习惯，作为从句主语的it应该指主句的主语，但本句的主句是一个比较结构，A should be faster than B because it…，此处it也可以指B.但是因为这种指代不符合和我们以前所形成的习惯，所以阅读现场不得不边读边根据句意来判断，这就增加了阅读理解的难度。现场阅读时，类似antiserums的这种专有名词不必理会，仅需从词头anti推出这是一个反p荷尔蒙的东西即可。

意群训练：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.

2. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.(3+)

然而，研究P时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。

难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、修辞

解释：句末的由how引导的名词性从句中包括了双重的倒装，正常的语序本来是：If they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes.本句中由于arrange的方式被提前，就造成了arrange的动作执行者也要提前，前面的if they had been 则必须后置;这样一来又造成了if被省略，成为had they been的倒装结构。

另外，作者为了表达其对于这些研究者的模型的负态度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虚拟语气，并使用了fanciful这个词以表示这些研究的不负责任、异想天开的幼童心理。

意群训练：Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.

新GRE阅读考试长难句实例解析

1. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.(3+)

然而，研究P时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。

难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、修辞

2. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. (4)

难句类型：复杂修饰、易混指代

尽管新gre单词量减少，取消了“类反”但是难度并没有减少，这更要求考生在新gre阅读考试中增强逻辑推理能力。虽然逻辑推理能力的考察对我们国内考生来说有点难度，只要保持好心态就能更好地去理解长难句在gre阅读考试句子类型型。

篇3：GRE阅读出题的6种形式

GRE阅读出题的6种形式具体形式具体分析才是上上策

1.GRE考试阅读题型之中心思想题

中心思想题是GRE考试中唯一带有主观色彩的题型，它考察你对文章大意和总体结构的把握能力。前面我们说过，GRE阅读涉及的内容非常广泛，考古，生物，文学和社会科学几乎无所不包。那么，是否就没有技巧可谈了吗?绝对不是。文章内容可能千差万别，但文章的写作方式却只有寥寥的两种，即记叙文和议论文。记叙文是对某一件事，某一个现象或者某一个人的描述，即对客观事物的纪录和叙述，其中没有或者几乎没有作者自己的观点。记叙文有时间顺序和空间顺序两种组织形式。而议论文是作者根据某一客观事物或观点发表自己的看法，并用例子或者理由来证明作者自己的观点。这3大问题可导致GRE阅读意外扣分

根据文章的内容，议论文可以分成立论和驳论两种。而根据文章的组织形式，议论文可以有3种组织结构，分别为：从具体到概括模式，从概括到具体模式以及递进模式。在GRE阅读中，没有真正的记叙文。也就是说，阅读文章基本上都是议论文，作者总是试图让你接受他的某一个观点。在证明自己的观点时，作者总是应用一些例子，即论据。这些论据和论点之间的有机结合就成了典型的GRE阅读文章。掌握中心思想的技巧在于文章每个段落的第一句。

标准化的考试决定了文章组织结构的严谨性，即条理清晰和结构完整。条理清晰表现为写作模式不是具体到概括模式就是概括到具体模式，或者递进模式，而且承上启下的过渡词汇都出现在每个段落的第一句;结构完整表现为内容的完整性和单一性，即每一篇文章都能向你传达一个而且只有一个有意义的观点或者论点，不会让你读后感觉到不知文章所云为何物。

2.GRE考试阅读题型之复述题

复述题是最简单的题型，但也是GRE阅读部分出现得最多的题型。只要你能定位原文，问题就迎刃而解。题目问的内容中都已经在原文直接提到，只是用同义词或者不同的语言组织改写而已。常见的改写方式有形容词与副词之间的改写，动词与动名词之间的改写。技巧在于寻找词根。复述改写题提问的是文章中的某个细节，如组织结构词(原因，特点)，学科术语，行业术语，比喻，符号或者具体的数字。只要你能准确定位，这些题都比较简单，因为只是对原文的复述或改写:

According to the passage/author...

The author states that...

The author mentions which one of the following as...

一般说来，这些题都会告诉你很直接的定位线索，如“在文章中的第几行”或者和文章结构密切相连的词或短语。你也许记得我前面告诉你的“跳过阅读理解文章中的细节部分而将重点放在文章的主题，范围和作者的用意上。”这看起来好像和非常细节的复述改写题相矛盾。事实上，文章中有很多很多细节，而这么多的细节当中只有很少的一部分在以后问题中问及。奇怪的是这些被考到的细节你很快就能在文章中定位，因为有一部分你在阅读时已经记住;问题会告诉你在文章中的哪一行;或者为了回答这些问题你必须自己找到这些细节.

3.GRE考试阅读题型之暗示推理题

在你选出答案以前，其实你并不知道这是暗示推理题，你的概念或许只有细节题，即除了中心思想题以外所有题都是细节题。事实上，在真正做题时，你也不必事先判断它是属于哪一类题型，我们将其归类的目的是为了让你对考试的题型有一个确切的把握。也就是说，如果你碰到某一道“细节题”，顺利地将关键词定位以后，你仍然不能很快地确定到底是哪一个选项正确时，你不要灰心，因为有一种比复述题稍微复杂一点的题，即暗示推理题。这一过程，我们的题型分类就起作用了，因为它事先给了你思想准备，即对未知的考题有一个合理的期待。但是，我们却可以通过暗示推理题的基本问法来事先判断它是否属于暗示推理题：

It can be inferred from the passage that...

The passage/author suggests that…

The passage/author implies that...

解密：暗示推理题是阅读中较难的题型。如果说复述题要脑子转一次弯的话，那么暗示推理题就需要转两次弯。ETS，包括所有的美国人将这称为一个人的“intelligent ability”，即智力。这种题在阅读题中出现的概率是0.3，每3道题中就会出一道，即大概每篇阅读出一道。

4.GRE考试阅读题型之列举题

列举，顾名思义，就是符合某种条件的几个例子，例子可以是某几个事件，动作，情况或者人物。列举题有两种形式，一种是列举非，它问你四个选项中哪一个原文中没有提及。应对的办法仍然是定位原文，然后采用排除法，直至找到正确答案。第二种列举题要你在四个选项种找出哪一个选项在原文中提及，应对的措施仍然是根据关键词定位。其实，列举题并不难，出现的概率也比较大，每篇阅读大概出现一题。

5.GRE考试阅读题型之作者思路题

如果说中心思想题要你做的是归纳文章大意的话，那么在作者思路题中你所要做的是识别文章的组织结构。大意和组织结构构成了文章的框架。如果你能顺利地总结文章的大意，即中心思想，你也能顺利的求解作者思路题。作者思路题包括段落用意和举例佐证两种。解题的办法在于相信这样一个原则，文章的每一个词，每一句，和每个段落都是和文章论题有关的，不是用来证明作者观点的论据就是作者要批判的论据。

6.GRE考试阅读题型之逻辑题

在GRE的阅读理解中，有时也会出现像逻辑推理部分里的那些逻辑题。这些逻辑题包括类比和推理缺口题。有幸的是，这些逻辑题往往都比真正的逻辑题容易。只要你能顺利找到和归纳题干所描述的在文章中出现的推理，你就很容易发现这些推理(作者论点和论据)的缺口或者推理方式。

以上就是新GRE阅读题型解析，无论新GRE阅读部分怎么考，都离不开这几种新GRE阅读题型。只有掌握好这6种题型，相信你的阅读部分分值不会低。

GRE考试阅读专栏逻辑题及答案整理

Although several ancient cultures practiced mummification, mummies from ancient Egypt are generally more well-preserved than mummies of similar antiquity from other cultures. One possible explanation for this difference is that the mummification techniques or material used by ancient Egyptians were better than those of other cultures. A second, more likely, explanation is that the extremely dry climate of ancient Egypt was largely responsible, given that dryness promotes the preservation of organic remains generally.

12. Which is the following provide the most support for the argument?

A. The materials used by ancient Egyptians for mummification were not used by any other ancient culture that practiced mummification

B. Some ancient Egyptian mummies are better preserved than other ancient Egyptian mummies form around the same time.

C. No ancient people living in very damp areas practiced mummification.

D. Bodies from ancient Egyptian tombs dating from before the practice of mummification began are almost as well preserved as ancient Egyptian mummies.

E. Ancient mummies discovered in places other than Egypt have typically not been as well protected from the elements as ancient Egyptian mummies were.

答案：

GRE考试阅读专栏逻辑题及答案整理

The economy of Colonia has been in recession for the past eight years. Most companies that have not been forced into bankruptcy have survived thanks to the high efficiency of the employees they retained, which helped the companies control costs. In recent months, however, the Colonian economy has begun to recover, and companies are beginning to expand their workforces. Colonia, therefore, will soon experience a drop in average worker efficiency, since ______.

13. Which of the following, if true, most logically complete the argument?

A. people who have been employed throughout the recession will, no doubt, continue to be employed

B. Colonia is expected to begin importing more goods from other countries

C. most companies will find that few of the workers available for hiring are as efficient as those they retained during the recession.

D. during the recession, workers did not receive any raise in their pay.

E. many companies that were forced into bankruptcy in the past eight years had a fair number of efficient workers.

答案：C

GRE考试阅读专栏逻辑题及答案整理

A hoard of coins recently unearthed at an ancient Carthagian site bear an image of a face in profile with what appears to be a large mole on the cheek. Pointing out that an artist would be unlikely to include such a specific detail in a generalized portrayal of a face, some archaeologists have concluded that these coins portray an actual individual rather than an idealized type. However, this conclusion is unwarranted, since ______.

14. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

A. archaeologists cannot determine the actual identity of the individual portrayed just from the likeness that appears on the coins

B. it cannot be established with certainty that Carthagian artists were on the whole less skillful at portraying human face than artists of other cultures

C. none of the other designs of Carthagian coins that have been discovered features a face with a mole on it

D. in ancient times it was quite common for the money circulated in a city or country to include coins that originated in other jurisdictions.

E. the relatively soft metal used for Carthagian coin molds sometimes resulted in the production of series of coins with unintended bumps

答案：E

GRE考试阅读专栏逻辑题及答案整理

People widely believed that the controlled use of fire originated 200,000 years ago with the human species Homo sapiens. However, a site containing a deposit, estimated to be nearly 500,000 years old, consisting of charcoal, burned animal bones, and charred rocks, has recently been found. Although homo sapiens did not exist at that time, this discovery provides no basis to the claim that the controlled use of fire preceded the Homo sapiens, since ____________.

15. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

A. the use of fire might have originated independently in several different parts of the world

B. it is possible that fire was used much earlier than 500,000 years ago

C. the charred rocks found in the deposit included several different kinds of stone, all of which are common in the immediate vicinity of the site

D. animal bones could have been discarded in a fire used for purposes such as protection or heat rather than for cooking

E. it is impossible to determine whether a charred deposit dating from so long ago resulted from a fire caused by lightening or from the purposeful use of fire

答案：

篇4：gre考试阅读错误选项怎么排除

gre考试阅读错误选项怎么排除

gre阅读错误选项类型介绍

gre考试 long reading中有几种类型的错误干扰选项：

一。部分项目

这种选择比较隐蔽，其表现形式往往是内容本身是正确的，而不是文章的主线。考生很容易混淆正确的选择，选择它。与未提及的项目不同，这类选项在文章中有所涉及，因此更具欺骗性。考生需要先把自己提出的问题弄清楚，才能避免被部分项目分散注意力。

2。反义词

有的gre阅读考试题目比较长，加上一些否定和双重否定，考生容易理解错误，而一些专门设置的反义词，往往是等考生迷茫后才投网的。这些选项的特点是与其他选项的含义相反。乍一看很明显，但不是正确的答案。编辑建议大家仔细阅读问题，弄清反义词和否定词的关系，然后解决问题。

三。放错地方的物品

也有一些错误的选择，主题和装饰，或是不相关的内容放在一起，看似有点关系，但其实都是错位的选择，很容易影响考生的判断。这种选择也有很强的干扰。也许有些选择已经选择了文章的内容，但之后得出的结论与文章无关。gre考试介绍,gre考试培训它也是一个干扰项，测试每个人记住文章细节的能力。最好的办法是在阅读过程中多做标记和定位，解决问题时适当参考，可以避免错位和混乱。

四。极端项目

实际上，极值项是一个明显的误差干扰选项。一些代表主观判断的顶级词汇，如best/most/least、unique词汇，如only、alone或comparative词汇，如better、word等，经常被使用。这些选择显示了一种极端和不可否认的态度。这似乎是合理的，但不是。由于这些选项的明显迹象，当您熟悉这些程序时很容易发现。考生也会主动注意那些偏激的词语，稍有注意就不会得逞。

5个。未提及

这种错误的选择陷阱也很常见。它故意给出一些似乎非常相关的新信息点，这是非常清楚的。如果考生因为文章篇幅太长而没有阅读全文，他们会认为没有仔细阅读。事实上，这些所谓的信息并没有在文章中提及，这与话题一点关系都没有。这种选择也很容易被人认出来，似乎涉及到细节，但实际上在文章中并没有提到。阅读时，要学会根据文章中提到的内容进行选择。不要想当然。只要你能做到这一点，这种干扰错误的选择将是无用的。

6. 主观项

这种错误选项的制定思路是根据一些常识性的推断，引导考生做出的判断，其本身带有很强的主观性，而并不是客观的事实，如果考生不加注意就很容易被带歪思路。类似上文的未提项，gre考试介绍,gre考试培训这类主观项同样是建立在看似迎合实则错误引导考生思路的做法上的。大家在阅读过程中应学会以文章内容为主，不要想当然地去结合自己的经历经验进行联想。脚踏实地才能做好这类题目。

重视阅读错误选项才能避免受到影响

GRE阅读分数的影响因素

一、专业向阅读是软肋

有些同学做GRE阅读比较糟糕，原因是如果篇长阅读是社科类的，更准确地说是艺术类的。根据一般的经验，中国考生最害怕的就是社科类的长阅读。这种阅读再加几个生词，绝对能要你命。花了很多时间好好读了，结果还是不知所云，7题全蒙的。考完问了一下别人，情况也都差不多。

二、造成这种状况的原因

造成这种现象的原因，对于我来说，就是对美国文化了解太少。像这次那篇BT长阅读，说的好像是什么impressionist(印象派)和modernist(现实主义)的东东。由于对这方面毫无了解，所以读这篇文章毫无感觉。平心而论，哪怕再给我十分钟我也读不懂，所以我后来也索性放弃跨区了。

我不是要大家去补习美国文化的知识，这工程量太大，尤其对10月考试的同学。网上都说平时要多看什么economist什么的，试问有几个人会真正为了GRE去看?

三、给出的一些建议

我的建议就是，大家可以抽一点时间，利用相关资源(比如wikipedia)，多去了解一下GRE社科类阅读爱考的知识。凭我粗粗做完所有阅读备考资料的印象，GRE社科类阅读非常喜欢考黑人文学Black literature，黑人音乐Black music(尤其是Jazz)，妇女(包括妇女地位的改变，妇女文学)，艺术类包括impressionist、modernist等。另外务必多留意一下上述知识的代表人物!比如Ragtime就是Jazz的代表人物及一种风格。并不是要求大家知道这个人物做了什么，只需要混个眼熟，考试的时候万一碰到一大串人名，能对其中一两个有点眼熟，能大概猜测出来是关于什么的就行!

GRE阅读：提升方法

新旧观点型首先提出过去传统大家都接受的观点，然后出现表示转折或让步的词汇，这些观点是旧观点，最后经过一番论证证伪旧观点，抛出新观点。

现象解释型首先给出一种自然或社会现象，通常很古怪，接着对现象进行解释，解释手段有引用理论、实验验证、举例证明、分层说明以及过程描述等。最后还可能有对解释理论的态度，态度的类型分为支持、反对、无态度(客观公正)以及无明确态度，如果文中解决了问题，可以将之认为作者持正面态度。

结论解释型首先是判断句，然后做出转折。写作方法有：

(a)首句正/负评价，后面的相反评价是结论。

(b)判断句后加情境背景。

问题解决型首先出现设问句，接着给出解决方法。写作方法有：

(a)若有多种解决方案，注意新老解决方案的区别。

(b)写出解决的原则和手段。

(c)用试验证明解决。

(d)引用原理解决。

掌握了GRE阅读的套路，接下来就是如何提升其阅读速度问题，阅读习惯的培养相当重要，阅读过程中绝对不可以出声朗读，也不可以不出声在脑子里面朗读，因为眼睛拍摄文字把它传向大脑的速度远远大于嘴巴逐字逐句念给大脑的速度，人的大脑可以直接用字形图像来理解含义，而用字音再理解反而会多一道程序。也不能单单对一个词进行死抠，要知道阅读考的是句子和文章。

具体有四个训练项目：一是意群训练，即以几个相邻的词为阅读对象。二是不回视训练，保证第一遍阅读时的高度注意力，避免回视。三是合理化训练，根据文章上下文进行逻辑推理。四是速度与理解力的平衡点训练，首先找出自己的速度与理解力的平衡点，然后在阅读中根据所读内容的难度和重要程度，调整自己的现场阅读速度。

GRE阅读：云和气候

As of the late 1980’s, neither theorists nor large-scale computer climate models could accurately predict whether cloud systems would help or hurt a warming globe. Some studies suggested that a four percent increase in stratocumulus clouds over the ocean could compensate for a doubling in atmospheric carbon dioxide, preventing a potentially disastrous planetwide temperature increase. On the other hand, an increase in cirrus clouds could increase global warming.

That clouds represented the weakest element in climate models was illustrated by a study of fourteen such models. Comparing climate forecasts for a world with double the current amount of carbon dioxide, researchers found that the models agreed quite well if clouds were not included. But when clouds were incorporated, a wide range of forecasts was produced. With such discrepancies plaguing the models, scientists could not easily predict how quickly the world’s climate would change, nor could they tell which regions would face dustier droughts or deadlier monsoons.

15.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(A) confirming a theory

(B) supporting a statement

(D) predicting future discoveries

(E) reconciling discrepant findings

15.2. It can be inferred that one reason the fourteen models described in the passage failed to agree was that

(A) they failed to incorporate the most up-to-date information about the effect of clouds on climate

(B) they were based on faulty information about factors other than clouds that affect climate

(D) their originators disagreed about the kinds of forecasts the models should provide

(E) their originators disagreed about the factors other than clouds that should be included in the models

15.3. It can be inferred that the primary purpose of the models included in the study discussed in the second paragraph of the passage was to

(A) predict future changes in the world’s climate

(B) predict the effects of cloud systems on the world’s climate

(D) assess the percentage of the Earth’s surface covered by cloud systems

(E) estimate by how much the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere will increase

15.4. The information in the passage suggests that scientists would have to answer which of the following questions in order to predict the effect of clouds on the warming of the globe?

(A) What kinds of cloud systems will form over the Earth?

(B) How can cloud systems be encouraged to form over the ocean?

(D) What proportion of cloud systems are currently composed of cirrus of clouds?

(E) What proportion of the clouds in the atmosphere form over land masses?

篇5：教你一眼看穿GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项

教你一眼看穿GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项

GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项类型介绍

GRE长篇阅读中存在的错误干扰选项主要有以下几类：

1. 偏题项

2. 反义项

3. 错位项

4. 极端项

5. 未提项

6. 主观项

重视阅读错误选项才能避免受到影响

综上所述，GRE长篇阅读中的错误选项对于阅读能力欠缺考试时间又不太够的考生来说还是有很大杀伤力的，大家一定要对上文提到的这些常见错误干扰选项类型有所了解，才能在考试中顺利发现问题排除错误，提高鸡肋长篇阅读的得分。

GRE考试阅读理解模拟题及答案解析

Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop.

The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor.

The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air.

Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop.

As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.

It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. (126 words)

1. According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction in a heat pump is to

(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point

(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor

(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point

(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders.

It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one‘s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.

The recent popular psychohistory, committed to Freudian psychoanalysis, takes a radically different approach.

This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.

Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history.

It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians.

Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of the truth.

2. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?

(A) The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.

(D) The psychological assessment of an individual‘s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.

3. The author of the passage puts the word “deepest” in quotation marks most probably in order to

(A) question the usefulness of psychohistorians‘ insights into traditional historical scholarship

(B) draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians‘ method

(D) disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians‘ claims from her opinion of their method

(E) signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians‘ claims for their work

Eight percent of the Earth‘s crust is aluminum, and there are hundreds of aluminum-bearing minerals and vast quantities of the rocks that contain them.

The best aluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminum is present as hydrated oxides.

Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum.

Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum.

Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process.

The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them. (153 words)

4. The author implies that a mineral must either be or readily supply which of the following in order to be classified as an aluminum ore?

(A) An aggregate

(B) Bauxite

(D) Corundum

(E) An aluminum silicate

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

5. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions regarding aluminous minerals

□A Are aluminum-bearing nonbauxite minerals plentiful?

□B Do the aluminous minerals found in bauxite contain hydrated oxides?

□C Are aluminous hydrated oxides found in rocks?

6. The author implies that corundum would be used to produce aluminum if

(A) corundum could be found that is not contaminated by silicates

(B) the production of alumina could be eliminated as an intermediate step in manufacturing aluminum

(D) new technologies were to make it possible to convert corundum to a silicate

(E) manufacturers were to realize that the world‘s supply of bauxite is not unlimited

Tillie Olsen‘s fiction and essays have been widely and rightly acknowledged, particularly by contemporary feminists, as major contributions to American literature.

Yet few of Olsen‘s readers realize the extent to which her vision and choice of subject are rooted in an earlier literary heritage—the tradition of radical political thought, mostly socialist and anarchist, of the 1910‘s and 1920‘s, and the Old Left tradition of the 1930‘s.

I do not mean that one can adequately explain the eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or that left-wing politics were the single most important influence on it.

My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives — owes much to that earlier literary heritage. (126 words)

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

7. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true of the heritage mentioned in the passage?

□A It emphasizes gender as the determinate influence on people‘s lives.

□B It includes political traditions that span three decades of the twentieth century.

□C It has been the most important influence on Olsen‘s work.

8. Select the sentence in which the author denies possible interpretations of an earlier assertion.

Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop.

热泵使液态制冷剂在一个闭环中循环的过程中，制冷剂从液态到气态不停交替。

The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor.

低温低压蒸汽状态的制冷剂经过电机驱动进入一个压缩机。

The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air.

经过压缩机制冷剂变热变稠，进入一个叫做冷凝器的热交换器，把热量从制冷剂传导至一股空气。

Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop.

现在制冷剂变成高压冷却的液体，经过限流使压力下降。

As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.

随着压力下降，制冷剂扩张部分气化，进一步降温。

It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. (126 words)

然后制冷剂经过第二个热交换器，蒸馏器，它把热量从空气传导给制冷剂，使第二股空气降温。

1. According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction in a heat pump is to

(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point

(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor

(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point

(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed

选C

见句 4、5 。

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders.

按传统来说，历史研究的领域都已固定，侧重于时期，国家，大事件和重要领导人。

也有了清晰明确的关于治学程序的概念：如何提出一个历史问题，如何呈现和证明某个结论，证据如何取舍。

The recent popular psychohistory, committed to Freudian psychoanalysis, takes a radically different approach.

最近流行的心理历史学，致力于弗洛伊德精神分析，采取了一种本质上不同的方式。

This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.

这不是历史学者惯常理解的方式。

心理历史学不从历史中寻找 “事实” ，(比如)对历史事件及其影响的详实完备的记录，而来自对创造历史的的个人的精神分析，不从他们一生中的具体事件推导观点，而来自超越历史的人性观。

It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians.

它违背历史学证据的基本标准：证据必须对所有的历史学者公开，进而被所有学者检验。

心理历史学家们都相信自己观点的绝对正确，相信他们的观点是对任何事件的“最深刻”的解释而其他人的解释都不是真相。

2. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?

(A) The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.

(D) The psychological assessment of an individual‘s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.

选A

BCDE 都有文段中不曾出现的新信息。

3. The author of the passage puts the word “deepest” in quotation marks most probably in order to

(A) question the usefulness of psychohistorians‘ insights into traditional historical scholarship

(B) draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians‘ method

(D) disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians‘ claims from her opinion of their method

(E) signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians‘ claims for their work

选E

再看一遍句 7 。

都觉得自己对，别人都不行，显然是一种自以为是的态度，“deepest” 加引号是作者表达自己对这种态度的保留，所以选E。

Eight percent of the Earth‘s crust is aluminum, and there are hundreds of aluminum-bearing minerals and vast quantities of the rocks that contain them.

地壳的8%是铝，有超过百种含铝的矿物以及大量含铝的矿石。

The best aluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminum is present as hydrated oxides.

最好的铝矿石是铝土矿，这是一种纯度不一的含铝矿石，铝以水合氧化物的形式存在。

Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum.

大量出现的铝矿石中以铝土矿含量最高，而且它可以产出三氧化二铝，是制取铝的中间产物。

Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum.

三氧化二铝也天然地存在于刚玉中，但这种矿物并未发现大量的高纯度蕴藏，因此不是符合实际的制铝资源。

Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process.

很多非铝土矿的含铝矿物大部分是硅酸盐，和所有的硅酸盐一样，它们耐高温，难以分解，极难加工。

The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them. (153 words)

因此含铝硅酸盐通常不适合作为铝土矿的替代方案，因为要从中提取铝需要多消耗相当数量的能源。

4. The author implies that a mineral must either be or readily supply which of the following in order to be classified as an aluminum ore?

(A) An aggregate

(B) Bauxite

(D) Corundum

(E) An aluminum silicate

选C

难点在于审题，作者认为一种矿物质必须是 ___ 或者提供 ___ 才能被称为铝矿石，句 2 说到水合氧化物，句 3、4 出现了三氧化二铝，综合来看选 C，只有包含三氧化二铝的矿石，才被称为铝矿石。

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

5. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions regarding aluminous minerals

□A Are aluminum-bearing nonbauxite minerals plentiful?

□B Do the aluminous minerals found in bauxite contain hydrated oxides?

□C Are aluminous hydrated oxides found in rocks?

选ABC

A 见句 5 。Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals …

B/C 见句 2 。

6. The author implies that corundum would be used to produce aluminum if

(A) corundum could be found that is not contaminated by silicates

(B) the production of alumina could be eliminated as an intermediate step in manufacturing aluminum

(D) new technologies were to make it possible to convert corundum to a silicate

(E) manufacturers were to realize that the world‘s supply of bauxite is not unlimited

选C

见句 5

Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum.

如果这个不利条件改变，则刚玉也可以作为生产铝的一种理想的原料矿石，所以选C。

Tillie Olsen‘s fiction and essays have been widely and rightly acknowledged, particularly by contemporary feminists, as major contributions to American literature.

T 的小说和随笔广为流传也受到公正的评价，特别是被同时代的女权主义者视为美国文学的主要贡献。

Yet few of Olsen‘s readers realize the extent to which her vision and choice of subject are rooted in an earlier literary heritage — the tradition of radical political thought, mostly socialist and anarchist, of the 1910‘s and 1920‘s, and the Old Left tradition of the 1930‘s.

然而没有几个读者意识到她的视野和主题选择来源于一种更早的文学传统 —— 1910 和 1920 年代的那种激进的政治观念，主要是社会主义者和无政府主义者的传统，以及1930年代的老式左派传统。

I do not mean that one can adequately explain the eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or that left-wing politics were the single most important influence on it.

我不认为从政治起源的角度可以充分解读她作品的雄辩，也不认为左翼观点对其作品的影响最大。

My point is that its central consciousness — its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives — owes much to that earlier literary heritage. (126 words)

我的观点是它的核心意识 —— 它对于阶级和性别影响塑造人物命运的深刻理解 —— 相当程度上源于她早期的文学师承。

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

7. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true of the heritage mentioned in the passage?

□A It emphasizes gender as the determinate influence on people‘s lives.

□B It includes political traditions that span three decades of the twentieth century.

□C It has been the most important influence on Olsen‘s work.

选AC

好题，首先注意选 NOT true 项。

A 争议大。

有的同学认为 A 是 true 的，让我们回到句 4 ——

My point is that its central consciousness — its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives — owes much to that earlier literaryheritage.

作者的看法的主干是 “核心意识归因于继承” ，也就是说是 T 小说有某种看法，而这种看法受 heritage 的影响，但不能推出 heritage 有着这样的看法。

举个类比的例子，我因为看到城管粗暴执法的视频受到影响，同情小贩，这不代表城管同情小贩(虽然某些城管内心也许也有同情)。

B true ，所以不选。

C 见句 3 。

8. Select the sentence in which the author denies possible interpretations of an earlier assertion.

句 3

“I do not mean that one can adequately explain the eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or that left-wing politics were the single most important influence on it.”

篇6：GRE阅读中的常见错误解析

GRE阅读中的常见错误解析阅读满分不再难

看题目时粗心大意

其实对于聪明的中国考生来说，许多时候GRE阅读的题目要求都可以给我们许多的暗示，例如题目中有NB这样的字眼，有些备选项会被用上2次，这无疑是出题者给我们无声的暗示。还有对于一些细节的题目，一定要看清题目要求，要不就会出力不讨好了。还有些题干上会标明考查内容的段落和出处，千万不要不看题干，回原文通篇疯狂地寻找，既耽误了时间，又降低了正确率。

大多数的阅读段落首句都是主题句，呈现出总分结构的特征，接下来的支持具层层展开，保持着与主题句的线性支持关系，这样一来，阅读一段文章时，思路只要按照首句的方向展开即可，如果第二句和第三句与首句保持一致，那么首句就是段落的主题句，除非中间出现了大的转折或者对比，改变了方向。而如果首句是主题句，那么首句的方向就是整个段落的方向，因此，在阅读过程中只要把握“主题”和“方向”，以及维持或改变方向的“关系词”，就能理解主旨，而段落中的生词变得毫无意义。当然词汇对于阅读有致命的影响，因此建议广大考生在用技巧和方法的同时，提高词汇是解决英语阅读问题的根本所在。

指读和回读的不良习惯

指读，顾名思义，用手指或者笔边指边读的习惯说明是在以“词”为单位阅读。GRE阅读文章篇幅往往较长，如果word by word，一是时间紧迫，无法在考试规定时间完成题目;二是容易断章取义，失去了对文章整体感的把握。

回读就是一段话，一遍不行两遍，两遍不行三遍，直到自以为读懂为止，这是典型的以“句子”为单位阅读的特征，因为读者虽然有可能最终读懂每一句话，但是却不可能有效区分主题句和支持句，导致其不可能掌握段落主旨。从心理学角度讲，这是不自信和不放心的表现，担心自己有内容遗漏，一而再再而三地读，其实掌握了GRE文章出题的思路，熟悉西方人表达上的思维模式，例如开门见山式，重要信息前置等原则，就可以大胆的在阅读时有“舍”有“得”。

纠结于长句

面对少则二行，多则四行左右的GRE阅读中的长难句，许多考生苦不堪言。究竟要怎么阅读才能事半功倍呢这里提出“拨笋理论”，将繁琐冗长的句子去除从句，修饰词，层层剥离，找出最重要的核心意思。Eg, Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railways, highways and air routes. 请大家“剥去”一些细节和次重点的修饰词，然后注意句子逻辑，找最核心的句意，快速阅读，你只需知道port cities become centers and capitals because of water and urban concentration. 这样既不会遗漏重要情节，又可以养成考场上答题时快、准、狠的特点。

新GRE阅读长难句的结构解读

1、长成分

1)长从句做主语、宾语及其他成分

a、主语从句

b、宾语从句

2)长状语

3)层层修饰

4)并列成分

2、常见倒装搭配

(1)及物动词加介词：固定词组的固定搭配中，经常出现倒装情况，如：bring A to B，写作：bring to B A

例：Yet Waltzer’s argument , however deficient , does point to oneof the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings topredominant positions in a society people who ,no matter howlegitimately they have earned their material rewards , often lack thoseother qualities that evoke affection or admiration.

类似的情况：throw over , insert into , import into , infer from, establish for , advocate as 等

(2)及物动词加副词

例：make possible …(单词或者句子)

3、省略的几种情况

(1)重复的成分

(2)让步转折的省略：如although (but)

(3)定语从句引导词的省略which(that )

(4)定语从句的引导词和系动词同时省略，变成后置定语

如：qualities(such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth

4、短语被分割

如：such as, so that , too to , more than , from A to B , between A and B

5、多重否定

如：Despite these vague categories , one should not claimunequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot belegitimately observed .

6、难句分析举例

Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industrygreatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealthdetached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almostequally detached from the responsible management of business.

[句子主干]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industrygreatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…

[语法难点]本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句，一个是(which was)representing…，另一个是(which was)detached…。

可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。

[句子翻译] 对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。

以上便是新gre阅读考试长难句解析介绍，需要大家理解上不要跟跟结构相混淆，虽然新GRE考试和旧g都有长难句考查，但是新gre阅读考试侧重考查考生的逻辑推断能力，所以新gre阅读考试长难句理解的基础上一定要分清句子结构。

GRE双语阅读：马克卡尼成英国银行新晋领导人

Mark Carney——I mean what I say

马克·卡尼：“言出必行”

The new governor is struggling to convince skeptical markets

英国银行新晋领导人正试图极力说服持怀疑态度的国内市场

CREDIBILITY is treasured by central bankers. It is after all why politicians, who patently lack that precious quality, have entrusted the monetary guardians with the job of taming inflation. But what happens when investors do not believe a supposedly binding central-bank commitment to keep interest rates low?

信誉对于央行行长们来说是极其珍贵的，而这也正是为何那些早已将个人信誉消耗殆尽的政客们委任这些“货币守护者”来遏止通货膨胀的原因。但当投资方不再信任央行曾信誓旦旦“维持国内低利率”的承诺的后果将会是什么?

The answer this week from Mark Carney, the Canadian governor of the Bank of England, was to set out again the case for the forward guidance which had failed to convince the markets when he first delivered it earlier this month. Speaking in Nottingham on August 28th he also announced a relaxation in banks' liquidity requirements to encourage lending. But Mr. Carney's speech seemed unlikely to sway the skeptics. They doubt that the bank's base rate, which has been at a three-century low of 0.5% for over four years, will stay there for another three.

而这位加拿大籍英国银行行长马克·卡尼于本周作出相关回应，即再次利用他于本月前几日提出的相关明细着手处理该事——尽管卡尼先生首次提出该提议时在说服相关市场方面收效甚微。他于8月28日在诺丁汉的演说中宣称，将放宽银行的货币流通需求以此来刺激借贷，但该演说似乎并未打消投资方的疑虑，他们不断质疑银行的基本利率在四年之内一直保持三百年来的最低态势——0.5%仍将持续至下一个三年。

Mr Carney's task is tricky because the bank's forward guidance is about as clear as an insurance policy once the small print has been read. The crucial pledge is that the bank's monetary-policy committee (MPC) will not think about raising interest rates until the unemployment rate, currently 7.8%, falls to 7%. Since the bank's own forecast shows this will take until well into 2016, the MPC is in effect promising to sit on its hands for another three years. But that seemingly straightforward commitment comes with “knockout” clauses. If inflation becomes a threat or financial stability is being endangered, forward guidance will no longer apply.

鉴于英国银行之前的明细规定，与用极难阅读的小字印刷的保险理赔条款一般“清晰明确”，卡尼先生的该项策略实属明智之举，最为关键的是，英国银行下属的货币政策委员会(monetary-policy committee—MPC)在国家失业率由目前的7.8%下降至7%之前，将不会再提高利率，而由于银行预测显示该形式预计在才会有所好转，若货币政策委员会(MPC)履行承诺，那么他们将会在接下来的三年内不再插手该事，然而委员会却道貌岸然地提出了所谓“淘汰”条款，即当通货膨胀构成威胁或国家经济稳定形势岌岌可危时，之前的规定将不再作数。

GRE双语阅读：心理学实验证明时间不等于金钱

Psychology——Time is not money

心理学：时间不等于金钱

Thinking about it makes you a better person, not a worse one

时间观念只会提升人格，绝无裨益

“THE love of money”, St Paul memorably wrote to his protégé Timothy, “is the root of all evil.” “All” may be putting it a bit strongly, but dozens of psychological studies have indeed shown that people primed to think about money before an experiment are more likely to lie, cheat and steal during the course of that experiment.

圣保尔曾在给其亲信蒂莫西的信中写到“金钱是万恶之源”。或许，“万恶”一词说的过于严重，但无数心理研究表明实验前被灌输金钱观念的人更容易在实验过程中撒谎、作弊并行窃。

Another well-known aphorism, ascribed to Benjamin Franklin, is “time is money”. If true, that suggests a syllogism: that the love of time is a root of evil, too. But a paper just published in Psychological Science by Francesca Gino of Harvard and Cassie Mogilner of the University of Pennsylvania suggests precisely the opposite.

另一名言—“时间就是金钱”，出自本杰.富兰克林。如果他说的有理，那么就可以推断出：对时间的珍爱也是万恶之源。然而，哈佛商学院的弗兰切斯卡· 吉诺(Francesca Gino)和宾夕法尼亚大学的凯希·莫吉内尔(Cassie Mogilner)教授共同撰写发表在《心理科学》的论文则持有完全相反的结论。

Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner asked a group of volunteers to do a series of what appeared to be aptitude tests. As is often the case in such experiments, though, what the volunteers were told, and what the truth was, were rather different things.

他俩召集了一些志愿者，参加一系列类似性向测试的实验活动。和其它这类实验一样，这些志愿者被告知的与事实往往是不同的。

In the first test they were asked to make, within three minutes, as many coherent sentences as they could out of a set of words they had been presented with. What they were not told was that each of them had been assigned to one of three groups. Some volunteers' word sets were seeded with ones associated with money, such as “dollars”, “financing” and “spend”. Some were seeded with words associated with time (e.g., “clock”, “hours”, “moment”). And some were seeded with neither. Thus unknowingly primed, the volunteers were ready for the second test.

第一轮测验要求他们用所给词汇在限定的三分钟内尽可能造出更多连贯的句子。但他们并不知道，所有参与者已被悄悄分为三组。第一组所给词汇主要是金钱类的，如“美元”、“融资”、“消费”等。第二组则与时间相关，如“钟表”、“小时”、“一刻”等。第三组则为中性词汇，完全不同于前两组。就这样毫无知觉地，志愿者们进入了下一轮测试。

This was mathematical. They were given a sheet of paper with 20 matrices which each contained 12 numbers, two of which added up to ten (for example, 3.81 and 6.19). They had to write down, on a separate answer sheet, how many of these pairs they could manage to find in five minutes. They were also given a packet of money and told they could reward themselves with a dollar for each pair they discovered.

第二场是数字游戏。每人持有一张印有20个数阵的试卷，每个数阵含12个数字，两两相加为10(如3.81和6.19)。要求每人5分钟内在答题纸上写下所能找到的所有相加为10的配对。同时，每人得到一袋硬币，且被告知，若找到一对即可奖励自己一美元。

Crucially, they were not asked to show their workings on the answer sheets—and the matrix sheets, on which those workings might have appeared, carried no identifier and were ostentatiously discarded once the test was done. Nevertheless, by hiding an identification code in a sample matrix on the answer sheet, Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner knew which matrix sheet each candidate had been given and thus who had cheated and who had not. They found that 88% of those who had been primed with money-related words in the first test cheated, as did 67% of those given neutral words. Of those primed with time-related words, though, only42% cheated.

关键是，本次测验并未要求考生上交答卷或在试卷上写下姓名等身份信息，尽管试卷上可能会有他们的做题思路，但测试一结束就被狠狠地抛弃了。不过，吉诺教授和莫吉内尔教授其实事先已在答题卷上秘密标好对应试卷的身份代码，因此哪些人作弊、哪些人没作弊，他们是一清二楚的。结果表明，第一次实验中接触金钱相关词汇的志愿者有88%的人作弊，接触中性词汇的志愿者有67%的人作弊，而接触时间相关词汇的只有42%作弊。

Nor, despite St Paul's aphorism, was the lure of lucre during the experiment (as opposed to the effect of thinking about it as a result of being primed) necessary as a corrupting influence. A similar trial on different participants showed that presenting the matrix as a test of intelligence also caused those primed with the idea of money to cheat more than those primed with the idea of time—though, intriguingly, that did not apply if the matrix was presented as a test of personality.

尽管圣保尔的格言并非毫无道理，但并不一定证明就是试验中的利益诱惑才如此广泛地腐蚀了人们纯洁的心灵(该观点反对将实验结果归于事先所灌输的观念)。因为在另一相似的实验中(参与者不同)，参与者被告知自己是在做智力测验，最后发现也是同样的结果，即那些有着金钱观念的比时间观念的更易作弊——有趣得是，如果只是视为人格测验，结果却完全不同。

This led Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner to suspect that self-reflection played a part in controlling unethical behavior during the test. They therefore conducted a third test in which, for half the volunteers, there was a mirror in the cubicle they were sitting in when doing the experiment.

针对以上测试结果，吉诺教授和莫吉内尔教授怀疑测试中的非道德行为是受自我反省控制的。为此，他们又设计了第三场试验，其中半数人在测验过程中眼前是搁有镜子的。

Volunteers primed to think about money cheated 39% of the time when a mirror was present but 67% when it was not. Those primed to think about time cheated 32% of the time in the presence of the mirror and 36% in its absence—results that are statistically indistinguishable.

被灌输金钱思想的一组，当现场设有镜子时，参与者在39%的测试过程中出现作弊行为，而没有镜子时，则为67%。相同条件下，被灌输时间观念的一组，分别为32%和36%，该组前后结果基本没什么变化。

Finally, a fourth experiment asked primed volunteers to fill in a questionnaire before tackling the matrix. In among “filler” questions intended to disguise what was happening this asked them to rate how they felt about self-reflective statements like, “Right now, I am thinking about who I am as a person.”

最后第四场实验要求每位已有不同思想输入的参与者在解决数阵前先完成一份问卷。问卷上设有掩饰之前不光彩行为的“补充性”问题，调查他们在看到自我反思表述语句时的想法与感受，如“此时此刻，我在思考着作为人，自己究竟是谁。”。

As in the previous tests, those primed with money words cheated more often than those primed with neutral words and far more often than those primed with time words. But whether someone cheated was also related to how strongly he felt about the self-reflective statements presented to him in the questionnaire.

之前的实验结果显示，被输入金钱类词汇的参与者作弊倾向最高，被输入中心词汇的其次，而被输入时间类词汇的作弊倾向为最小。但是，最后一次实验证明，参与者是否作弊也受其在看到问卷上自我反思陈述时的内心感受所影响。

It seems, then, that thinking about time has the opposite effect on people from thinking about money. It makes them more honest than normal, rather than less so. Moreover, the more reflective they are, the more honest they become. There must be an aphorism in that.

由此，我们似乎可以得出这样一个结论，时间观念与金钱观念对人们所产生的影响是截然不同的。时间观念带给个人诚信的只会是正能量，绝非负能量。而且，一个人越懂得反躬自省，那么他就越诚实。我想，对此必定也有那么一句格言的吧。

篇7：GRE写作2个观点类常见错误实例讲解

GRE写作在提炼观点时出问题的情况其实很常见，其中最主要的错误有两种，一种是根据素材提炼出的观点论点过于宽泛，根本没有体现出题目的特色，而只是给出了一个很大很空泛的观点。另外一种则是论点过于狭窄，也就是太过针对题材本身而没有办法引申出更多深层次的思考。这两种错误看似互相矛盾，但对于缺乏GRE作文写作经验的考生来说，无论出现那种错误都需要引起警惕，否则作文成绩将很难有所提升。

1. 观点太空太宽

在各类教导写作的材料中，大家应该时常会发现关于强调GRE写作论点一定要写得具体，越细越好的指导建议。而考生经常出现的问题就是会出现一些很宽泛的论点句，以至于在较短的篇幅里并不能充分展开，甚至有时候会造成观点重叠。

比如去年2月份的GRE考试中有一篇作文，题目要求探讨关于移动电话对于现代人生活的影响。假如考生提炼出的观点是“Mobile phones have changed our life greatly. ”这句只是说手机很大程度上改变了人们的生活，但是并未点明从哪些方面上带来了改变，因此把这个观点具化一下：“Mobile phones can serve as a connection to the Internet, which can be extremely convenient for obtaining information wherever you may be.”这样一来大家既有具体内容可写，也可以避免观点过于宽泛大而无当的情况。

而同样是在去年2月份，还有一篇作文的题目则讨论了关于广告泛滥对于社会舆论造成的干扰。如果考生只是简单写“Advertising has bad effects on all of society. ”广告有不良影响显然是不够的。我们需要写出具体的方面，比如“Advertisements which exaggerate the function of the products may mislead the consumers.”这样具体的观点才是GRE考官真正希望看到的内容，言之有物也需要从实际出发。

2. 观点太细太窄

与论点过于宽泛相对的，则是一些考生把论点定得太过狭窄，自己把自己逼近了死胡同以至于没有展开的空间甚至没有进一步支持的必要。这类句子与其说是观点，倒不如说是事实的陈述或者只是举了个例子而已。

去年4月GRE作文中曾出现过这样一道题目，讲的是某个地方当地人开展旅游业的看法。有的考生直接把观点写成“There are more local residents engaged in tourism industry. ”这其实并非观点，只是陈述了一个事实就是在当地越来越多人开始从事旅游业，可改为：“Tourism brings huge economic benefits to local residents.”就比较容易展开了。

而今年1月份的GRE作文中也有一道讨论不可再生燃料如何持续利用的题目，如果考生写出“The consumption of fossil fuels increase in recent years. ”这样一句看似结论的话既缺乏数据支持也毫无说服力可言，等于是自己把话说死了，后续要怎么展开?正确写法是给出论述重点，假设原因，比如“The consumption of fossil fuels increasing in recent years results from two factors.”之后就会好写很多。

以上两种观点上的错误，无论出现哪一种，对考生来说都将意味着难以取得高分，小编建议大家与其花更多时间磨炼写作技巧提升写作速度，还不如多看一些题目和范文，在提炼观点上增加一些练习，如此才能更好地避免因为写作观点出错而没能拿到作文高分的情况。

GRE范文参考

The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.

Score 6 Response

he recommendation presents a view that I would agree is successful most of the time, but one that I cannot fully support due to the “all or nothing” impression it gives.

Certainly as an educator I agree fully that the best way to elicit positive response from students is to make use of students’ positive energy and then encourage actions that you would like to see repeated. It is human nature that we all want to be accepted and achieve on some level, and when people in authority provide feedback that we have done something well, the drive to repeat the action that was praised is bound to be particularly strong.

This blanket statement would obviously pay dividends in situations in which a teacher desires to have students repeat particular behaviors. For example, if an educator is attempting to teach students proper classroom etiquette, it would be appropriate to openly praise a student who raises his or her hand when wishing to speak or address the class. In such cases, the teacher may also help shape positive behaviors by ignoring a student who is trying to interject without approval from the teacher. In fact, the decision to ignore students who are exhibiting inappropriate behaviors of this type could work very well in this situation, as the stakes are not very high and the intended outcome can likely be achieved by such a method. However, it is important to note here that this tactic would only be effective in such a “low-stakes” situation, as when a student speaks without raising her hand first. As we will discuss below, ignoring a student who hits another student, or engages in more serious misbehaviors, would not be effective or prudent.

To expand on this point, it is important for teachers to be careful when working with the second half of this statement, only ignoring negative actions that are not serious. Take for instance a student who is misbehaving just by chatting with a fellow classmate. This student might not be presenting much of a problem and may be simply seeking attention. Ignoring the student might, in fact, be the best solution. Now assume the negative action is the improper administering of chemicals in a science experiment or the bullying of a fellow student. To ignore these negative actions would be absurd and negligent. Now you are allowing a problem to persist, one that could potentially lead to much bigger and more dangerous issues. In a more serious situation, addressing the negative actions quickly and properly could stop the problem it in its tracks. It is for reasons like this that I do not advocate the idea that a teacher can be successful by simply ignoring negative actions.

I do, however, greatly support the idea that the central focus of teaching should be to build on and encourage positive actions. However, the author’s all-encompasing statement leaves too many negative possibilities for the classroom. Perhaps a better way to phrase this statement would be to say, “The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones that are not debilitating to class efficiency or the safety of any individual”.

Thus, in the original statement, there are indeed some good intentions, and there could be a lot of merit in adopting its basic principles. Data proves that positive support can substantially increase motivation and desire in students and contribute to positive achievements. In fact, most studies of teaching efficacy indicate that praising positive actions and ignoring negative ones can create a more stable and efficient classroom.It needs to be stressed, however, that this tool is only effective at certain levels of misbehavior. As mentioned above, when the behavior is precipitated by feelings of revenge, power or total self-worthlessness, this methodology will likely not work. It is likely to be very successful, however, when the drive behind the misbehavior is simple attention seeking. In many of these instances, if the teacher demonstrates clearly that inappropriate behavior does not result in the gaining of attention, students are more likely to seek attention by behaving properly. Should the student choose this path, then the ignoring has worked and when the positive behavior is exhibited, then the teacher can utilize the first part of the theory and support or praise this behavior.Now it is much more likely to be repeated. If the student does not choose this path and instead elects to raise the actions to a higher level that presents a more serious issue, then ignorance alone cannot work and other methods must be employed.

In conclusion, one can appreciate the credo expressed in this instance, but surely we all can see the potential error of following it through to the extreme.

Reader Commentary

This response receives a 6 for its well-articulated, insightful analysis of the issue. Rather than simply rejecting or accepting the prompt, the writer argues that the recommendation made by the prompt can often be true but is too “all or nothing“ to be endorsed without qualification. The writer turns this idea into an insightful position by providing examples and evidence to fully and persuasively support its nuanced argument. The response offers nicely detailed situations that provide compelling support for a claim that the recommendation can, in fact, work. At the same time, it also highlights the recommendation’s limits using additional specific, detailed examples. Particularly persuasive is the fourth paragraph, in which the writer compares the impact of ignoring minor behavioral problems like talking in class to the potential costs of ignoring more serious issues like bullying. Thus, the writer recognizes that the prompt’s claim, as well as his/her own, is inevitably dependent on the specific context for its success or failure. Throughout the response, the writer demonstrates the ability to convey ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety. This sentence demonstrates the level of language facility seen throughout the response: ”It is human nature that we all want to be accepted and achieve on some level, and when people in authority provide feedback that we have done something well, the drive to repeat the action that was praised is bound to be particularly strong.”

新版GRE写作新题库：Argument

题目：

The following appeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement.

“Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire, because it has spectacular natural beauty and a consistent climate. Another advantage is that housing costs in Clearview have fallen significantly during the past year, and taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns. Moreover, Clearview's mayor promises many new programs to improve schools, streets, and public services. And best of all, retirees in Clearview can also expect excellent health care as they grow older, since the number of physicians in the area is far greater than the national average.”

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

中文翻译：

由于Clearview的天然景色和温和气候，它应该成为那些为退休后寻找生活地的人的首选。另一项好处是，Clearview的房价在去年显著下降，房地产税一直比邻近城市低。而且，Clearview的市长承诺了很多新方案来改学校、街道和公共服务。Clearview的退休人员也可以在老年时享受到出色的医疗服务，因为该地区的医生数量高于全国平均水平。

写一篇回应，讨论还需要何种具体的证据才能更好的评估上面的论证，并解释这个证据是如何强化/削弱这篇文章的论证的。

此上就是为大家提供的新版GRE写作新题库Argument部分的内容，希望大家能够在练习中提高自己的写作水平。

★ 教你一眼看穿GRE长篇阅读错误干扰选项