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篇1：新概念英语第四册第28课:Patients and doctors
Lesson 28 Patients and doctors病人与医生
First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What are patients looking for when they visit the doctor?
This is a sceptical age, but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same a theirs. This modern faith in medicines is proved the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise. The majority of the patients attending the medical out-patients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, a box of pills, or a small jar of ointment, and the doctor in charge of the department is only too ready to provide them with these requirements. There is no quicker method of disposing of patients then by giving them what they are asking for, and since most medical men in the Health Services are overworked and have little time for offering time-consuming and little-appreciated advice on such subjects as diet, right living, and the need for abandoning bad habits etc., the bottle, the box, and the jar are almost always granted them.
这是一个怀疑一切的时代，可是虽然我们对我们祖先笃信的许多事物已不太相信，我们对瓶装药品疗效的信心仍与祖辈一样坚定。卫生部门的处度药费上升到了天文 数字，并且目前尚无停止上升的迹象，这个事实证实了现代人对药物的依赖。在医院门诊部看病的大多数人觉得，如果不能带回一些看得见、摸得着的药物，如一瓶 药水，一盒药丸、一小瓶药膏回家的话，就没算得到了充分的治疗。负责门诊的医生也非常乐意为前来看病的人提供他们想要得到的药物，病人要什么就给什么，没 有比这样处理病人更快的方法了。因为卫生部门的大多数医生超负荷工作，所以没有多少时间提出一些既费时而又不受人欢迎的忠告，如注意饮食、生活有规律，需 要克服坏习惯等等，结果就是把瓶药、盒药、罐药开给看病的人而完事大吉。
Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who was such faith in the bottle of medicine. It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle's. Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, and comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to Henry Taylor's house. History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did. The great advantage of taking medicine is that it makes no demands on the taker beyond that of putting up for a moment with a disgusting taste, and that is what all patients demand of their doctors -- to be cured at no inconvenience to themselves.
并不只是那些无知和没受过良好教育的人才迷信药瓶子。据说托马斯.卡莱尔有过这么一件事：他听说朋友亨利.泰勒病了，就立刻跑去看他，衣袋里装上了他妻子 不舒服时吃剩下的一瓶药。卡莱尔不知道药瓶子里装的是什么药，不知道他的朋友得的是什么病，也不知道妻子以前得的是什么病，只知道一种药对一种病有好处， 肯定对另一种病也会有好处。想到能对朋友有所帮助，他感到很欣慰，于是急急忙忙来到了亨利.泰勒的家里，他的朋友是否接受了他的药物治疗，历史没有记载， 但很可能接受了。服药的最大优点是：除了暂时忍受一下令人作呕的味道外，对服药人别无其他要求。这也正是病人对医生的要求 -- 病要治好，但不要太麻烦。
New words and expressions 生词和短语
sceptical
adj. 怀疑的
forefathers
n. 祖先
fervently
adv. 热情地
curative
adj. 治病的
astronomical
adj. 天文学的
tangible
adj.实实在在的
remedy
n. 药物
ointment
n. 药膏
prescribe
v. 开药方
indisposition
n. 小病
inconvenience
n. 令人讨厌的
inconvenience
n. 不便
Notes on the text课文注释
1 the same as theirs, 这里的theirs是指our forefathers'。
2 only too ready to provide,非常乐意提供。在英语中too...to do...的结构通常表示否定，但如果在恰面加上only,就有“非常...能做”的意思。
3 dispose of,处理。
4 It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle...，据说，托马斯·卡莱尔...
5 in all probability,很可能。
6 put up with,忍受。
Lesson 28 课后练习和答案Exercises and Answer
篇2：新概念英语第二册第28课:No parking
Lesson 28 No parking禁止停车
First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is Jasper White's problem?
Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
贾斯珀.怀特是少有的相信古代神话的人之一
he has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.
他刚在城里买下一所新房子，但自从搬进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了磨擦
When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.
当他夜里回到家时，总是发现有人把 车停在他家大门外
Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.
为此，他甚至一次也没能把自己的车开进车库
Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.
贾斯珀曾把几块“禁止停车”的牌子挂在大门外边，但没有任何效果
Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.
现在他把一个丑陋的石雕 头像放在了大门上边，这是我见过的最丑陋的头像之一
I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon.
我问他那是什么？他告诉我那是蛇发女怪美杜莎
jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. But none of them has been turned to stone yet!
贾斯珀希望她把汽车和车主们都变成石头。但到目前为止 还没有一个变成石头呢！
New words and Expressions生词和短语
rare
adj. 罕见的
ancient
adj. 古代的，古老的
myth
n. 神话故事
trouble
n. 麻烦
effect
n. 结果，效果
Medusa
n. 美杜莎（古希腊神话中3位蛇发女怪之一）
Gorgon
n. （古希腊神话中的）3位蛇发女怪之一（凡见其貌者都会变成石头）
Lesson 28 自学导读First things first
课文详注 Further notes on the text1．Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. 贾斯珀·怀特是少有的相信古代神话的人之一。
在第21课的课文详注中，我们曾经提到“one of +名词／代词”这个结构，of后面的名词必须是复数，但与这个结构连用的动词必须是单数：
One of your friends is waiting for you now.
你的一位朋友正在等你。
课文中who代指的是one of those rare people，所以动词用believes。
2．… but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.………但自从搬进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了摩擦。
ever since的语气比since强，表示“从那以后一直，，主句一般用完成时：
I've been interested in flying ever since I was a boy.
自从我的孩提时代起，我就对飞行一直感兴趣。
He left the village last year and has never returned ever since.
他去年离开了这座村庄，从那以后一直没有回去过。
3．Jasper has put up‘No Parking’ signs outside his gate…贾斯珀曾把几块“禁止停车”的牌子挂在大门外边……
put up在这里表示“挂起”、“竖起”等意思。
4．Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone.
贾斯珀希望她把汽车和司机们都变成石头。
（1）she指的是蛇发女怪美杜莎。根据希腊神话，凡看她一眼的人都会变成石头。
（2）turn在这儿的意思是“把……变成”，是及物动词：
They have turned the famous beauty spot to/into an ugly place.
他们把那著名的风景胜地变成了一个丑陋的地方。
语法 Grammar in use
1．现在完成时
在第4课的语法中我们讲过与现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语，其中包括before（now），so far， up to／till now，just，already，now，ever，never等；还讲过有些用现在完成时的句子不需要任何表示时间的词。注意以下句子：
This is one of the worst photos I've ever taken.
这是我照过的最差的相片之一。
What a good film!
这电影真好！
Yes, I've never seen such a good film before.
是的，我从来没看过这么好的电影。
How many times have you had that dream?
那个梦你做过几次？
I've had it three times so far.
迄今为止我已做过3次。
除了这些词以外，since和for也常与现在完成时连用，表示直到现在的时段。since一般与一个时间点连用，for一般与一个时间段连用：
How long have y0u been a doctor?
你当医生有多久了？
I've been a doctor since 1989.
自1989年以来我一直是个医生。
How long have you worked at the library?
你在图书馆工作多久了？
I've worked at the library for a week.
我来图书馆工作已经一星期了。
I've lived here since 1980.
自1980年起我就住在这儿。
I've lived here for five years.
我已在这里住了5年了。
2．关系从句（Relative clauses）及关系代词（Relative pronouns）
在第1册第121～124课中，我们已接触到关系从句。关系从句又可称为定语从句或形容词从句，它像形容词一样可以形容人、物及事件。关系从句可分为 限定性（defining）关系从句（不带逗号）和非限定性（non-defining）关系从句（带逗号）。我们在这里只讨论限定性关系从句。
可以用来表示人的关系代词有who，whom和that以及所有格形式whose，口语中whom经常由who代替。用来表示事物和动物的关系代词有 which和that。不论这些关系代词指的是单数还是复数，其形式都保持不变。关系代词在关系从句中作宾语时往往可以省略，作主语时则不可以：
This is the photo (that/which) I took.
这是我拍的照片。（the photo为took的宾语，that/which代替the photo，可省略）
The man (who/whom) I served was wearing a hat.
我接待的那个人戴着一顶帽子。（who／whom为served的宾语，可省略）
The lady who is standing behind the counter served me.
接待我的是站在柜台后面的那位女士。（who为关系从句的主语，不可省）
I bought the books which are on the counter.
我买的就是柜台上的那些书。（which为关系从句的主语，不可省）
The millionaire whose son ran away from home a week ago is not a kind father.
有个儿子一周前从家里逃走的那位百万富翁不是个慈父。
（whose在关系从句中作定语，不可省）
The girls who are standing behind the counter served us.
接待我们的是站在柜台后面的那几位姑娘。（who代替复数名词the girls，形式不变）
词汇学习Word study
1．believe与believe in
动词believe的含义为“相信”、“认为”：
Do you believe that cats eat grass?
你相信猫吃草吗？
Are they at home?
他们在家吗？
I believe so.
我认为在。
believe in可以表示“信仰”、“相信……的存在”、“相信……的价值”：
I believe in God.
我信仰上帝。
He believes in ancient myths.
他相信古代神话。
这个短语还可以表示“信赖（人格、力量等）”：
I've never believed in John.
我从没有信赖过约翰。
试比较：
I believe him.
我相信他（的话）。（=I believe his words.）
2．because与 because of
because只能作连词用，后面接从句：
You can't remember his name, because you aren't really thinking.
你想不起他的名字是因为你没有真正努力去想。
I want to go home now, because I'm tired.
现在我想回家，因为我累了。
because of是介词短语，后面不可以跟从句，只能跟名词或代词。它既可以位于句首，也可以位于句子中间：
Because of the rain, we have to stay at home.
因为下雨，我们不得不呆在家里。
Because of you, we have to put the meeting off.
因为你的缘故，我们已把会议推迟了。
He came back early because of the rain.
由于下雨，所以他回来得早。
He is absent today because of his father's illness.
由于他父亲的病，他今天缺席。
3．can与 be able to
can表示天生的或学到的能力时，只能用于现在时和过去时（could），而不可用于将来时。将来时中表示能力时必须用be able to。在现在时和过去时中，can/could与be able to一般可以互换，在完成时中一般用be able to：
He has never been able to get his own car into his garage.
他从来都没能把自己的车开进车库。（现在完成时）
I'll be able to pass my driving test after I've had a few lessons.
我上几次课后就能通过驾驶考试。（一般将来时）
Lesson 28 课后练习和答案Exercises and Answer
篇3：新概念英语第四册第7课:Bats
Lesson 7 Bats蝙蝠
First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
In what way does echo-location in bats play an utilitarian role?
Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
动物发出的声音不都是用作语言交际。我们只要看一看蝙蝠回声定位这一极不寻常的发现，就可以探究一下声音在什么情况下有绝对的实用价值。
To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.
要透彻理解这句话的意义，我们应先回顾一下人类最近的几项发明。大家都知道，在墙壁或山腰附近发出的喊声，就会听到回声。固体障碍物越远。回声返回所用时 间就越长。敲打船体所发了的声音会从海底传回来，测出回声间隔的时间，便可算出该处海洋的深度。这样就产生了目前各种船舶上普遍应用的回声探测仪。任何固 体者反射声音，反射的声音因物体的大小和性质的不同而不同。鱼群也反射声音。从测定海深到测定鱼群，这一进展比较容易。根据经验和改进了的仪器，不仅能够 确定鱼群的位置，而且可以根据鱼群回声的特点分辨出是鲱鱼、鳕鱼，这是人们所熟悉的其他鱼。
It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles -- or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
人们发现，某些蝙蝠能发出尖叫声，并能通过回声来确定并躲开障碍物，或找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。蝙蝠这种回声定位常常可与雷达相比较，其原理是相似的。
New words and expressions生词和短语
bat
n. 蝙蝠
strictly
adv. 明确地
utilitarian
adj.实用的
appreciation
n. 理解
elapse
v. 障碍物
hull
n. 消逝
interval
n. 船体
receipt
n. 间隔
apparatus
n. 收到
shoal
n. 仪器
herring
n. 鱼群
cod
n. 鳕鱼
squeak
n. 尖叫声
Notes on the text课文注释
1 Not all sounds made by animals serve as language,动物发出的声音不全是作语言交流。此句采用了部分否定，既不是否定所有的动物，而只是一部分。serve as,作...之用。
2 turn to,求助于。
3 play a role in,在...方面起作用。
4 in the vicinity of,在...的附近。
5 So was born the echo-sounding appararus,就这样诞生了回声探测仪。这是一个倒装句，主要是为了避免因主语过长而使全句失去平衡，同时也为了使apparatus的定语now in general use in ships紧挨着名词。in general use,普遍使用。
6 steer clear of,避开。
Lesson 7 课后练习和答案Exercises and Answer
篇4：新概念英语第四册第24课:Beauty
Lesson 24 Beatuy美
First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What do glimpses of beauty, either in nature or art, often suggest to the human mind?
A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to world that lies beyond. It is difficult for any of us in moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us from a different realm of existence, different and, because the experience is intensely moving, in some way higher. And, though the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. Greater too than we can describe; for language, which was invented to convey the meanings of this world, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another.
一个年轻人看到日落，由于无法理解和表达日落在他心中唤起的激情，便得出结论：日落处想必是通往遥远世界的大门。无论是谁，在强烈感受到美的时刻，心中都 不禁油生一种遐想：我们似乎瞥见从另一个世界射向我们的一线光芒，那个世界不仅不同于我们这个世界，而且由于美感的强烈感染，在某些方面比我们这个世界更 美好。虽然这光芒令人眼花缭乱，但它确实给予我们一种不曾经历和无法想象的美感和静谧的启示。这种美感和静谧是我们无法描述的，因为我们发明的语言是用来 描述这个世界的含义，不能随便拿来去描述另一个世界。
That all great has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. In some moods, Nature shares it. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves and indefinable longing and regret. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries; if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humour born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us. if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning. If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp. Beauty in terms of our human meanings is meaningless.
不可否认，一切伟大的艺术都具有使人遐想到进入天外世界的魅力。在某种状态下，大自然也有这种魅力。六月蔚蓝的天空总使人遥想一个更加蔚蓝的苍穹；美丽的 落日总会引起一个更加绚丽的景象未及饱览便一闪即逝，并在消逝中给人留下不可名状的渴望和惆怅。如果这个世界不只是一个拙劣的恶作剧，如果人生不只是群星 寒光中平凡的一闪，如果存在不只是对神秘事物的一种空虚的笑声，如果某种玄妙事物的暗示不是消化不良引起的邪恶情绪，也不是魔鬼为了捉弄我们，使我们发狂 而送给我们的邪念，一句话，如果美有某种意义的话，我闪千万不要去阐明它的意义。如果我瞥见了只可意会不可言传的事物，企图把它说出来，那上不明智的；对 于我们不理解的事物，我们也不应该去赋予它某种意义。用对我们人类有意义的词解释美是没有意义的。
New words and expressions 生词和短语
intense
adj. 强烈的
aesthetic
adj. 审美的
realm
n. 世界
serenity
n. 静谧
undeniable
adj. 不可否认的
indefinable
adj. 模糊不清的
vulgar
adj.平庸的
radiance
n. 发光
intimation
n. 暗示
unutterable
adj. 不可言传的
invest
v. 赋予
Notes on the text课文注释
1 in moments of intense acsthetic experience, 在感受到强烈美的时候。
2 in some way higher, in some way 是“某种程度上”的意思，higher与前面的different and 是并列的，作realm of existence的定语。
3 yet do they convey a hint of beauty,其中的do起强调作用，放在主语之前更具有强调的意义。
4 In some moods Nature shares it.在某种状态下，大自然也具有这种力量。it 是指前面一句中 this power of suggesting a world beyond。
Lesson 24 课后练习和答案Exercises and Answer
篇5：新概念英语第四册第27课:The ‘Vasa’
Lesson 27 The 'Vasa'“瓦萨”号
First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What happened to the 'Vasa' almost immediately after she was launched?
From the seventeenth-century empire of Sweden, the story of a galleon that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be one of the strangest tales of the sea. For nearly three and a half centuries she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her discovery in 1956. This was the Vasa, royal flagship of the great imperial fleet.
1628年，一艘大帆船在处女航时就沉没了，这个从容不迫7世纪瑞典帝国流传至今的故事无疑是航海史上最离奇的事件之一。这艘大船在斯德哥尔摩港口的海底躺了将近几年来个世纪之后，直到1956年才被发现。这就是“瓦萨”号，帝国大舰的皇家旗舰。
King Gustavus Adolphus, 'The Northern Hurricane', then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years' War, had dictated her measurements and armament. Triple gun-decks mounted sixty-four bronze cannon. She was intended to play a leading role in the growing might of Sweden.
当时号称“北方飓风”的国王古斯夫斯.阿道尔弗正处在“三十年战争”的军事鼎盛阶段，他亲自规定了这艘船的规模和武器配备。3层的火炮甲板上装着眼点4门青铜加农炮，目的就是要在不断增长的瑞典势力中起主导作用。
As she was prepared of her maiden voyage on August 10, 1628, Stockholm was in a ferment. From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind. They had laboured for three years to produce this floating work of art; she was more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship. The high stern castle was a riot of carved gods, demons, knights, kings, warriors, mermaids, cherubs; and zoomorphic animal shapes ablaze with rea and gold and blue, symbols of courage, power, and cruelty, were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the superstitious sailors of the day.
1628年8月10日，“瓦萨”号准备首航时，斯德哥尔摩一片欢腾。人们从斯开波斯布朗和周围的岛屿前来观着这艘美丽的战船扬帆起航，乘风前进。瑞典人辛 辛苦苦干了3年才建成这件水上艺术品，它比以往任何船只雕刻得都更加精美，装饰得都更加华丽。高耸的船楼上雕刻了令人眼花缭乱的神仙、妖魔、骑士、国王、武士、美人鱼和小天使，还有用红色、金黄色、蓝色绘制的光彩夺目的兽形图案，象征着勇敢、力量和残暴，以激起汉时崇尚迷信的水手们的想像。
Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to which the Vasa fired in reply. As the emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags colour, she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before. All gun-ports were open and the muzzles peeped wickedly from them.
这时，停泊在港口的其他战船向“瓦萨”号鸣炮致礼，“瓦萨”号也鸣炮回礼。当“瓦萨”号从弥漫的礼炮烟云中出现时，船头下浪花加溅，舰旗迎风招展，三角旗 随风飘动，微风鼓起风帆，金碧辉煌的船楼闪耀着灿烂的色彩。“瓦萨”号展现的壮观景象是斯德哥尔摩人从未见过的。船上的炮眼开着，炮口虎视眈眈地向外窥视着。
As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made a strange movement, listing to port. The Ordnance Officer ordered all the port cannon to be heaved to starboard to counteract the list, but the steepening angle of the decks increased. Then the sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore, as cargo, ballast, ammunition and 400 people went sliding and crashing down to the port side of the steeply listing ship. The lower gun-ports were now below water and the inrush sealed the ship's fate. In that first glorious hour, the mighty Vasa, which was intended to rule the Baltic, sank with all flags flying-in the harbour of her birth.
当风力增强时，突然刮来一阵大风，“瓦萨”号奇怪地摇晃了一下，便向左舷倾斜。炮长命令把左舷上所有大炮搬到右舷上来以抵消船的倾斜，但甲板的倾斜度仍在 增加。当物口、压舱物、弹药和400个人轰地一声滑向陡斜的左舷时，岸上的观众听到了雷鸣般的轰响。下层炮眼已淹没在水里，涌进船舱的水给“瓦萨”号带来 了难以逃脱的厄运。就这样，想要统治波罗的海的大型战舰“瓦萨”号，在它壮丽的起航时刻，带着全身飘扬的彩旗，沉没在了它诞生的港口。
New words and expressions 生词和短语
galleon
n. 大型帆船
Stockholm
n. 斯德哥尔摩
flagship
n. 旗舰
imperial
adj. 帝国的
hurricane
n. 飓风
armament
n. 军械
triple
adj. 三层的
mount
v. 架有
bronze
n. 青铜
cannon
n. 加农炮
might
n.力量
ferment
n.激动不安
ornament
v.装饰
riot
n.丰富
demon
n.恶魔
mermaid
n.美人鱼
cherub
n.小人使
zoomorphic
adj.兽形的
ablaze
adj.光彩的
portray
v.绘制
drifting
adj.弥漫的
churn
v.翻滚
pennant
n.三角旗
superstructure
n.上部结构
majestic
adj.威严的
muzzle
n.炮口
freshen
v.变强
squall
n.狂风
list
v.倾斜
port
n.(船、飞机的)左舷
ordnance
n.军械
heave
v.拖
starboard
n.(船、飞机的)右舷
counteract
v.抵消
steepen
v.变得更陡峭
ballast
n.压舱物
inrush
n.水的涌入
Baltic
n.波罗的海
Notes on the text课文注释
1 the 'Vasa', “瓦萨号”战船。这艘船是以瑞典瓦萨王朝（1523-1654）创始人Gustavus Vasa的姓氏命名的。Gustavus Vasa（1496-1560）曾领导了发对丹麦统治的暴动，1523年出任国王，使瑞典成了一个独立、统一、富强的国家。
2 the Thirty Years War“三十年战争”。这是欧洲历史上的一场多国混战，具有政治和宗教色彩，是新教诸侯和天主教诸侯之间的连年战争（1618-1648），最后在1648年签定了威斯特伐利亚条约，以天主教诸侯失败而告终。
3 a riot of,许多...，主要指色彩丰富。
4 with the water churned...，her flags flying , pennans waving , sails filling...， and the red and gold ... ablaze... with最后5个独立主格结构，均作方式状语，修饰动词emerged。
Lesson 27 课后练习和答案Exercises and Answer
篇6：新概念英语第四册第46课:Hobbies
Lesson 46 Hobbies业余爱好
First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Who, according to the author, are 'Fortune's favoured children'?
a gifted American psychologist has said, 'Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go.' It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.
一位天才的美国心理学家曾经说过：“烦恼是感情的发作，此时脑子纠缠住了某种东西又不肯松手。”在这种情况下，你又和头脑争吵让它松手是无济于事的。这种 意志越是强烈，这种尝试越是徒劳。你只能缓和而巧纱地让另一种东西进入痉挛僵持的头脑中。如果选得合适，而且的确受到别的领域的情趣的启迪，那么渐渐地， 往往也是很顺利地，原先不适当的紧张就会松弛下来，恢复和修整的过程就会开始。
The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of the first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.
因此，对一个从事社会活动的人来说，培养一种业余爱好和各种新的兴趣是关等重要的作法。但这并非一日之功，也不是单凭一蹴而就的事。精神上多种情趣的培养 是一个长期的过程。要想在需要的时候可随手摘取充满生机的果实，那就必然从选良种做起，然后将其植入肥沃的土地，还需要勤勉地护理。
To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: 'I will take an interest in this or that.' Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet get hardly any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball or Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has beer working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.
一个人要想真正感到幸福和平安，至少应有两三种爱好，而且都比较实际。到了晚年才开始说：“我会对这些人或那个人发生兴趣”，已没有用了。这种愿望只能加 剧精神紧张。一个人可能会获得与其日常工作无关的某些课题的渊博知识，而没有从中得到什么实益或宽慰。干你所喜欢的事是没有用的，你喜欢你所干的事。泛泛 地说，人可以分为3类：劳累至死的人、忧虑至死的人、无聊至死的人。对于流汗出力干了一周苦活的体力劳动者来说，让他们在星期六下午再踢足球或打垒球是不 合适的；同样，对于为严肃的公务操劳或烦恼了6天的政界人士、专业人员、商人来说，在周未再让他们为琐事而动脑子和忧虑也是无益的。
As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire -- for them a new pleasure, a new excitement if only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.
至于那些能任意支配一切的“可怜的人”，他们能够恣意妄为，能染指一切追求的目标。对这种人来说，多一种新的乐趣、多一种新的刺激只是增加一分厌腻而已。 他们到处奔乱跑，企图以闲聊和乱窜来摆脱无聊对他们的报复，但这是徒劳的。对他们来说，用某种形式的纪律约束他们一下才能有希望使他们走上正道。
It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human being are divided into two classes: first, one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortune's of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and modest forms. But Fortune's favoured children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes, the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those work is their pleasure are those who and most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.
也可以这样说，理智的，勤劳的、有用的人可以分为两类：第一类是他分清工作是工作，娱乐是娱乐的人；第二类人的工作和娱乐是一回事。这两类人当中，第一类 人是大多数，他们能够得到补偿。在办公室或工厂里长时间工作给他们带来了酬劳，这不仅是谋生的手段，而且还带来了寻找乐趣的强烈欲望，那怕是最简单的、最 低等的乐趣。但是，命运之神的宠儿是第二类人，他们的生活是一种自然的和谐，对他们来说，工作时间总不会太长，每天都是假日，而通常的假期来到，他们却惋 惜这假期强制打断了他们埋头从事的工作。然而对这两种人来说，都需要换一换脑子，改变一下气氛，转移一下注意力，这是不可缺少的。说实在的，把工作当作享 受的那些人最需要每隔一段时间把工作从头脑中撇开。
New words and expressions 生词和短语
gifted
adj. 有天才的
psychologist
n. 心理学家
spasm
n. 一阵（感情）发作
futile
adj. 无用的
insinuate
v. 便潜入，暗示
convulsive
adj. 起痉挛的
illumination
n. 启发，照明
undue
adj. 不造当的
grip
n. 紧张
recuperation
n. 休息
improvise
v. 临时作成
sedulously
adv. 孜孜不倦地
vivify
v. 使生气勃勃
aggravate
v. 加剧
trifling
adj. 微小的
gratify
v. 便满意
caprice
n. 任性
satiation
n. 满足
frantically
adv. 狂乱地
avenge
v. 替…报复
boredom
n. 厌烦
clatter
n. 喧闹的谈话
sustenance
n. 生计
appetite
n. 欲望
grudge
v. 怨恨
absorbing
adj. 引人入胜的
banish
v. 排除，放弃
Notes on the text课文注释
1 catch hold of,抓住……；let…go,放掉……。
2 lay one's hands on,得到……，抓到……。
3 Fortune's favoured children中的Fortune是指“命运女神”。
Lesson 46 课后练习和答案Exercises and Answer
篇7：新概念英语第四册第33课:Education
Lesson 33 Education教育
First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why is education democratic in bookless, tribal societies?
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?
教育是我们这个时代的关键词之一。我们许多人都相信，一个没有受过教育的人，是逆境的牺牲品，被剥夺了20世纪的最优越的机会之一。现代国家深深懂得教育 的重要性，对教育机构投资，收回的‘利息’便是培养出大批有知识的男女青年，这些人可能成为未来的栋梁。教育，以其教学周期如此精心地安排，并以教科书 -- 那些可以买到的智慧源泉 -- 予以强化，如果不受其惠，文明将会是个什么样子呢？
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births -- but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.
至少，这些是可以肯定的：虽然我们还会有医生和牧师、律师和被告、婚姻和生育，但人们的精神面貌将是另一个样子。人们不会重视‘资料和数据’，而靠好记 性、实用心理学与同伴相处的能力。如果我们的教育制度仿效没有书籍的古代教育，我们的学院将具有可以想象得出的最民主的形式了。在部落中，通过传统继承的 知识为所有人共享，并传授给部落中的每一个成员。从这个意义上讲，人人受到的有关生活本领的教育是相等的。
It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no 'illiterates' -- if the term can be applied to peoples without a script -- while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
这就是我们最进步的现代教育试图恢复的“平等起步”的理想状况。在原始文化中，寻求和接受传统教育的义务对全民都有约束力。因而没有“文盲”（如果这个字 眼儿可以用于没有文字的民族的话）。而我们的义务教育成为法律在德国是在1642年，在法国是在18，在英国是在1876年。今天，在许多“文明” 国家里，义务教育迄今尚未实行。这说明，经过了多么漫长的时间之后，我们才认识到，有必要确保我们的孩子享有多少个世纪以来由‘少数幸运者’所积累起来的 知识。
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parent; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'. No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
荒凉地区的教育不是钱的问题，所有的人都享有平等起步的权利。那里没有我们今天社会中的匆忙生活，而匆忙的生活常常妨碍个性的全面发展。荒凉地区的孩子无 时无刻不在父母关怀下成长。因此，丛林和荒凉地区不知道什么叫“青少年犯罪”。人们没有必要离家谋生，所以不会产生孩子无人管的问题，也不存在父亲无力为 孩子支付教育费用而犯难的问题。
New words and expressions 生词和短语
adverse
adj.不利的
purchasable
adj.可买到的
preacher
n. 传教士
defendant
n. 被告
outlook
n. 视野
capacity
n. 能力
democratic
adj. 民主的
tribal
n. 部落的
tribe
n. 部落
illiterate
n. 文盲
compulsory
adj. 义务的
deem
v. 认为
means
n. 方法，手段，财产，资力
hamper
v. 妨碍
savannah
n. 大草原
juvenile
adj. 青少年
delinquency
n. 犯罪
Notes on the text课文注释
1 Education , with its cycles...，punctuated by textbooks...，这句话中的主语Education与punctuated并不是一种主谓关系，因此，这句话在语法上被称作单元句。
2 So much is certain,有承上启下的作用：一方面回答了前一段最后一句的提问，另一方面开始列举没有教育将会给社会文明带来的影响。
3 be fashioned after, 按...做成。
4 without a script , 没有文字的。
Lesson 33 课后练习和答案Exercises and Answer
★ 新概念英语第四册第6课:The sporting spirit
★ 新概念英语第四册第31课:The sculptor speaks
★ 新概念英语第三册第31课:A lovable eccentric
★ 新概念英语第二册第87课:A perfect alibi
★ 新概念英语第二册第8课:The best and the worst
新概念英语第四册第28课:Patients and doctors（精选7篇）
