“一只汽水儿”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了11篇论家庭双语散文,以下是小编精心整理后的论家庭双语散文,希望对大家有所帮助。
- 目录
篇1:论家庭双语散文
论家庭双语散文
THE joys of parents are secret; and so are their griefs and fears. They cannot utter the one; nor they will not utter the other. Children sweeten labors; but they make misfortunes more bitter. They increase the cares of life; but they mitigate the remembrance of death. The perpetuity by generation is common to beasts; but memory, merit, and noble works, are proper to men. And surely a man shall see the noblest works and foundations have proceeded from childless men; which have sought to express the images of their minds, where those of their bodies have failed. So the care of posterity is most in them, that have no posterity. They that are the first raisers of their houses, are most indulgent towards their children; beholding them as the continuance, not only of their kind, but of their work; and so both children and creatures.
The difference in affection, of parents towards their several children, is many times unequal; and sometimes unworthy; especially in the mothers; as Solomon saith, A wise son rejoiceth the father, but an ungracious son shames the mother. A man shall see, where there is a house full of children, one or two of the eldest respected, and the youngest made wantons; but in the midst, some that are as it were forgotten, who many times, nevertheless, prove the best. The illiberality of parents, in allowance towards their children, is an harmful error; makes them base; acquaints them with shifts; makes them sort with mean company; and makes them surfeit more when they come to plenty. And therefore the proof is best, when men keep their authority towards the children, but not heir purse. Men have a foolish manner (both parents and schoolmasters and servants) in creating and breeding an emulation between brothers, during childhood, which many times sorteth to discord when they are men, and disturbeth families.
The Italians make little difference between children, and nephews or near kinsfolks; but so they be of the lump, they care not though they pass not through their own body. And, to say truth, in nature it is much a like matter; insomuch that we see a nephew sometimes resembleth an uncle, or a kinsman, more than his own parent; as the blood happens. Let parents choose betimes, the vocations and courses they mean their children should take; for then they are most flexible; and let them not too much apply themselves to the disposition of their children, as thinking they will take best to that, which they have most mind to. It is true, that if the affection or aptness of the children be extraordinary, then it is good not to cross it; but generally the precept is good, optimum elige, suave et facile illud faciet consuetudo. Younger brothers are commonly fortunate, but seldom or never where the elder are disinherite
在子女面前,父母要善于隐藏他们的一切快乐、烦恼与恐惧。他们的快乐无须说,而他们的烦恼与恐惧则不能说。子女使他们的劳苦变甜,但也使他们的不幸更苦。子女增加了他们的负担,但却减轻了他们对死的恐惧。
一切生物都能通过生殖留下后代,但只有人类能通过后代下美名、事业和德行。然而,为什么有的没有留下后代者却留下了 流芳百世的功业?因为他们虽然未能复制一种肉体,却全力以赴地复制了一种精神。因此这种无后继的人其实倒是最关心后事的人。创业者对子女期望最大,因为子女被他们看作不但是族类的继承者,又是所创事业的一部分。
作为父母,特别是母亲,对子女常常会有不合理的偏爱。所罗 门曾告诫人们:“智慧之子使父亲快乐,愚昧之子使母亲蒙羞。”在家庭中,最大或最小的'孩子都可能得到优遇。唯有居中的子女容易受到忘却,但他们却往往是最有出息的。
在子女小时不应对他们过于苛吝。否则会使他们变得卑贱,甚至投机取巧,以至堕入下流,即使后来有了财富时也不会正当利用。聪明的父母对子女在管理上是严格的,而在用钱上不妨略宽松,这常常是有好效果的。
作为成年人,绝不应在一家的兄弟之间挑动竞争,以至积隙成仇,使兄弟间直到成年,依然不和。意大利风俗对子女和侄 一视同仁,亲密无间。这是很可取的。因为这种风俗很合于自然的血统关系。许多侄子不是更像他的一位叔、伯,而不象父亲吗?
在子女还小时,父母就应当考虑他们将来的职业方向并加以培养,因为这时他们最易塑造。但在这一点上要注意,并不是孩子小时候所喜欢的,也就是他们终生所愿从事的。如果孩子确有某种超群的天才,那当然应该扶植发展。但就一般情况说,下面这句格言是很有用的:“长期的训练会通过适应化难为易。”还应当注意,子女中那种得不到遗产继承权的幼子,常常会通过自身的奋斗获得好的发展。而坐享其成者,却很少能成大业.
篇2:双语散文对照论领导
双语散文对照论领导
What is leadership?
什么是领导?
Its qualities are difficult to define. But they are not so difficult to identity.
领导应具备什么样的素质,这很难精确的解说,但辨认直陈却也不难。
Leaders don’t force other people to go along with them. They bring them along. Leaders getcommitment from others by giving it themselves, by building an environment that encouragescreativity, and by operating with honesty and fairness.
领导者不强制别人与自己协调一致,而是帮助他们跟上。领导者让别人承担义务,首先自己承担义务,造成一种能鼓励创造的环境,待人诚恳,处事公正。
Leaders demand much of others, but also much of themselves. They are ambitions- not only forthemselves, but also for those who work with them. They seek to attract, retain and developother people to their full abilities.
领导者对人要求很多,同时也给人很多。他们有雄心壮志,不仅为自己,也为和他们一道工作的人。他们设法吸引人才,留住他们,使他们充分发挥才能。
Good leaders aren’t lone rangers. They recognize that an organization’s strategies for successrequire the combined talents and efforts of many people. Leadership is the catalyst fortransforming those talents into result.
好的领导者不是独行侠。 他们认识到一个组织要获得成功,其方针在于吧许多人的才能和力量集中起来。领导艺术是一种催化剂, 把众人的才智转化成业绩。
Leaders know that when there are two opinions on an issue, one is not bound to be wrong.They recognize that hustle and rush are the allies of superficiality. They are open to newideas, but they explore their ramifications thoroughly.
领导者明白,这争论的问题上出现两种意见时,并非必然有一种是错的。他们认识到匆忙草率就会促成肤浅片面。他们愿意接受新的设想或建议,但对他们的细节和后果要做认真的探讨。
Successful leaders are emotionally and intellectually oriented to the future-not wedded to thepast. They have a hunger to take responsibility, to innovate, and to initiate. They are notcontent with merely taking care of what’s already there. They want to move forward to createsomething new.
成功的领导者无论是在感情上还是在理智上都着眼于未来而不是眷恋过去。他们渴望负责改革,开拓。他们不满足于仅仅守成,他们要前进要创新。
Leaders provide answers as well as direction, offer strength as well as dedication, and speakfrom experience as well as understanding of the problems they face and the people they workwith.
领导者不惊给予方向性的指导,也对问题和要求给予具体的解答,不仅示以现身精神而且给予力量。他们说话既根据经验,也根据问题认识和对同事的了解
Leaders are flexible rather than dogmatic. They believe in unity rather than conformity. Andthey strive to achieve consensus out of conflict.
领导者处事灵活而不武断。他们认为与其循规蹈矩不如协调一致。他们力图在矛盾冲突中秋的意见统一!
Leadership is all about getting people consistently to give their best, helping them to grow totheir fullest potential, and motivating them to work toward a common good. Leader make theright things happen when they’re supposed to.
领导艺术全在于使下级工作人员不断的发挥所长,帮助他们最大限度地发掘潜力,推动他们为共同事业而奋斗。领导者务使该办的事情按时完成。
A good leader, an effective leader, is one who has respect. Respect is something you have inorder to get. A leader who has respect for other people at all levels of an organization. For thework they do, and for their abilities, aspirations and needs, will find that respect is return. Andall concerned will be motivated to work together.
好的领导者,卓有成效的领导者,善于对人关怀尊重。要的到人尊重必须尊重别人。领导者对本组织各级人员都表示尊重,对他们的工作,能力,愿望与要求表示关怀,他就会发现人家也尊重他关怀他。这样,所有有关人员都会激励起来共同努力。
篇3:论双语教学
自教育部决定从秋季在小学逐渐普及外语课以来,我国已成了举世无双的外语教学大国,仅中小学生学习外语的人数就将超过两亿。但由于我们对外语教学研究不够深入,以致于出现了一些似是而非的“热门”现象,盲目追求双语教学即为其一。比如,有的学校正以“实行双语教学”吸引众多的家长和学生;有的研究者打算进行英汉对比研究以推进双语教学;也有学校正在进行双语教学实验。但是究竟什么是双语教学?双语教学能否促进外语教学质量的提高?我国中小学校实行双语教学的条件是否具备?诸如此类的问题却较少有人探究。此文将就双语教学的特点、条件和应用等问题表述笔者的一孔之见,希望能引起同行对双语教学的关注,使我们的外语教学少走弯路。
一、双语教学的界定
双语教学源白双语现象(bilingualism)。双语现象指个人或某个语言社区使用两种语言的现象。双语现象有许多类型。例如,我国少数民族同胞兼会自己的本族语和汉语,有异族血统的孩子能说父母双方的本族语等。从语言学角度看,双语现象的成因主要是接触,即指操不同语言的人经常交流而引起的语言上的相互影响。双语现象必然产生于能够经常接触双语的环境里,这种环境主要是历史形成的。例如,加拿大魁北克省用英语和法语,英美华侨家庭说汉语和英语。
双语现象自然产生操双语者(bilinguist),即会讲两种语言的人或语言社区。比如,会讲法语和佛兰芒语的比利时人。除此之外,深入持久的外语教育也能使人掌握一门外语,从而成为操双语者。不过深入持久的外语教育采用双语教育的现象并不多。
双语教育(bilingual education)指在―个国家或地区里用两种语言上课。这两种语言一种是学生的本族语/母语,另──种是学生所在地区的通用语言(第二语言)或学生所学习的目的语(外语)。双语教育是通过双语教学去实施的。《朗文应用语言学词典》(Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics)对bilingual education词条的解释是:“the use of a second or foreign language in school for the teaching Of content subjects”。可见,正如有时外语教学也泛指外语教育一样,双语教学就是实施双语教育的手段,也泛指双语教育。双语教学牵涉学生所学习的第二语言/外语以及他们的本族语/母语。在运用水平上,第二语言/外语是学生的弱势语言,本族语/母语是强势语言;双语教育关注的主要是“保强扶弱”。根据这──特点,我们不妨把双语教育分为甲、乙两类。
甲类双语教育是为了实施国家或地区的语言政策而实施的双语教育。这些国家或地区的学生都讲两种语言:一种是本族语,一种是主流社会的通用语。国家或地区为了维护学生所属族群与主流社会的融汇关系,为了继承、发展种族文化和保持本国或本地区文化的多样性而避免弱势种群文化的消失,也为了受教育者的机会平等,在全部学校或部分学校实行双语教学,即把两种语言都作为学习不同科目的教学语言和学习科目。但是,并非全部课程都用双语,而是一些课程用一种语言教学,另一些课程用另──种语言教学。两种语言作为教学科目则主要是学习文学、文化或语文(因为学生已会说两种语言)。比如,美国―些州政府在公立中小学都为本族语非英语的学生实施双语教育计划:一方面开英语课和本族语课;一方面用英语和本族语分别教授不同的科目。因此,甲类双语教育的目的主要是“保强”,即保护学生的本族语/母语不被主流社会的通用语(对学生来说是第二语言)排挤。实施甲类双语教育也可以采用另一种形式,即在―些学校用―种语言教学,在另一些学校用另―种语言教学。比如,在新加坡,有的学校用英语教学,有的学校用华语教学;虽然就―所学校而言属非双语教学,而就整个国家而言,还是实行了双语教育。不管采用哪种形式,实行甲类双语教育的语言课教师一般都是以教学语言为本族语的人,其他课程的教师―般都是操双语者。若使用某种语言教学则教师的讲授、学生的课本、作业等都要使用该种语言。
甲类双语教育中的第二语言/外语还是学生所在地的主流社会所使用的语言,比如,我国少数民族地区的汉族社区中,汉语是该社区的主流社会所使用的语言,对少数民族学生而言,汉语就是其第二语言。所以这种“单语教学”仍属双语教育,不宜只看作一种教学方法的变化。
乙类双语教育是为了增加学生对所学第二语言/外语的接触机会而实施的,其目的在于优化目的语的学习环境。其具体做法是:用作为目的语的第二语言或外语教授目的语以外的部分课程或全部课程。当前国内许多学校追求的双语教学应届这──类。比如,为了优化英语学习环境,有些学校用英语教授全部或部分非英语课程。至于用英语教授英语课,以及学校里开设两种语言课(比如,英语课和汉语课),都不属于双语教育。乙类双语教育的特点是把学生所学的外语/第二语言作为教学语言。教学语言是为教学服务的一种职业性语言,它不同于交际语言,而又是交际语言的变体。既然用作教学语言,则一切教学活动都只能使用这种语言。如果在―门课上:使用两种语言,或者课本用──种语言,授课等教学活动用另―种语言,都不能称其为双语教育或双语教学。因此,从教学语言的角度看,双语教学实际是恤语教学。但宏观地看,这种单语教学强化了学生的弱势语言,扩大了学生的弱势语言族群的接触。而弱势语言族群却可能是学生将与之交往的外国民族。比如,非英语国家的学生学习英语是为了与英语国家中的英语本族语者交往和交流。
二、双语教学的模式与要求
甲、乙两类双语教育都落实于双语教学。双语教学主要有:三种模式。
1.沉浸式双语教学(immersion programme)。此种模式要求用学生所学第二语言/外语进行教学,本族语/母语不用于教学之中,乃至校内也不使用本族语/母语,以便让学生沉浸于弱势语言之中。
2.过渡性双语教学(transitional bilingual education)。此种模式要求在学生刚进校时,部分科目或全部科日使用本族语/母语教学;但一段时间之后,则使用所学外语/第二二语言进行教学。因此,过渡性双语教学即指开始前有―段非双语教学作为过渡期,以避免学生‘进校就因不适应有接用第二语言或外语教学而产生许多困难,而其目的仍是逐渐向沉浸式教学过渡。
3.保留性双语教学(maintenance bilingual education)。此种模式要求学生刚进校时用本族语教学,以后逐步部分科目使用外语/第二语言,部分科目仍用本族语教学。
根据双语教学模式的结构,我们可以看出,双语教学的一个前提条件是:各科教师或进行双语教学的学科教师除了要具有本学科的知识、技能和能力外,还要精通用作教学语言的外语或第二语言。教学语言又称teacher-talk或language for educational purpose,它具有规范性、教育性、分解性、生成性、贫信息性、冗余性、选择性、控制性、趣味性和表演性等十大特点;可以表现为标准语、简化语、扩展语、重复语、回避语、问题语、提示语、注释语、无声语和混合语等十种不同形式。实行双语教学则要求教师能够把这些形式灵活、得体地运用于教学活动之中。因此,不是能够读懂外语教材的教师就能用该种外语进行教学,理想的双语教学的教师应是以教学语言为本族语/母语的各学科专家,至少也应是掌握了教学语言的各学科专家。
三、双语教学的功能与应用
篇4:论双语教学
(1)正面功能
1)促进民族间的融洽与互补,促使国家或地区的发展。双语教育的正面功能主要是融汇一个国家/地区之内不同族群之间的相互理解与互补。因为很少有由单一民族组成的国家,许多地区也存在多民族共处;不同民族之间的相互理解和长短互补是一个国家或地区发展的必要条件。这种理解与互补集中体现于文化,而语言既是文化的载体,又是文化传承的重要工具。因此,任何国家和民族都十―分珍视自己的语言,把使用自己的语言看作自尊的体现。所以,多民族的国家/地区进行双语教育是完全必要的。比如,在我国少数民族地区的民族中小学实行双语教学就能发挥它的厅面功能。
2)培养高水平的外语专门人材。双语教学将全部科目或部分科目的教学活动沉浸于作为教学语言的外语或第二语言之中,造成人为的双语现象,改善了外语/第二语言学习的目的语环境,有利于培养高级专业外语人才。
(2)负面功能
1)排挤学生本族语的使用,剥蚀学生所属民族的民族自尊心。在双语教学中,从掌握双语的水平说,学生的本族语/母语本是他的强势语言,外语/第二语言则是他的弱势语言。甲类双语教育重视保护学生本族语的学习与使用,它在中小学开设用少数民族语讲授的课程,供少数民族的学生和自愿学习少数民族语的学生选学,从而保证少数民族语言在教育中的运用,保护学生的强势语言不被排挤和剥蚀与此相应,乙类双语教育以外语/第二语言作为教学语言,其目的是扶持学生的弱势语言;但如果过于夸大外语的价值,则在学生和家长的心理上也会排挤和剥蚀本族语的价值空间,那就会背离我国当前基础外语教育的.宗旨。因此,实施乙类双语教育,在扶助学生弱势语言的同时也应保护他们的强势语言。
2)对学生掌握本族语/母语产生消极影响。通过双语教学能够培养出高水平的外语专门人材,这是国家发展的需要。这种专门人才的高水平突出体现于能按外语民族的思维逻辑和行为习惯去运用外语。但是,这就可能对学生母语的发展产生不利影响,即把―些外语的思维、习俗和词语不恰当地引入本族语,造成本族语的混杂与不纯。此外,我们还须注意,从语言学的角度看,由于两种语言之间变换的技巧必须分别学习和掌握,所以依靠双语教育培养出的高水平的外语人材有可能只是―个难得的、会讲两种语言的人(ambilingual),而不一定是合格的翻译人材,因为他(她)很可能把本族语/母语用得不规范。因此,乙类双语教学对掌握本族语/母语的消极影响是存在的。
2.双语教学在我国的应用
(1)我国于1862年在京师同文馆开设英语专业课,当时是上午学中文学科,下午学外语;外语由“洋教师”执教,中国教师助教,这当然并不是双语教学。20世纪初,外国教会在我国办起了学校, 自接法也逐渐引入;在一些教会学校陆续推行了双语教学,最早似乎在湖南的雅礼中学,其后少数名牌教会大学及其附中、附小也实行双语教学。其中自小学到大学均实行双语教学,且成效显著的学校是圣约翰大学及其附中和附小。这些学校只有国文(汉语文)和中国史两门课程用汉语教学,其他课程以及校内外活动一律用英语。但从双语教学模式看,还不能算作全浸式。圣约翰之外运用双语教学并取得成效者仅有金陵大学及其附中等屈指可数的几所学校。其他一些教会学校以及非教会学校也有引用双语教学的,但一般都欠规范且无显著成效,、比如,采用外国教材却用汉语讲授。事实卜,自辛亥革命至1949年建国之后近半个多世纪里,我国许多精通外语的学者、教师都是通过常规外语教育培养出来的。这个数量远远超过了双语教育培养出来的外语人材。因此,从历史上看,常规外语教育所主张的力学不倦、勤学苦练是掌握外语的必由之路。
(2)少数民族地区对民族中学实行双语教学。在这种学校里,汉语作为主流社会的通用语言有排挤学生本族语/母语学习与运用的倾向,应当通过甲类双语教育来保证少数民族学生能用本族语学习一定的科目。另一方面,少数民族与汉族的混血学生或汉族学生也可通过甲类双语教育去精通少数民族语言。此外,少数民族学生因自己必须要学本族语和汉语,在学习外语的过程中自然具有与非少数民族地区汉族学生不同的特点。但建国半个多世纪以来,少数民族地区的英/外语教学从大纲到教学方法仍与汉族学校要求相同,这是―大问题。我们可以通过开展乙类双语教育的实验去寻求解决的办法。
(3)确实具有条件的学校可以试行乙类双语教育,即用学生所学的外语讲授部分科日。所谓“具有条件”主要是指具有用外语教授非外语科目的教师。这些教师必须是专业教师,而且其外语水平不仅可以用来自由交流,还能讲解、辨析、例证该专业的教学内容和开展相关的实验、实践以及课外活动;决不是能看英语专业书或大学英语过了六级者就能胜任双语教学。东北某大学的附中曾在数学课中实验用英语教学,实验教师看英语书没有困难,英语口语能力也尚可;加之数学的文字结构不深,实验无疑会成功。但事实却相反。因为用英语读懂数学问题不难,而用英语论证或答疑困难
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却很大。现在北大、清华等名校选用国外教材,但据说有些教师尚不能自如地用外语讲授。因此,教师条件并不是能够容易解决的。如果聘请外教则须对其专业能力加以考核,不要误以为外教都能进行双语教学。这样,能够进行双语教学的学校可能就是风毛麟角了。我国中小学进行双语教学―般只能采用过渡性双语教学模式或保留性双语教学模式。因为,采用外语授课之前必须让学生具备一定的
外语能力。当然,也可以把学校“组装”成一个微型的以外语为本族语的社会,招收处于语言学习敏感期的低龄学生,从小学一年级起封闭在学校里像外国小孩在自己国家里学习一样,经过小学到中学的学习,到大学可以采用全浸式的双语教学,从而培养出高级外语人材。但是,中国人学会了外语,既要吸收国外有益的文化,也要传播中国文化,因而即使能“组装”成上述微型的外国社会去进行双语教学,也不可松懈汉语和中国文化的教学,从而避免双语教学容易产生的第二个负面作用。
(4)一般的中小学校、外语学校和外语特色学校即使外语师资条件较好也不宜提出双语教学的计划。因为办好外语教育的途径很多,不是非要借助双语教育不可。如果不具备双语教学条件的学校也要盲目追求搞双语教育,学校则需投人大量的物力和精力,反而会分散搞好外语教学的力量,甚至会走弯路。如果只是为了迎合家长和学生快速学好外语的心理而搞欺世盗名的“双语教学”,那就会误人子弟,甚至产生职业道德和伦理方面的问题。
参考文献
Hartmann,R.R.K.等二人著黄长著等四人译:《语言与语言学词典》上海辞书出版社,1981年。
Richards,J.,J.Plait and H.Webber 1985. Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, Longman.
Seaton,D.1982.A Handbook of English Language Teaching Terms and Practice.The Macmillan Press LTD.
陆效用:“质疑双语教育”,《文汇报》,4月30日。
杨振常:“论英语教学语言”,《外语立体化教学法的原理与模式》,科学出版社,。
(西南师范大学 张正东 《中小学外语教学》20第8期上一页 [1] [2]
篇5:论双语教学
论双语教学
自教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)部决定从秋季在小学逐渐普及外语课以来,我国已成了举世无双的外语教学大国,仅中小学生学习外语的人数就将超过两亿。但由于我们对外语教学研究不够深入,以致于出现了一些似是而非的“热门”现象,盲目追求双语教学即为其一。比如,有的学校正以“实行双语教学”吸引众多的家长和学生;有的研究者打算进行英汉对比研究以推进双语教学;也有学校正在进行双语教学实验。但是究竟什么是双语教学?双语教学能否促进外语教学质量的提高?我国中小学校实行双语教学的条件是否具备?诸如此类的问题却较少有人探究。此文将就双语教学的特点、条件和应用等问题表述笔者的一孔之见,希望能引起同行对双语教学的关注,使我们的外语教学少走弯路。
一、双语教学的界定
双语教学源白双语现象(bilingualism)。双语现象指个人或某个语言社区使用两种语言的现象。双语现象有许多类型。例如,我国少数民族同胞兼会自己的本族语和汉语,有异族血统的孩子能说父母双方的本族语等。从语言学角度看,双语现象的成因主要是接触,即指操不同语言的`人经常交流而引起的语言上的相互影响。双语现象必然产生于能够经常接触双语的环境里,这种环境主要是历史形成的。例如,加拿大魁北克省用英语和法语,英美华侨家庭说汉语和英语。
双语现象自然产生操双语者(bilinguist),即会讲两种语言的人或语言社区。比如,会讲法语和佛兰芒语的比利时人。除此之外,深入持久的外语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)也能使人掌握一门外语,从而成为操双语者。不过深入持久的外语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)采用双语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)的现象并不多。
双语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)(bilingual education)指在―个国家或地区里用两种语言上课。这两种语言一种是学生的本族语/母语,另──种是学生所在地区的通用语言(第二语言)或学生所学习的目的语(外语)。双语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)是通过双语教学去实施的。《朗文应用语言学词典》(Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics)对bilingual education词条的解释是:“the use of a second or foreign language in school for the teaching Of content subjects”。可见,正如有时外语教学也泛指外语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)一样,双语教学就是实施双语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)的手段,也泛指双语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)。双语教学牵涉学生所学习的第二语言/外语以及他们的本族语/母语。在运用水平上,第二语言/外语是学生的弱势语言,本族语/母语是强势语言;双语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)关注的主要是“保强扶弱”。根据这──特点,我们不妨把双语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)分为甲、乙两类。
甲类双语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)是为了实施国家或地区的语言政策而实施的双语教育(www.35d1.com-上网第一站35d1教育网)。这些国家或地区的学生都讲两种语言:一种是本族语,一种是主流社会的通用语。国家或地区为了维护学生所属族群与主流社会的融汇关系,为了继承、发展种族文化和保
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篇6:双语美文《论幸运》
It cannot be denied, but outward accidents conduce much to fortune, favour, opportunity, death of others, occasion fitting virtue. But chiefly, tile mould of a man's fortune is in his own hands.(Faber quisque fortunae suae; saith the poet )
一方面,幸运与偶然性有关一例如长相漂亮、机缘凑巧等;但另一方面,人之能否幸运又决定于自身。正如古代诗人所说:“人是自身幸福的设计师。
And the most frequent of external causes is, that the folly of one man is the fortune of another. For no man prospers so suddenly, as by others' errors. Serpens nisi serpenterm comederit non fit draco. Overt and apparent virtues bring forth praise; but there be secret and hidden virtues, that bring forth fortune; certain deliveries of a man's self, which have no name. The Spanish name, desemboltura, partly expresseth them: when there be not stonds, nor resdveness in a man's nature; but that the wheels of his mind keep way with the wheels of his fortune. For so Livy (after he had described Cato Major, in these words; in ilh viro, tanturn robur corporis et animi fiit, ut quocwique loco natus esset ,fortunarus sibi facturs videretur) falleth upon that, that he had versatile ingenium Therefore, if a man look sharply, and attentively, he shall see fortune: for though she be blind, yet she is not invisible.
有的时候,一个人的愚蠢恰是另一个人的幸运,一方的错误恰好促成了另一方的成功。正如谚语所说:“蛇吃蛇,能成龙。”炫耀于外表的才干徒然令人赞羡,而深藏未露的才干则能带来幸运。这需要一种难以言传的自制力。西班牙人把这叫做“潜能”。一个人具有优良的素质,能在必要时发挥这种素质从而推动幸运的车轮转动,这就叫“潜能”。历史学家李维曾这样形容老加图说:“他的精神与体力都是那样优美博大,因此无论他出身于什么家庭,都一定可以为自己开辟出一条道路。”因为加图具有多方面的才能。这话说明,只要对一个人深入观察,是可以发现对他是否可以期望幸运的。因为幸运之神虽然是盲目的,却并非无形的。
The way of fortune is like the Milken Way in the sky; which is a meeting or knot of a number of small stars; not seen asunder, but giving light together. So are there a number of little, and scarce discerned virtues, or rather faculties and customs, that make men fortunate.
幸运的机会好像银河,他们作为个体是不显眼的,但作为整体却光辉灿烂。同样,一个人若具备许多细小的优良素质,最终都可能成为带来幸运的机会。
The Italians note some of them, such as a man would little think. When they speak of one that cannot do amiss, they will throw in, into his other conditions, that he hath poco di motto. And certainly, there be not two more fortunate properties; than to have a little of the fool; and not too much of the honest. Therefore, extreme lovers of their country, or masters, were never fortunate, neither can they be. For when a man placeth his thoughts without himself, he goeth not his own way. An hasty fortune maketh an enterpriser, and remover (the French hath it better, entrepreneur, or remuamt), but the exercised fortune maketh the able man. Fortune is to be honoured, and respected, and it be but for her daughters, Confidence, and Reputation. For those two felicity hreedeth: the first within a man's self; the latter, in others towards him.
意大利人在谈论精明的人时,除了夸赞他别的优点,有时会说表面上带一点“傻气”。是的,有一点傻气,但并不是呆气,再没有比这对人的更幸运的了。然而迷信愚妄的人是不会幸运的。他们把思考权交付给了他人,就不会走自己的路了。意外的幸运会使人冒失、狂妄,然而经过磨练的幸运却使人成为伟器。幸运是令人尊敬的,至少这是为了他的两个女儿一一位叫自信,位叫名誉。他们都是幸运所产生的。前者产生于人良身的心中,后者产生于他人的心中。
All wise men, to decline me envy of their own virtues, use to ascribe them to providence and fortune; for so they may the better assume them: and besides, it is greatness in a man, to be the care of me higher powers. So Caesar said to me pilot in the tempest, Caesarem portas, etfortunam ene. So Sulla chose the name of Felix, and not of Magnus. And it hath been noted, that those that ascribe openly too much to their own wisdom, and policy, end unfortunate. It is written, that
古代的智者,为避免招人嫉恨,很少对自己的幸运进行夸耀,他们把一切归功于“神”。事实上,也只有伟大人物才能得到神的护佑。凯撒对大风浪中的水手说:“镇静,有凯撒坐在你的船上!”而苏拉则不敢自称为“伟大”,只称自己为“有幸的”。从历史可以看到,凡把成功完全归于自己的人,常常得到不幸的终局。
Timotheus the Athenian, after he had, in the account he gave to the state of his government, often interlaced this speech, 'and in mis fortune had no part', never prospered in anything he undertook afterwards. Certainly, mere be, whose fortunes are like Homer's verses, that have a slide, and easiness, more than the verses of other poets: as Plutarch sailh of Timoleon's fortune, in respect of that of Agesilaus, or Epaminondas. And that this should be, no doubt it is much in a man's self.
例如,雅典人泰摩索斯总把他在政治上的成就说成:“这决非幸运所赐,而是因为本人高明。”结果他以后再做什么事却很少成功了。世间确有一些人,他们的幸运,流畅得有如荷马的诗句。例如普鲁塔克就曾把泰摩列昂的好运气与阿盖西劳斯和埃帕米农达的运气相对比但这种幸运成功的果实,最终也还要到他们的德性中去找原因呵!
篇7:论结婚和独身双语
Of Marriage and Single Life
HE THAT hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief.
Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public.
Yet it were great reason that those that have children, should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges.
Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences.
Nay, there are some other, that account wife and children, but as bills of charges.
Nay more, there are some foolish rich covetous men, that take a pride, in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer.
For perhaps they have heard some talk, Such an one is a great rich man, and another except to it, Yea, but he hath a great charge of children; as if it were an abatement to his riches.
But the most ordinary cause of a single life, is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters, to be bonds and shackles.
Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives, are of that condition.
A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground, where it must first fill a pool.
It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant, five times worse than a wife.
For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks, maketh the vulgar soldier more base.
Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon.
Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, vetulam suam praetulit immortalitati.
(He preferred his wife to immortality.)
Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity.
It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do, if she find him jealous.
Wives are young men's mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men's nurses.
So as a man may have a quarrel to marry, when he will.
But yet he was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man should marry, - A young man not yet, an elder man not at all.
It is often seen that bad husbands, have very good wives; whether it be, that it raiseth the price of their husband's kindness, when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience.
But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.
有妻子儿女者已向命运出具抵押品,无论善恶,妻子儿女都于伟业有碍。
唯无妻室或无子女者方能献身公众,筑丰功伟绩,因其已将爱情和财产俱献于公众矣。
有子女者最关心将来,因其明白必得将至亲骨肉托付于之。
有独身者只虑及自身,视将来与己无关。
有人则视妻子儿女为经济负担。
更有富人愚蠢而贪婪,竟以无儿女为荣,因其以为如此更为富裕。
这种人或曾听闻有人曰此人大富,又有人曰奈何有子女拖累,似乎子女与其财富有损。
然独身原因以好自由最为常见,尤其自诩任性之人不耐束缚,几乎视腰带、袜带亦为桎梏。
未婚者因其易逃,因此虽为友、为主、为仆,皆为上佳之选,然为人臣则不然,君不见几乎所有逃犯皆为未婚者。
独身生活适合教会中人,因其善行必先注满一家之池,然之后已无余泽注满遗地,难惠及众人矣。
独身与否与法官和地方行政官无甚关系,因若其溜须拍马、贪腐腐朽,则其一仆之害五倍于妻。
至于士兵,余见将帅常以妻儿子女鼓舞之,土耳其人鄙视婚姻,因此其士兵更为可鄙。
诚然妻子儿女为人之约束,较之已婚者,独身者资财少损,似更颇慷慨,然因其柔肠少触,残酷更甚,于严厉审判者而言,极为适宜。
庄重之人,循规蹈矩,矢志不渝,为夫常笃爱妻子,如人言,尤利西斯爱老妻胜过长生。
贞洁之妇,自制贞洁,为人常骄傲不逊。
若妻子以为丈夫睿智,则其贞洁顺从皆可受缚。
若妻子发现丈夫善妒,则其贞洁顺从再无保障。
妻者,青年之情人,中年之伴侣,老年之护士也。
于是,若想结婚,何时均可。
然有人问何时当婚,曾有一人答曰:年轻未到时,老年不必矣,此亦为智者。
常见恶夫配良妻,是否因恶夫偶尔为善,更彰显其难能可贵,亦或是此类妻子以其忍耐为傲。
诚然若其恶夫乃不顾朋友反对而择之,则必得弥补一己之失策也。
篇8:论慷慨双语美文
论慷慨双语美文
[1] The word “gift” has got dangerously devalued of late. Salesmen use so-called free gifts as bait and publicists use them as bribes; the wealthy can make “gifts” to their children, or to charities, with no more noble motive than saving tax. And anything labelled a gift shop, or catalogue, can generally be guaranteed to be full of curious, zany items like personalised solid silver back-scratchers and musical ashtrays, which are only classified as “giftware” because nobody in their senses would buy them to use themselves.
[2] We need to claim the word back this Christmas. We also need to claim back the word “generous”: which too often gets used in the sense of over-large portions of food, hotel towels, the size of sheets, or women spilling out of their dresses. For generosity--the ability to make real gifts with modesty and love, expecting nothing back--is one of the things which most make us human. You do not find pigs or lions giving one another thoughtful little presents, do you? Monkeys, apparently, offer one another fleas at times, but not in any provable spirit of kindliness. We should honour generosity more than we do.
[3] Perhaps it has become suspect because of the tales of over-the-top generosity sometimes told in gossip about the very rich. The late Christina Onassis giving her daughter a personal zoo and a flock of sheep with their own shepherd, for instance; assorted tycoons flying their guests halfway round the world for birthday parties where there is an emerald bracelet or cufflinks on every place-setting; wealthy men paying off old girlfriends with houses, yachts and Ferraris. In this context, generosity has come to mean that you hurl money around like a drunken sailor. And there is always the suspicion that, like the sailor, you are doing it just to prove that you can afford it. That is not giving: that is showing off.
[4] But the real thing, when you meet it, is magical, and as a quality it belongs equally to rich and poor. Sometimes the poor--like the widow in the Bible who gave her mite--are best at it. Travellers in remote parts, from Poland to Peru, come home with stories of bread, shelter, even beds shared without question with the stranger on the peasant principle that “A guest in the house is God in the house”. Nearer home, I loved the stories collected in memory of Katie Sullivan, the 23-year-old mental home care assistant who was murdered last year. Particularly the one about the day she was walking to the pub, and lagged behind, and her student friends caught a glimpse of her emptying her whole purse into a tramp's hands when she thought they weren't looking. Later in the pub they teased her about not drinking, trying to make her admit what she had done; but she steadfastly pretended she didn't want a drink.
[1]“礼物”一词近来已被危险地贬值了。推销员用所谓的免费赠品作为诱饵,公关人员用它们来行贿;富人们可以制造“礼物”送给他们的子女或捐给慈善团体,这与避免上税一样都没有什么高尚的动机。标有礼品店或礼品目录的任何东西通常可以保证入目全是奇异的、滑稽的物品,如个人用纯银痒痒挠和音乐烟灰缸----因为精神正常的人都不会买来自用,所以它们只好被划归为“礼品”。
[2]今年圣诞节我们需要还这个词本来的面目。我们也需要还“慷慨”这个同本来的面目,因为这个词在食品、宾馆毛巾、床单大小或胖得快要撑破衣裳的女人的绝大部分意思上用得太泛太滥了。慷慨----即出于谦恭和爱心赠送真正意义的礼物而不期望任何回报的能力----是最使我们人之所以为人的一个方面。你没有发现猪或狮子彼此赠送亲切的小礼品吧?猴子似乎有时互相帮助捉跳蚤,但是这并不在任何可以证明的善意的范畴内。与现在所做的相比,我们应该对慷慨表示更多的敬意。
[3]由于有时在闲聊中谈及的有关非常富有的人过度慷慨的故事,或许它已变得令人怀疑。例如,已故的克里斯蒂娜·奥纳西斯送给她的女儿一座私人动物园和配有牧羊人的一群羊;某些大亨们派飞机飞越半个地球去接客人来参加他们的生日宴会,并在每人的餐具处放上一只祖母绿手镯或一付袖扣;富翁们用房子、游艇和法拉利跑车来堵住旧日女友的嘴。在这种情况下,慷慨已变了味,无异于你像一个喝得烂醉的水手,向周围的人大把大把地扔钱。因此,那样做总是令人怀疑你不过是为了证明你花得起。那不是给予,是炫耀。
[4]而当你遇上真正的慷慨时,它有着不可思议的魅力,作为一种品质,无论贫富,都一样拥有它。有时穷人----就像《圣经》中那个给小钱的寡妇----在这一点上做得更好。从波兰到秘鲁,在远方旅行的人回家时都会有这样的经历----所经之处的人们本着“家中客即上帝”的农民原则,毫无问题地与异乡人共享面包、小屋甚至床铺。在家乡一带,我喜欢的是为纪念去年被人谋杀、年仅23岁的家庭心理治疗助理凯蒂·沙利文而收集的故事。尤其是其中的一则故事:有一天她去酒吧,走在了大家的后面,她的学友们瞥见她把钱包里的钱全倒进一个流浪者的手里,当时她以为他们都没有注意。后来他们在酒吧中取笑她不喝酒,试图让她承认她所做的一切;但是她坚定地假装她并不想喝酒。
[5] Another student I knew, a man, knew that his roommate couldn't afford an important textbook in his subject; a book which was very scarce in second-hand shops and impossibly expensive when new. His friend was far too proud to accept a loan, and so spent a lot of time trekking to the library in the rain to look things up. So the better-off student went to Blackwell's bookshop in Oxford, bought a brand-new copy for 35 pounds, dirtied it up a bit and tore off the paper cover, writing a fictitious name in the front. He even remembered to age the ink by putting it over a radiator, and made a few dogears and faint pencil-marks against what he thought might be significant passages. Then he went home in triumph claiming to have spotted the book in the second-hand bookshop and “beaten them down to two quid”. He even got a receipt for the money by buying himself another book at the same secondhand shop. Talk about doing good by stealth: and in case you wonder, I heard the story from the poorer roommate, who had got suspicious and, ten years later, forced the richer one to confess.
[6] Tact is the key to real generosity: tact, and real thought for the person you are giving the present to. You can buy anyone a picture by a fashionable and expensive artist, if you can afford it; but it might be kinder to spend a tenth of the amount--and a bit of trouble on getting the framed original of a cartoon you know has cheered them up at a bad time. Anyone can buy a man a gold watch; but it takes a generous wife to do what one lately did, and track down an antique gold strap which precisely fits the old one he inherited from his beloved father.
[7] Conversely, it is not generous to keep pressing expensive drinks on people who really want a half-pint of bitter. (“Co on! Have another! Tell you what, have a double brandy! The best brandy!” ) It is harassment. So is refusing to let someone pay their half of the taxi if it makes them feel small. Buying someone a bottle of the very best champagne when they don't particularly like champagne is pointless; so is giving them a negligee, or sweater, which you would like to see them in but which they are going to hate. Until courting couples learn this rule, girls will go on ending up with drawersful of unwearable slippery camisoles in lurid colours, and men with racks of acutely embarrassing ties. On the other hand, this kind of present does give the recipient an opportunity to show another kind of generosity by selflessly pretending to appreciate it. In the Agatha Christie novel The Hollow, Henrietta displays remarkable kindness towards a shy, unintellectual woman who isn't fitting in to a sparkling houseparty. Greta is wearing a dreadful cardigan she knitted herself; Henrietta not only praises it, but asks for the pattern. Having got the pattern, moreover, she heroically knits the dreadful thing and wears it herself next time she meets Greta. That is what I call follow-through. So is the wedding present a friend got from a broke but domestic sister-in-law: she promised to bake her a loaf of special, delicious wholemeal bread every week for the first year of her marriage, and did so.
[8] You can give people to other people, too. Matchmaking for single friends can be done in a disastrously tactless way which makes both parties cringe; but there are circumstances--not necessarily romantic ones--when a well-timed introduction can be the best thing you can do for anybody. The best present you can give to a woman expecting her first baby, for example, is to introduce her to another like-minded pregnant woman, who lives reasonably close by. They will keep one another sane for the first chaotic year. And if you do happen to be of the type who networks professionally, and gives power dinner-parties, it would be a generous thing to remember sometimes to invite younger people in the field, who are looking for jobs or contacts or merely for stimulation and inspiration. One of the kindest things anyone ever did for me was an elderly, very distinguished don who introduced me to the world's most encouraging literary agent when I was 21. He shouldn't have gone to all the trouble, I said blushingly; but I was glad he had. And that is the test of any real present: the thoughtfulness, not the wrapping.
[5]我知道的另一个学生是个男生。他得知他的室友买不起本学科的一本重要教科书——一本旧书店中难得一见而新书又贵得出奇的书。他的朋友自尊心太强,不肯接受别人借钱给他,并因此而花费了许多时间冒雨去图书馆查阅资料。于是这位较有钱的学生去了牛津的布拉克韦尔书店,花35英镑买了一本全新的,先是把书弄脏一点,然后撕去封面,在书面写了一个假名。他甚至没有忘记把书放在散热器上使墨水的色泽陈旧,将几张书页折上角,并且在他认为可能非常重要的段落做上淡淡的铅笔标记。然后,他得意地回到学校,宣称已在旧书店找到了这本书,并且“杀价到两英镑”。他甚至通过从同一家旧书店买了另一本书而搞到一张两英镑的收据。说到悄悄地做好事,倘若你想知道,这故事我是听那位较贫困的室友讲的,他当时对此已有怀疑,十年后他通那位富裕的学生招认了事情的经过。
[6]灵活机智是真正慷慨的关键:对你要赠送礼物的人要做到策略得体并且设想周到。如果付得起钱,你可以买上一幅时髦名画家的画送人;但是花上该款额的十分之一,费点神买一幅你所知道的镶框的漫画原件,使他们在沮丧的时候高兴不已,岂不是更亲切一些?任何女人都可以给丈夫买块金表,但慷慨的妻子在不久前做那件事的同时,还要为他从敬爱的老爸那儿继承过来的旧表物色一条与之匹配完美的旧式金表带。
[7]反过来说,硬逼着其实只想喝半品脱苦啤酒的人喝昂贵的酒并不是慷慨。(“来吧!再喝一杯!露一手,喝两杯白兰地!最好的白兰地!”)这是骚扰。不让别人付出租车的那一半费用,致使他觉得被人小觑,其情与此无异。人家并不特别喜欢香槟时,却给他们买一瓶优质香槟,这就没有什么意义;送一件居家便服或毛衣,你想看他们穿在身上,而他们却不喜欢它,这与上面的情况一样。互献殷勤的男女们直到后来才了解这个规则,结果是女孩们的衣橱抽屉塞满了难以捉摸的、不能穿着的色彩艳丽的贴身内衣,男人们则有了一排排令人极度尴尬的领带。另一方面,这种礼品确实也使受礼人有机会以无私地假装感激的方式表示另一种慷慨。在阿加莎·克里斯蒂的小说《空谷幽兰》中,亨里埃塔对去参加一个充满活力的家庭舞会的一位既害羞又不聪明、与众不甚相称的妇女显示了惊人的善意。格里塔穿着一件她自己编织的难看的羊毛衫;亨里埃塔不仅对它大加赞赏,而且索要其式样。在拿到式样后,她还英雄般地编织这件难看的衣服,并且在她下次与格里塔会面时把它穿在身上。这就是我所说的“始终贯彻”。一位朋友从一个一文不名但喜欢家事的嫂子那儿获得的结婚礼物是这样的:她的嫂嫂许诺在她结婚的第一年,每个星期为她烤一块特制的美味的全麦面包。这位嫂嫂也确实这样做了。
[8]你也可以把一些人介绍给其他人。为单身朋友做媒可能搞得拙劣不堪,太不乖巧,致使双方畏缩不前;但是在有些情形下-----并不一定是罗曼蒂克的情况----适合时宜的介绍可能是你能为任何人所做的最好的事情。例如,你送给期盼她的第一个孩子降生的妇女的最好礼物是,把她介绍给另一个住在附近有着相同心境的怀孕妇女。她们将在这忙乱的第一年使彼此保持明智。如果你碰巧是在职业上交游范围广且有举办大型宴会能力的那类人,那么不要忘记间或邀请一些正在寻找工作或寻求交往或仅仅想寻求刺激和灵感的年轻人参加比赛或进行野外研究活动,那会是一件慷慨之举。曾经有人为我做过的最好的事值之一是,一位年长的、非常有名的大学教师把我介绍给了世界上最振奋人心的一位文学代理人,当时我才21岁。我腼腆地说,他实在不必为我那么麻烦;但是我很高兴他那么做了。这就是任何真正礼物的试金石:设想周到,而非走走形式。
篇9:双语教育散文
双语教育散文
我的母亲是位地地道道的农村妇女,小时因了还算不是特别贫困的家庭,母亲上过她自己那个年代的高小,在我们那个大多数农村妇女都是一个字不识的山村,母亲也称得上是个文化人。
为此,母亲自小就希望我们姐弟四人能够多多读书,将来一个个跳出“农门”,成为真真正正的文化人。但遗憾的是,我们四人一个比一个惨,我和我姐还混完了高中,而我的两个弟弟则在初中就止住了前进的脚步。
而今,小弟的儿子都进幼儿园了,依旧不改初衷的母亲把希望又寄托在了小弟儿子身上。这不,小弟带着媳妇在外地打工,母亲便带着她一手带大的孙子从老家来到了县城。在离居住地大概百米远的一家民办幼儿园,小弟的儿子成了小班里的一名新学员。
读书的日子总是过得太快。转眼,第一个学期过去了,小弟的.儿子果真比在乡下时变得能说会唱,居然连唐诗也能摇头晃脑背上几首,惹得母亲那个高兴的劲儿一路高涨,没事的时候,还常常呆在幼儿园向老师问这问那。
新的一个学期来临后不久,幼儿园召开了一次隆重的学生家长会。鲜红的宣传单、艳丽的热烈欢迎某专家前来讲课的大幅标语弄得家长们无比激动。随后,一盒盒标注着“给孩子一个希望的明天”“别让孩子输在起跑线上”的DV光盘在专家及幼儿园老师的激情演讲中被家长们抢购一空。自然,我的母亲也不例外。毕恭毕敬地送上三张百元大钞,便像捡了个天大的宝贝似的捧着两盒光盘兴高采烈地回到了家。
“快,桂兰,快来看下这个怎么打开。”那日,母亲在楼下激动地高声叫唤着我的名字。
待母亲告诉我老师说看了那两盒光盘小弟的儿子就会变得聪明,变得会读书时,我不禁哑然失笑。天下哪有这样好的事情,就凭那两盒光盘,一盒学汉语拼音及唐诗宋词,一盒学英语字母及常用单词的“双语”教育光盘,人人就能变成会读书的天才。“妈,你被人骗了。这样的光盘现如今都少有人买,到网上一找,随便要什么就有什么,根本就要不了这么多钱。”看我一点不信的样子,母亲又说了幼儿园里很多人都和她一样买了光盘,而且还有人是抢着买的。
再说下去,我怕母亲受不了伤心,只能作罢。而此时,母亲和弟弟的儿子都在盯着那两盒光盘等着我为他们打开看看里面究竟是些什么东西,他们压根就不知道那些光盘还要通过电脑或者是DV机才能播放出来。
后来,当我从楼上拿了笔记本电脑下去告诉他们只有这个或是等买DV机来才能播放出来时,母亲气得连连说老师在学校怎么没有说,要不,知道有这么麻烦,她根本就不会买什么“双语”教育光盘,害得她平白花了那么多钱。
十几天后,小弟托人从外地带回了他以前买的DV机,母亲陪着小弟的儿子兴奋地跟着看了几天后,再也没兴趣的他们早已把那些光盘丢进了衣橱的一角。从此,日子又恢复到了没买那些“双语”教育光盘前的宁静。
篇10:《青春》双语散文
《青春》双语散文
YOUTH
Samuel Ullman
Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.
Youth means a tempera-mental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.
Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spring back to dust.
Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the Infinite, so long are you young.
When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.
青春
塞缪尔·厄尔曼
青春不是年华,而是心境;青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝,而是深沉的意志,恢宏的想象,炙热的恋情;青春是生命的深泉在涌流。
青春气贯长虹,勇锐盖过怯弱,进取压倒苟安。如此锐气,二十后生而有之,六旬男子则更多见。年岁有加,并非垂老,理想丢弃,方堕暮年。
岁月悠悠,衰微只及肌肤;热忱抛却,颓废必致灵魂。忧烦,惶恐,丧失自信,定使心灵扭曲,意气如灰。
无论年届花甲,拟或二八芳龄,心中皆有生命之欢乐,奇迹之诱惑,孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆有一台天线,只要你从天上人间接受美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号,你就青春永驻,风华常存。
一旦天线下降,锐气便被冰雪覆盖,玩世不恭、自暴自弃油然而生,即使年方二十,实已垂垂老矣;然则只要树起天线,捕捉乐观信号,你就有望在八十高龄告别尘寰时仍觉希望。
扩展:食品安全词汇
“此日期前食用”日期 “sell by” date
“此日期前最佳”日期 “best before” date
一种禁用的代糖 a banned sweetener
瘦肉精 clenbuterol
过期食品 outdated items of food
(食油)变质 rancid
(食品)过期 past its sell-by date
二恶英 dioxin
人造香料 artificial flavourings/artificial flavours
大头娃娃 “big-headed” babies
化学色素 chemical dyes
天然香料 natural flavourings/natural flavours
孔雀石绿 malachite green
水杨酸 salicylic acid
尼古丁 nicotine
抗氧化物 antioxidants
防腐剂 preservative
咖啡因 caffeine
毒奶粉 substandard milk powder
毒菜 pesticide-tainted/contaminated vegetable
致癌化学物 cancer-causing chemical
致癌物质 cancer-causing toxins
苯甲酸 benzoic acid
高温煮食 high-temperature cooking
残余农药 residues of banned pesticides
焦油 tar
无咖啡因的 decaffeinated/caffeine free
发霉的面包 moldy bread
婴儿配方奶粉 baby formulas
微波炉食品 microwave food
农药残留 pesticide residue
监控食品安全 co-ordinate and control food safety
符合国际标准 complies with international standards/met international standards
未煮熟的肉类 undercooked meat
篇11:美德精选双语散文
美德精选双语散文
-G.Herbert/赫伯特
Sweet day,so cool,so calm,so bright! 甜美的白昼,如此凉爽、安宁、明媚!
The bridal of the earth and sky- 天地间完美的匹配-----
The dew shall weep thy fall to-night; 今宵的露珠儿将为你的消逝而落泪;
For thou must die. 因为你必须离去。
Sweet rose,whose hue angry and brave, 美丽的玫瑰,色泽红润艳丽,
Bids the rash gazer wipe his eye, 令匆匆而过的人拭目而视,
Thy root is ever in its grave, 你的根永远扎在坟墓里,
And thou must die. 而你必须消逝。
Sweet spring,full of sweet days and roses, 美妙的春天,充满了美好的日子和芳香的玫瑰,
A box where sweets compacted lie, 如一支芬芳满溢的盒子,
My music shows ye have your closes, 我的音乐表明你们也有终止,
And all must die, 万物都得消逝。
Only a sweet and virtuous soul, 唯有美好而正直的心灵,
Like season'd timber,never gives; 犹如干燥备用的木料,永不走样;
But though the whole world turn to coal, 纵然整个世界变为灰烬,
Then chiefly lives. 它依然流光溢彩。
扩展:汽车专用术语中英文对照大全
Speedometer Drive 速率表
表示轮轴回转数的仪表,每辆汽车都必须配备,可供驾驶人员随时注意车速,通常装于驾驶室,以显示状况,另一端连接到变速箱的输出轴。
Cable-Operated Control System
液压式离合器系统
利用特殊钢绳,连接踏板与释放杆间,作为切断或接通的连杆机构。
Clutch Disc, Clutch 离合器片
作为传递引擎动力到变速箱的媒介物。
Manual Transmission
手排档变速箱
需要离合器配合操纵的变速机构,可依车辆行走阻力的变化,变换引擎的扭矩,使车辆正常行驶。
Automatic Transmission
自动排档变速箱
没有装置操作变速机的离合器机构,操纵机构是没有选择杆(Selecter),附有P(停车)、R(倒车)、N(空档)、D(高速)、L(低速)等记号。
Synchro-Mesh Type Transmission
同步啮合式变速机
一般用于手排变速箱内,在齿轮啮合前先由设置在两齿轮的摩擦圆锥体机构接触,使两个齿轮在啮合前其回转成一致后,同时啮合方式的变速箱,通常在第一挡到第二挡,第二挡到第三挡,或第三挡到第四挡时才有此种装置,倒文件并没有。
Planetary Gear System
行星齿轮装置
属于自动变速箱内的齿轮组,如太阳系运动状况组成的齿轮,有太阳齿轮、行星齿轮、环齿轮、行星齿轮架所构成,由液压控制,由选择而可获得各种减速比。
Steering1 System 转向系统
Steering Linkages2 转向拉杆
此装置是被用来连接前轮转向节和转向齿轮,使方向盘转动时,可使前轮由一边摆向另一边。
Steering Gear 轮向齿轮
固定在转向机轴下端的齿轮和装配在转向臂的齿轮总称。可将方向盘的旋转动作,转换成拉杆的直线运动。有二种基本的转向齿轮:回旋滚珠式和齿棒小齿轮式。
Recirclulating-Ball Steering Gear回旋滚珠式齿轮
此种转向齿轮,利用内部的循环珠,使螺母和螺杆之间的接触摩擦大大减少,让驾驶者操作方向盘轻巧方便。
Power Steering 动力转向
汽车所使用的动力转向系统,基本上是经修改的手动转向系统,主要的是增加一个助力器(Power Booster),以帮助驾驶者。
Automotive Engine System 引擎系统
Combustion3 Chamber4 燃烧室
活塞到达上死点后其顶部与汽缸盖之间的空间,燃料即在此室燃烧。
Compression Ratio 压缩比
活塞在下死点的汽缸之总容积除以活塞在上死点的总容积(燃烧室容积),所得的值就称为压缩比。
Connecting Rod 连杆
引擎中连接曲轴与活塞的连接杆。
Cooling System 冷却系统
可藉冷却剂的循环,将多余的热量移出引擎,以防止过热的系统。在水冷式的引擎中,包括水套、水泵、水箱及节温器。
Crankcase 曲轴箱
引擎下部,为曲轴运转的地方,包括汽缸体的下部和油底壳。
Crankshaft 曲轴
引擎的主要旋转机件,装上连杆后,可承接连杆的上下(往复)运动变成循环(旋转)运动。
Crankshaft Gear 曲轴齿轮
装在曲轴前端的齿轮或键齿轮,通常用来代动凸轮轴齿轮,链条或齿状皮带。
Cylinder5 Block 汽缸体
引擎的基本结构,引擎所有的零附件都装在该机件上,包括引擎汽缸及曲轴箱的上半部。
Cylinder Head 汽缸盖
引擎的盖子及封闭汽缺的机件,包括水套和汽门及冷却片。
Detonation6 爆震
为火焰的撞击或爆声,在火花点火引擎的燃烧室内,因为压过的空气燃料混合气会自燃,于是使部份未燃的混合气产生二次点火(在火星塞点火之后),因而发出了爆声。
Displacemint 排气量
在引擎的某一循环运作中,能将全部空气及混合气送入所有汽缸的能力,也是指一个活塞从一个行程运作至另一行程所能排的体积。
Engine 引擎
一种能将热能转变为机械能的机械:一种可将燃料燃烧产生机械动力的装置;有时可视为一种发动机。
Fan Belt 风扇皮带
一种由曲轴带动的皮带,其主要目的是带动引擎风扇和水泵。
Float Level 浮筒油面高度
化油器浮筒室内,浮筒浮起而顶住针阀,堵住进油口,使油不再流入浮筒室时,油面的高度。
Four-Stroke Cycle 四行程引擎
进气、压缩、动力、排气四个行程。四个行程调一完整的循环。
Gasket 垫片
用纸、橡皮片或铜片制成,放在两平面之间以加强密封的材料。
Gear Lubricant 齿轮润滑油
一种可润滑齿轮的机油,通常为SAE90号机油。
Heat-Control Valve 热控制阀
在引擎排气歧管中一种节温操作阀门,可在引擎未达正常工作温度之前,将废气的热导入进气歧管。
Knock 敲击
随引擎速度出现的金属撞击声,通常是因轴承松脱或磨损所产生。
Main Bearing 主轴承
引擎内支撑曲轴的轴承。
Manifold Pressure 歧管压力
涡轮增压器运作时位于进气歧管内的压力。
Manifold Vacuum 歧管真空
指进气歧管内的真空,即汽缸在进气行程中所产生的真空。
Oil Pan 油底壳
位于引擎下部:可拆装,并将由轴箱密封做为贮油槽的外壳。
★ 捍卫家庭散文
★ 云者三论散文
论家庭双语散文(合集11篇)




