GRE阅读常见文章结构

时间：2022-12-04 03:38:17 作者：圆蛙综合材料收藏本文下载本文

“圆蛙”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了10篇GRE阅读常见文章结构，下面是小编整理后的GRE阅读常见文章结构，希望能帮助到大家!

目录
第1篇：GRE阅读常见文章结构第2篇：GRE阅读五大常见结构及解题技巧第3篇：GRE长篇阅读如何了解文章结构第4篇：托福阅读的常见文章结构第5篇：GRE阅读备考先从文章结构切入第6篇：GRE阅读备考先从文章结构开始第7篇：GRE阅读3种常见主体结构精讲第8篇：GRE阅读看懂文章需先了解结构第9篇：GRE阅读应对长篇文章要了解结构第10篇：GRE阅读如何准确判断文章结构提升速度

篇1：GRE阅读常见文章结构

GRE阅读常见文章结构

GRE阅读文章结构介绍：解释型

考点：顾名思义是对某种自然或社会现象进行分析解释。这类文章在一开始就会描述一种“奇怪”的现象，说它奇怪是因为这种现象发生的频率比较低或者在日常生活中不容易见到，又或者是容易被我们忽略的一些现象。文章的展开也是围绕这一现象进行，首先是对这一现象的描述，然后介绍其产生的原因及所造成的影响，从而间接地表达作者的态度或评价。

应对方法：对于这类文章，考生不仅要对描述的现象有所了解，知道其具体在讲什么，更重的是对该现象的成因解释要理解透彻，明确产生这种现象的真正原因才能在作答时快速准确的从文中找到依据。建议大家在平时的练习中养成剖析文章结构的习惯，这样不仅可以大大提高做题的效率，还能举一反三，考生只要稍作归纳，就可以迅速解题，做到事半功倍。

GRE阅读文章结构介绍：观点对比型

考点：观点对比型的GRE阅读通常会在文章一开始就提出两个或两个以上的观点，并在下文中呈现出对比分析的特点。通过对两个或多个观点的分析比较，间接表现出作者的态度和评价，从而判断文章的主旨和基调。在做题过程中要注意观察作者的态度或评价，因为此类型的文章中通常会有关于作者态度的题目。

应对方法：这类文章主要是考察考生对文章整体的把握程度，对文章结构和内容的分析能力，以及对作者态度评价及逻辑的判断。文章通常围绕新观点展开，明白这一点，就要在平时的练习中多家注意，并养成好的做题习惯，这样才能在考试的时候临危不乱，取得满意的成绩。

GRE阅读文章结构介绍：说明型

考点：此类型的文章通常会在文章开头给出一个明确的结论，然后在下文中围绕这一结论进行详细论述，通过摆事实和分析论据的方式来证明结论的正确性或可行性。文章的展开通常会以“总-分”的形式来呈现。

应对方法：这类文章一般在首句都会出现一个主题句，即topic sentence，接着下文围绕这一话题展开讨论，并且在讨论的过程中不断抛出论据来证明该结论的正确性。通过对论据的分析考生可以准确判断作者的态度，对接下来的题目练习做好铺垫。考生在平时练习的时候一定要养成分析文章套路的习惯，“养兵千日用兵一时”对提升考生的准确率是非常有效的。

GRE阅读文章结构介绍：解答型

考点：问题解答类的文章通常会以问句的形式开始，第一段会提出一个问题或者呈现一个难题，而问题通常是“设问”句。常见的标志词如：problem，difficulty, task, puzzle, challenge, question等词。紧接着会对这一问题进行解答或作出解释，文章围绕这些问题展开讨论分析，并把作者的观点态度贯穿其中。主要考察考生对文章问题的理解以及对所给答案的分析和判断，要求考生有明确的思路和方向。

应对方法：该类文章的大体结构基本可以总结为“提问-解答-表明立场”，考生在读文章的时候一定要把握好文章的基调和作者的评价，善于分析并把握文章的重点，判断作者最想表达的内容。为接下来的作答做好准备。首先，正如上文介绍的，文章一开始就要找出作者提出的文章要讨论的问题。接着，作者会对此给出解答这个问题的重要信息考生对这些信息要进行明确的标注，方便最后的题目解答。最后根据作者对问题作出的回答判断作者的观点和立场，把握文章的主要内容。

GRE阅读文章结构介绍：比较分析型

考点：此类型的文章通常会在文章开头给出两个或两个以上关于新观点的主题句，然后在下文中围绕这一观点进行详细论述和对比分析，并且在对比中会着重凸显作者的态度和观点。下面给大家举例说明一下。

应对方法：同样，此类文章在结构上也会呈现出总-分-总结构，第一段抛出观点之后在接下来的段落中进行针对性的分析，最后一段通常是对比分析后得出的结论汇总。所以在平时做GRE阅读的时候一定要养成分析文章套路的习惯，这样在做题的时候就能做到心中有数，下笔有神。

总而言之，GRE阅读虽然经常出现一些让考生困扰的高难度文章，但其文章结构本身却往往存在明显的套路，考生只要能够熟练掌握其中规律，就能在实战中快速找到突破口，轻松解决。如此一来，GRE阅读自然也就不会成为大家获取高分的拦路猛虎了。

GRE阅读制胜法则：如何做好阅读标记

1.根据GRE阅读题目类型固定或所涉及考点为已做标记范畴

1)问事物之间的关系，定位到同时标记这两个事物的地方。

2)问作者态度，定位到有态度词标记的地方。

3)问事物的缺陷，直接定位到标记缺陷处。

4)问文章大意类的主旨题定位与TS

5)问全文focus的特征，首先到TS处定位。

6)问文章结构、段落作用、行文方法类的主旨题定位于SE。

7)问作者举某个例子的目的，或者作者引用一段文字为了说明什么，这类就写作用意提问的题目一般定位于例子或者引述文字的上文。

8)提干句以IF结尾的改进型或取非题，定位在原文缺陷处或者有unless的句子。

9)如果题目为EXCEPT题，可以先看看原文的标记中有没有列举内容;如果有，很可能是答案所在。

2.GRE阅读题干有特征词的题目

1)最高级、比较级、数字、以大写字母开头的专有名词、年代、特殊历史时期、引号、斜体字。

2)选项标志词与题干核心词双重定位

3)段落定位

GRE阅读制胜法则：长句、难句重磅解析

1. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated,to pass through,they absorb some of the longer-wavelength,infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface,radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4)

虽然这些分子允许可见波长(visible wavelength)的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长(longer- wavelength)，亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射(infrared emission)，这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。

难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词

解释：前面的分句中有一个不算很长的插入语，但是因为它插入的位置正好在固定搭配allow something to do somthing中间，将allow和to分得很远，所以读起来让人感觉很不舒服。

后面的分句中的最后一行radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space是其前面的infrared emissions的同位语。其中的otherwise是副词作状语，表示如果后面的分句所说的they absorb some of the longer-waverlength, infrared emissions不发生时的后果。

意群训练：Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength， infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface,radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.

2. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling,thinking,and acting that “come naturally” in archetypal situations in any culture. (4)

这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种.种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略

解释：尽管我们很熟悉the role of something的这种表达，但本句中the role of被作者胜利很活。首先，在role后面有一个省略了引导词that的定语从句(因为role在从句中作ascribe的宾语)，这样就把role和系动词is隔得很远。其次，but前面的句子的主要结构The role is not of doing something其实是The role is not the role of doing something的省略形式，因为后面的the role与前面的完全重复，如果不把它省略掉，谁看到都要觉得啰嗦。因为同样的道理，but之后的one of imposing constraints实际上是is one role of imposing constraints的省略形式。

意群训练：The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints— ways of feeling, thinking,and acting that “come naturally” in archetypal situations in any culture.

GRE阅读

篇2：GRE阅读五大常见结构及解题技巧

2GRE阅读文章5大常见结构之观点比较型

3GRE阅读文章5大常见结构之结论说明型

4GRE阅读文章5大常见结构之对比分析型

5GRE阅读文章5大常见结构之自问自答型

掌握GRE阅读中出现的转折词

GRE阅读文章中常用的转折词有7个：but, however, yet, though, nevertheless, nonetheless, still。其中前四个为强转折词，后三个为让步式转折。读到这里，有的同学可能会疑惑：though不是让步连接词吗?没错，though一般情况下做连词，连接让步状语从句(句内转折)。但是如果是在两个逗号之间的though，则是副词，相当于however。如这句话About the same time, though, scientists realized comets might contain decaying radioactive isotopes that could have warmed cometary interiors to temperatures that caused the interiors to evolve. 此句表明科学家们完全不同意前一句的看法。让步式转折只要出现，必然是考点，同时也是容易丢分的点。

下面我们来一起看一篇GRE阅读文章：

Astronomers who study planet formation once believed that comets—because they remain mostly in the distant Oort cloud, where temperatures are close to absolute zero—must be pristine relics of the material that formed the outer planets. The conceptual shift away from seeing comets as pristine relics began in the 1970s, when laboratory simulations revealed there was sufficient ultraviolet radiation reaching comets to darken their surfaces and there were sufficient cosmic rays to alter chemical bonds or even molecular structure near the surface. Nevertheless, astronomers still believed that when a comet approached the Sun—where they could study it—the Sun’s intense heat would remove the corrupted surface layer, exposing the interior. About the same time, though, scientists realized comets might contain decaying radioactive isotopes that could have warmed cometary interiors to temperatures that caused the interiors to evolve.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

1. It can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements about the “laboratory simulations”?

A. The simulations showed that despite the low temperatures in the Oort cloud, there was sufficient energy there to alter comet

B. Astronomers were initially reluctant to accept what simulation showed about the composition of comets

C. The simulations themselves did not eliminate the possibility that comets contain pristine relics of material from the early solar system.

这是一道不定项选择题。答案是AC，很多同学都选上了B选项，他们觉得 laboratory simulations这句话后马上出现了Nevertheless, astronomers still believed……..，因为nevertheless一词, 所以有的同学会觉得astronomers不会接受前一句的laboratory simulations的结果的。但是要知道，nevertheless和 nonetheless一样表示的都是让步式转折，也就是说天文学家接受前一句的实验结果，但是他们持不同的观点。所谓让步式转折就是接受前面的事实陈述部分，但是不接受观点。

GRE阅读真题难不难到底应该如何应对

GRE阅读真题虽然真的非常难也很拗口，但是词汇要求仅仅托福单词外加一些阅读题干中经常出现的GRE问题特征词，特别是那些初一就开始学的词在GRE中一定要细抠一下他们的本质区别和具体准确含义，比如qualify是限定削弱的意思，argue是个中性词不带感情色彩。对于那些八大悲剧类型的文本，仅仅是拗口的专有名词和拉丁词而已，就是个代号，根据同义反义的逻辑推导可以推出他们的含义，实际也用不上。

篇3：GRE长篇阅读如何了解文章结构

GRE长篇阅读如何了解文章结构

GRE阅读常见文章结构：问题解答型

GRE阅读常见文章结构：观点对比型

GRE阅读常见文章结构：结论说明型

GRE阅读常见文章结构：比较分析型

GRE阅读常见文章结构：现象解释型

GRE阅读长难句分析

With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .(4+)

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词

译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成(convert into)葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会(部分)传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。

解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解，从leaving开始句子变难;leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语;分词中又包含了三个状语，其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用，把be converted into拆成两段。

本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidative和resynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来;而glycogen这种东西则没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。

意群训练：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animalvulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .

Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. (难度3)

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词

译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来;另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。

解释：介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分，由and所连接，在and之后的第二个from前，省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive。本句之所以难，有两个原因，一是derived from 后面的成分太长，初学者难以一下子看下来;二是作为一篇文科文章，用词抽象，难以迅速理解。

意群训练：Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones.

GRE阅读长难句分析

(This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower . (5++)复杂+倒装+省略;

(这是一种)照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。

解释：本句子的难度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极，可以确定地讲，类似此句子的难度的语言，在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不感兴趣，可以把其废掉不读。

A、这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因，是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。

B、desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。

C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，而A be given way to B，则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desire，what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。

D、就算能够看懂这句话的结构，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望，新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的欲望(新冲动)，前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。

意群训练：(This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词

GRE

篇4：托福阅读的常见文章结构

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托福阅读的常见文章结构

托福考试作为一门专业衡量语言能力的测试，无论是阅读还是听力，所涉及的篇章都是属于学术性的，尤其是阅读这一部分，根据ETS在《新托福考试官方指南》中所说，阅读文章均摘录于大学教科书，一般是对某一学科或主题的介绍性内容，主要目的是评估考生对“学术性文章”的理解程度。而从ETS十大题型的设置来看，阅读考试考察的是由最基本的词汇到句子，再到文章逻辑关系以及段落理解，最后还通过小结题和图表题考察对全文的掌握。对于很多考生来说，最后一大题也就是文章小结和表格题最为头疼，因为所要看的内容实在太多，在有限的时间限制之下实在是毫无头绪，只能乱选一气。但其实只要我们搞清楚托福阅读文章常见的结构，完全可以在很短时间内抓住文章脉络拿下最后一道大题。

所有的阅读文章，无论文章背景是什么，结构无非会分为以下几种，《新托福考试官方指南》上把托福文章结构类型大致分为四类：classification(分类)，comparison/contrast(比较)，cause/effect(因果)，problem/solution(问题与解决方法)。

Classification指的是文章对某一个大的话题进行分类讨论，这类文章结构非常清晰，能够让我们一目了然。以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》为例，文章讨论的大的话题是symbiotic relationship(共生关系)，然后再第一段就直接写明有3种symbiotic relationships，然后接下来分段论述3种共生关系分别有什么样的特点：paragrph2-3-- parasitism(寄生), paragraph4--commensalism(片利共生), paragraph5--mutualism(互利共生),最后再用很简短的一句话稍作总结。这样的结构对于我们做小结题非常有利，因为summary通常就是把所分的几个小类分别用一个选项概括出来，比如这篇文章的最后一题3个正确选项：Parasitic relationships involve the interplay of aggression by the parasite and resistance and adaptation by the host对应文章第二段讲述parasitism部分的内容;Mutualism is unique among symbiotic relationships in that it benefits both partners involved in the relationship对应文章第五段讲述mutualism部分内容;The rarity of commensal relationships stems from the difficulty of finding relationships that benefit one species without affecting the other对应文章第4段讲述commensalism部分内容。把握住了文章的3种共生关系的主要特点，最后一题也就手到擒来了。同样属于分类结构的文章还有TPO13的《Types of Social Groups》、TPO16的《Planets of Our Solar Systems》、TPO20的《Fossil Preservation》等等，读文章时注意在笔记上几下各个类型的主要特点，在面对最后一题时即便时间有限也可以从容不迫。

Comparison/contrast指的是文章中含有两种相关事物，将这两种事物在各个方面进行了一系列的比较，其实整体结构类似于上面所说的分类。比较典型的文章例如TPO12的《Water in the desert》，文中主要介绍了沙漠中的水，将其中的河流分为两大类：Endogenous Rivers(内流河)和Exogenous Rivers(外流河)，然后分别论述这两大类的主要特征—内流河起源于沙漠内部，往往来源于地下水，容易干涸;外流河只是途经沙漠，往往是一些比较大的河流等等。在碰到这种类型的文章时，往往最后会出到表格题，需要总结两个比较对象的特征。表格题区别于小结题的一大特点是，选项中包含的细节比较多，不同于小结题的选项高度概括，表格题本质上其实是基于全文的细节题，需要看的内容比较多，所以在前面看文章时需要记好笔记，将文章主要行文结构弄清楚，这两类事物本质区别是什么?分别是在哪些段落讲述了各自的特征?确定好大的框架，最后做题时进行定位不至于慌乱。类似的文章还有官方指南的《Applied Arts and Fine Arts》，《Artisan and Industrialization》，《Nineteenth-Century Politics In the United States》，《Early Cinema》以及TPO7的《Ancient Rome and Greece》，TPO30的《The Pace of Evolutionary Change》等等。

Cause/effect又称现象解释型文章，所指的是一篇文章讨论的话题是一个现象，就这个现象的形成原因或是产生的结果花了大量篇幅进行介绍。最为典型的一篇文章就是官方指南《Desert Formation》，文章主要就是在介绍沙漠化形成的各种原因：植被减少，气候干燥，人类活动等等，最后文章小结也就是将这些原因当中比较重要的几点总结出来，所以概括时主要关注每个段落的topic sentence即可。官方指南《Green Icebergs》，《The Expression of Emotions》以及TPO16的《Trade and Ancient Middle East》等都属于此类文章。

Problem/solution解决方法类文章指的是文章一开头就抛出一个问题，而主题内容是在就这个问题进行探讨给出答案。此类文章最明显的特征就是在开头段背景引入部分会引入问题，然后下面给出几种可能的解释。例如TPO17《Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia》这篇文章，开头段讲东西方人都想要彼此进行贸易，但是苦于陆上交通被阻隔掉了，因此需要海上贸易，可是又存在一系列的问题。接着文章就具体描述存在的问题以及是如何克服掉这些阻碍的：航船的改变，导航仪的改进，海上行为规则的制定等等。主要问题介绍完了整篇文章也就差不多了，而最后的小结题总结出来的三个选项也是跟这些主要问题相关。与此类似的，TPO1的《The Origins of Theater》研究的问题是究竟戏院的起源是什么以及为什么它会发展起来，TPO6的《Infantile Amnesia》讨论的问题是婴儿为什么记不得自己三岁之前的事情，TPO18《The Mystery of Yawning》探究的是人为什么会打哈欠。类似的文章还是比较多的，做小结题时需要概括的就是给出的几种主要答案。

在平时做题过程中，考生需要学会对所做的每一篇文章进行总结，快速识别对应的文章类型，可以帮助我们在最短的时间内抓住文章的主要内容，从而提高最后一题的正确率。

托福阅读的十大出题原则是什么

一、列举和并列句

列举指的是： FirstFirst,……Second,……Third,……等逐条列出。;等逐条列出。并列句是指： A ， B and C ，即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：

1. Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。

2 . Except 题型

该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ???

这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句

否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句

句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点，如 1996 年 10 月第 48 题。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇

文章中若出现 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等绝对性词汇或 first ， most beautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，因此很容易出题，答案绝对正确。相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。

六、比较级及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as ??? as ， like ( a fly )等句型，则为比较级或比喻句结构，往往也是考题点，一般出“推断性题目”。

七、同位语及插入语

文章中带有由 that is ， i.e. ， or 等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点，一般会出“细节性题目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：

(1) 因果连词： because ， since ， for ， as ， therefore ， so ， consequently 等

(2) 表示因果的动词： cause ， result in ， originate from 等;

(3) 表示因果的名词： base, basis, result,consequence 等，这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的，尤为出题者所青陈.因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。

九、段落句

文章各段第一句 ( 段首句 ) 和末段员后一句 ( 文尾句 ) 都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表达中思想，进行总结综述的地方，因此常出： (1) 主题性问题 (2) 细节性问题 (3) 结构性问题。

十、特殊标点

有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围，它们是：

(1) 破折号，表示解释.考细节性问题;

(2) 括号，表示解释.考细节性问题;

(3) 冒号，一股同上，有时冒号也表示列举，则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;

(4) 引号，表示引用，考细节性问题：

(5) 惊叹号，表示作者感情，考态度性问题。

综上所述，我们可以利用上面所介绍的考题点，作为“路标”，迅速地指引我们找到正确答案;同时作为出题规律，检验自己所选答案的正确性。

托福阅读真题1

From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork. Where stone was the local building material, a mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for goods in kind from the customer's field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer; wove cloth of yarn spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood cut in the customer's own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy scene, by one historian, as an orchestra conducted by nature. Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality — and few in rural areas were. Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.

1. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Farming practices

(B) The work of artisans

(D) Types of furniture that were popular

2. The word inception in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) investigation

(B) location

(D) records

3. The word fabricating in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) constructing

(B) altering

(D) demonstrating

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was

(A) especially helpful to woodworkers

(B) popular in rural areas

(D) expensive

5. Why did colonial artisans want to regularize their schedules and methods (line 18)?

(A) to enable them to produce high quality products

(B) to enable them to duplicate an item many times

(D) to keep expenses low

6. The phrase resort to in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) protecting with

(B) moving toward

(D) using

7. The word few' in lines 23 refers to

(A) woodworkers

(B) finished pieces

(D) chests

8. It can be inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that

were

(A) simple

(B) delicate

(D) exceptionally long-lasting

PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA

托福阅读真题2

Molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird's annual life cycle. Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird's feather inevitably wears out. All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their useful life. Two distinct processes are involved in molting. The first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. The second is when a new feather grows in its place. When each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt can be said to be complete. This, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen: incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.

Molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately one-third of its body weight. It is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems listless and unwell. But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration. Generally, molt occurs at the time of least stress on the bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful. This is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the exuberant choruses of spring.

Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.

1. The passage mainly discusses how

(A) birds prepare for breeding

(B) bird feathers differ from species

(D) birds are affected by seasonal changes

2. The word Notwithstanding in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) despite

(B) because of

(D) regarding

3. The word intricate in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) regular

(B) complex

(D) important

4. The word random in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) unfortunate

(B) unusual

(D) unpredictable

5. The word optimal in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) slow

(B) frequent

(D) early

6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason that songbirds molt in the late summer?

(A) Fewer predators are in the woods.

(B) The weathers are still warm.

(D) Food is still available.

7. Some birds that are molting maintain balance during flight by

(A) constantly preening and caring for their remaining feathers

(B) dropping flight feathers on both sides at the same time

(D) only losing one-third of their feathers

8. The word Others in line 21 refers to

(A) ducks

(B) sides

(D) flight feathers

9. The author discusses ducks in order to provide an example of birds that

(A) grow replacement feathers that are very long

(B) shed all their wing feathers at one time

(D) shed their outermost feathers first

10. It can be inferred from the discussion about ducks that the molting of their flight feathers

takes

(A) a year

(B) a season

(D) a few weeks

PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD

篇5：GRE阅读备考先从文章结构切入

GRE阅读备考先从文章结构

GRE阅读文章常见结构：自然社会现象类

GRE阅读文章常见结构：两个以上观点对比类

GRE阅读文章常见结构：先给结论再做证明类

GRE阅读文章常见结构：新旧观点对比分析类

GRE阅读文章常见结构：提出问题设问解答类

GRE阅读的7个出题点

内容简介：

按考到的可能性由高到低排列：

(1)中心思想必考

(2)增减互动关系必考

(3)对照比较点必考，考异性超过了考同性

(4)唯一特征必考

(5)强烈语气必考

(6)修辞提问考的概率较大，自问自答必考

(7)结构解释选考，但引号表示反义时必考....

GRE阅读理解逻辑练习题

1. Armtech, a temporary-employment agency, previously gave its employees 2.5 paid vacation days after each 700 hours worked. Armtech's new policy is to give its employees 5.0 paid vacation days after each 1,200

hours worked. Therefore, this new policy is more generous to Armtech employees in giving them more vacation days per hour worked than the old policy did. Which of the following is an assumption on which

the argument depends?

(A) Most current Armtech employees approve of the company's new vacation policy.

(B) A few Armtech employees leave the company before having worked 700 hours.

(C) Most Armtech employees were not aware that the company planned to change its vacation policy until after it had already done so.

(D) A significant portion of Armtech employees stay with the company long enough to work for 1,200 hours.

(E) Armtech's new vacation policy closely matches the vacation policies of competing temporary employment agencies.

2 The global population of frogs has declined in recent years while the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth has increased. Since the genetic material in

frog eggs is harmed when exposed to ultraviolet radi- ation, and since the eggs themselves are not protected by shells or leathery coverings but are gelatinous, the frog population decline is probably due, at least in part, to the ultraviolet radiation increase. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the argument?

(A) Even in those regions where there has been no significant increase in ultraviolet radiation, only a small proportion of the frog eggs that are laid ever hatch.

(B) In areas where there has been the least decline in frog populations, populations of species of insects that frogs eat have decreased.

(C) The eggs of frog species whose populations are declining tend to have higher concentrations of damaging pesticides than do the eggs of frog species whose populations have not declined.

(D) In many places where turtles, which lay eggs with tough, leathery coverings, share habitats with frogs, turtle populations are also in decline.

(E) Populations of frog species that hide their eggs beneath rocks or under sand have declined considerably less than have populations of frog species that do not cover their eggs.

3 To improve productivity, manufacturing companies have recently begun restructuring work to produce more goods with fewer assembly-line workers, and the companies have laid off many workers as a

consequence. The workers laid off have been those with the least seniority(time on the job), generally

the younger workers.The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following as a conclusion?

(A) The products manufactured by the companies are not undergoing design changes while the manufacturing jobs are being restructured.

(B) When assembly-line workers have made sug- gestions for improvements in manufacturing processes, some suggestions have been implemented, but many have not.

(D) Some of the innovations in assembly-line processes and procedures that were made to increase productivity have instead proved to be counterproductive.

(E) The manufacturing companies are increasing the average age of their assembly-line workforce while still seeking to increase production.

4.During the nineteenth century, Britain's urban popu- lation increased as its rural population diminished. A historian theorizes that, rather than industrialization's

being the cause, this change resulted from a series of migrations to urban areas, each occasioned by a depression in the agrarian economy. To test this hypoth-

esis, the historian will compare economic data with population census data. The historian's hypothesis would be most strongly supported if which of the following were found to be

true?

(A) The periods of greatest growth in the industrial economy were associated with a relatively rapid decline in the rural population.

(B) The periods of greatest weakness in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the population as a whole.

(C) Periods when the agrarian economy was compar- atively strong and the industrial economy com- paratively weak were associated with a particu- larly rapid decline in the rural population.

(D) Periods when the agrarian and industrial econo- mies were both strong were associated with particularly rapid growth in the urban popula- tion.

(E) The periods of greatest strength in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the urban population.

5 Politician：Each year, small businesses create more jobs than do large established businesses. Therefore, in order to reduce unemployment in the long term, we should provide incentives for starting small businesses rather than for expanding established large businesses. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the politician's argument?

(A) In general, people employed by small businesses report higher job satisfaction than do people employed by large businesses.

(B) Among the currently unemployed are many people with sufficient job skills to perform the jobs that small businesses would create.

(C) Providing an effective incentive for starting a business generally costs significantly less than providing an effective incentive for expanding a large business.

(D) A high proportion of small businesses fail within three years of starting because of their owners' inexperience.

(E) The average large business contributes more money to politicians’ campaign funds than the average small business does.

6 In the workplace, influenza is typically spread by infected individuals to others with whom they work in close quarters. A new medication that suppresses the symptoms of influenza therefore will actually increase the number of influenza cases, because this medication will allow people who would otherwise be home in bed to return to work while infected. Which of the following, if true, most seriously chal- lenges the prediction?

(A) Coughing, a symptom of influenza that the new medication suppresses, is a primary mechanism in the spread of this illness.

(B) Some medications that are used to suppress symptoms of influenza are also used by many people to treat symptoms that are caused not by influenza but by other illnesses.

(C) Many workers who now remain at home when infected with influenza do so because the symptoms of influenza prevent them from per-

forming their jobs effectively.

(D) Most adults who are immunized against influ- enza in order to avoid being infected are over 65 years old and retired and thus do not work

outside the home.

(E) Symptoms of an illness are often the body's means of curing itself of the illness, and there-

fore suppression of symptoms can prolong the illness that causes them.

7 Editorial： Critics of nuclear power complain about the allegedly serious harm that might result from continued operation of existing nuclear power plants. But such concerns do not justify closing these plants;after all, their operation has caused no more harm than that caused by pollution generated by coal-and oil-burning power plants, the most important other sources of energy. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Existing nuclear power plants should be closed only if it can be conclusively demonstrated that their continued operation is likely to cause harm more serious than the harm their operation has already caused.

(B) Closing existing nuclear power plants would require greatly increased reliance on coal-and oil-burning power plants.

(D) The harm that a nuclear power plant is likely to cause as it continues to operate can be reliably predicted from the past history of nuclear power plants.

(E) The only harm that has resulted from operation of existing coal-and oil-burning power plants has resulted from the pollution generated by these plants.

8 Drug manufacturer: Although our company requires that patients who use our new drug also pur- chase from us nonreusable kits for weekly blood testing, the expense of those kits is an entirely necessary one: weekly blood testing must be done to monitor the drug's potential side effects, which can be very dangerous. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weak- ens the manufacturer's argument?

(A) The expense of purchasing the blood-test kits has not prevented any patients from obtaining them or the drug.

(B) Medical laboratories can perform the blood test- ing at a lower cost to patients or their insurers than the price the manufacturer charges for the kits.

(D) Most government and other health insurance programs will not reimburse patients for the full cost of both the drug and the blood-test kits.

(E) Patients who suffer one or more of the danger- ous side effects of the drug can incur heavy expenses for the treatment of those side effects.

9 Virginia and her brother William disagree over when their father was born: Virginia claims it was in 1935 and William claims it was in 1933. The hospital where their father was born has no records for 1933 but has complete records for 1935—records that do not include a birth record for their father. Therefore, he must have been born in 1933. The argument depends on which of the following assumptions?

(A) Either Virginia's claim or William's claim is correct.

(B) The records of the hospital where their father was born date back to 1933.

(D) There are urgent practical reasons why Virginia and William must know the date of their father's birth.

(E) None of their other relatives knows the year in which Virginia and William's father was born.

10 The town of San Leonardo has recently enacted a law banning smoking in all restaurants within town limits. Since many smokers who normally dine in San Leonardo's restaurants will not want to refrain from smoking during their meals, San Leonardo's restau- rants will undoubtedly lose many patrons and con- siderable income. Which of the following, if true, most helps to strengthen the argument above?

(A) Most residents of San Leonardo who eat in res- taurants are not smokers.

(B) Most smokers who dine in the company of non- smokers are willing to refrain from smoking during their meals.

(C) If the law banning smoking in restaurants had not been enacted, it is likely that a more stringent law banning smoking in all public places in San Leonardo would have been enacted instead.

(D) Prior to the enactment of the law banning smoking in San Leonardo's restaurant, the town had a law that required most restaurants to have nonsmoking sections.

(E) None of the other communities adjacent to San Leonardo, which have restaurants comparable to those of San Leonardo, has enacted and enforces any antismoking legislation.

11. Children whose biological parents both have Tic Syndrome Z (TSZ), which is characterized by the involuntary contraction of certain muscles, are about four times more likely to develop such contractions than are children whose biological parents do not have TSZ, It is likely, therefore, that predisposition to TSZ is an inherited trait. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion above?

(A) Children whose parents have TSZ are more likely to develop TSZ if they are under unusual stress at school or at home than if they are not under such stress.

(B) Children whose biological parents do not have TSZ are more likely to develop TSZ if they are raised by adoptive parents with TSZ than if they are raised by their biological parents.

(C) Children whose biological parents have TSZ are as likely to develop TSZ if they are raised by adoptive parents who do not have TSZ as if they are raised by their biological parents.

(D) Children whose biological parents have TSZ and who develop TSZ usually avoid developing a severe form of the syndrome if they seek treatment for TSZ shortly after developing the first signs of it.

(E) Children with TSZ whose biological parents do not have TSZ are less likely to have the syn- drome diagnosed when symptoms first appear than are children with TSZ whose biological parents have TSZ.

12. Playing eighteenth-century music on the instruments of that period provides valuable information about how the music originally sounded. Eighteenth-century instruments cannot be played without being restored, however, and restoring such an instrument destroys all of the information that researchers could obtain from it about eighteenth-century instrument-making techniques.

If the statements above are true, which of the following must be true on the basis of them?

(A) Eighteenth-century instruments cannot be used to provide information about the original techniques used in playing such instruments if they have been restored.

(B) Eighteenth-century instruments that have been restored can provide information only about how eighteenth-century music originally sounded

(C) Eighteenth-century instruments are the only source of information about the instrument-making techniques of that period.

(D) An eighteenth-century instrument that has not been restored can provide more information than can one that has been restored.

(E) An eighteenth-century instrument cannot serve as a source of new information about eighteenth-century instrument-making techniques once it can be played

英语阅读

篇6：GRE阅读备考先从文章结构开始

GRE阅读备考先从文章结构开始看懂5大行文套路速度自然提升

GRE阅读文章常见结构：自然社会现象类

GRE阅读文章常见结构：两个以上观点对比类

GRE阅读文章常见结构：先给结论再做证明类

GRE阅读文章常见结构：新旧观点对比分析类

应对方法：同样，此类文章在结构上也会呈现出总-分-总结构，第一段抛出观点之后在接下来的段落中进行对性的分析，最后一段通常是对比分析后得出的结论汇总。所以在平时做GRE阅读的时候一定要养成分析文章套路的习惯，这样在做题的时候就能做到心中有数，下笔有神。

GRE阅读文章常见结构：提出问题设问解答类

以上这些就是GRE阅读文章中比较常见的结构和框架套路了。大家如果能够对这些内容熟练掌握，那么无论在考试中遭遇何种困难的文章，小编相信大家都能够更加顺利地进行应对并做好题目。

GRE阅读长难句中译英练习

51. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.

52. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.

53. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.

54. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

55. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

51.[参考译文]跟世界上的大多数火山不同的是，它们(热点)并不总是在由构成地球表面巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现;相反，它们中有许多位于一个板块较纵深的内部。

52.[参考译文]携带这些大陆板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地表述出来，但是这些板块相对于另一些板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。

53.[参考译文]随着这个穹窿的增长，他会发展成一个裂缝，经过几次变化之后，大陆可能会沿着这个裂缝完全形成一个新的海洋地貌。

54.[参考译文]尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的--比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告--许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们)并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。

55.[参考译文]与此同时，美国法律研究所--由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成，他们的建议分量极重--发布了新的民事伤害法令指导方针，宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险，也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意一些可能会出现的危险。

GRE阅读练习每日一篇

Notable as important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male heroes or anti-heroes (anti-hero: n.平凡的主角). Bronte produced a more realistic narrative, portraying a world where men battle for (battle for: v.为...斗争) the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent women. Nevertheless, these two novels are alike in several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much controversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.

17. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) defend a controversial interpretation of two novels

(B) explain the source of widely recognized responses to two novels

(D) compare and contrast two novels

(E) criticize and evaluate two novels

18. According the passage, Frankenstein differs from Wuthering Heights in its

(A) use of multiple narrators

(B) method of disguising the author’s real purposes

(D) creation of a realistic story

(E) controversial effect on readers

19. Which of the following narrative strategies best exemplifies the “evidentiary narrative technique” mentioned in line 24?

(A) Telling a story in such a way that the author’s real intentions are discernible only through interpretations of allusions to a world outside that of the story

(B) Telling a story in such a way that the reader is aware as events unfold of the author’s underlying purposes and the ways these purposes conflict with the drama of the plot

(C) Telling a story in a way that both directs attention to the incongruities among the points of view of several characters and hints that the plot has a significance other than that suggested by its mere events

(D) Telling a story as a mystery in which the reader must deduce, from the conflicting evidence presented by several narrators, the moral and philosophical significance of character and event

(E) Telling a story from the author’s point of view in a way that implies both the author’s and the reader’s ironic distance from the dramatic unfolding of events

20. According to the passage, the plots of Wuthering Heights and Frankenstein are notable for their elements of

(A) drama and secrecy

(B) heroism and tension

(D) mystery and irony

(E) morality and metaphysics

Climatic conditions are delicately adjusted to the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. If there were a change in the atmosphere—for example, in the relative proportions of atmospheric gases—the climate would probably change also. A slight increase in water vapor, for instance, would increase the heat-retaining capacity of the atmosphere and would lead to a rise in global temperatures. In contrast, a large increase in water vapor would increase the thickness and extent of the cloud layer, reducing the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface.

The level of carbon dioxide, CO2, in the atmosphere has an important effect on climatic change. Most of the Earth’s incoming energy is short-wavelength radiation, which tends to pass through atmospheric CO2 easily. The Earth, however, reradiates much of the received energy as long-wavelength radiation, which CO2 absorbs and then remits toward the Earth. This phenomenon, known as the greenhouse effect, can result in an increase in the surface temperature of a planet. An extreme example of the effect is shown by Venus, a planet covered by heavy clouds composed mostly of CO2, whose surface temperatures have been measured at 430℃. If the CO2 content of the atmosphere is reduced, the temperature falls. According to one respectable theory, if the atmospheric CO2 concentration were halved, the Earth would become completely covered with ice. Another equally respectable theory, however, states that a halving of the CO2 concentration would lead only to a reduction in global temperatures of 3℃.

If, because of an increase in forest fires or volcanic activity, the CO2 content of the atmosphere increased, a warmer climate would be produced. Plant growth, which relies on both the warmth and the availability of CO2 would probably increase. As a consequence, plants would use more and more CO2. Eventually CO2 levels would diminish and the climate, in turn, would become cooler. With reduced temperatures many plants would die; CO2 would thereby be returned to the atmosphere and gradually the temperature would rise again. Thus, if this process occurred, there might be a long-term oscillation in the amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere, with regular temperature increases and decreases of a set magnitude.

Some climatologists argue that the burning of fossil fuels has raised the level of CO2 in the atmosphere and has caused a global temperature increase of at least 1℃. But a supposed global temperature rise of 1℃ may in reality be only several regional temperature increases, restricted to areas where there are many meteorological stations and caused simply by shifts in the pattern of atmospheric circulation. Other areas, for example the Southern Hemisphere oceanic zone, may be experiencing an equivalent temperature decrease that is unrecognized because of the shortage of meteorological recording stations.

21. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

(A) Why are projections of the effects of changes in water vapor levels on the climate so inaccurate?

(B) What are the steps in the process that takes place as CO2 absorbs long-wavelength radiation?

(D) What might cause a series of regular increases and decreases in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere?

(E) Why are there fewer meteorological recording stations in the Southern Hemisphere oceanic zone than elsewhere?

22. The author is primarily concerned with

(A) explaining the effects that the burning of fossil fuels might have on climate

(B) illustrating the effects of CO2 on atmospheric radiation

(D) challenging hypotheses about the effects of water vapor and CO2 on climate

(E) refuting hypotheses by climatologists about the causes of global temperature fluctuations

23. The passage suggests that a large decrease in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere would result in

(A) at least a slight decrease in global temperatures

(B) at the most a slight increase in short-wavelength radiation reaching the Earth

(D) a large long-term increase in the amount of volcanic activity

(E) a slight short-term increase in atmosphere water vapor content

24. The author refers to Venus primarily in order to

(A) show the inherent weakness of the greenhouse effect theory

(B) show that the greenhouse effect works on other planets but not on Earth

(D) support the contention that as water vapor increase, the amount of CO2 increases

(E) support the argument that the CO2 level in the atmosphere has a significant effect on climate

25. The passage suggests that if there were a slight global warming at the present time, it would be

(A) easy to measure the exact increase in temperature because of the abundance of temperature recording stations throughout the world

(B) difficult to measure the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere because of local variations in amounts

(D) difficult to prove that the warming was caused by the burning of fossil fuels

(E) easy to prove that the warming was caused by an increase of cloud cover

26. The discussion of climate in the passage suggests which of the following conclusion?

I. Climate is not perfectly stable, and slight regional temperature variations can be considered a normal feature of the environment.

II. We are unable at present to measure global temperature changes precisely.

III. The most important cause of regional climatic fluctuations is the change in CO2 levels in the atmosphere.

(A) I only

(B) III only

(D) II and III only

(E) I, II, and III

27. All of the following can be found in the author’s discussion of climate EXCEPT

(A) a statement about the effects of increased volcanic activity on the Earth’s temperatures

(B) an indication of the effect of an increase in water vapor in the atmosphere

(D) a generalization about the efficiency of meteorological recording stations

(E) a hypothesis about the relationship between atmospheric gases and changes in climate

GRE阅读备考先从文章结构开始

篇7：GRE阅读3种常见主体结构精讲

1.结论-解释型(也叫论点-解释型)

2.新老观点对比型

3.现象解释型(包含问题-解决方案型)

GRE阅读文章结构精讲：结论-解释型

这类文章在开始有一个判断句，一般是文章的结论，也是文章的主题。这个判断句的谓语部分通常包含系动词(is, remain, prove, turn out, appear等)或情态动词(can, may, should, must等)，而且含有表示态度的词汇(如形容词等)。例如：

Because of its accuracy in outlining the Earth's subsurface, the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In field practice, a subsurface is mapped by arranging a series of wave-train sources, such as small dynamite explosions, in a grid pattern…

文章首句指出：由于“地震反射法”(sr)在勾划地球的地下层面这方面的准确性，该方法一直是探寻石油储备的最重要的工具。这是一个判断句，为结论。其中remains为系动词，而most important为态度词，表示作者对“地震反射法”持非常正面的评价。

后文应解释“地震反射法”的具体过程。第二句话对解释进行总的说明：“在实地作业中，通过将一系列波列源，诸如小规模炸药爆炸，排列成一个网格模式，从而将地下层面标绘出来。”接下来是“地震反射法”的详细过程。

GRE阅读文章结构精讲：新老观点对比型

这类文章在开始提出老观点，然后提出新观点并进行论述。通常新观点是文章的主题。老观点出现的标志词有：

1.传统观点： has been, traditionally, until recently等。

2.大众观点：frequently, widely, many等。

新观点出现的标志词有：however, recently, now等。

例如：

Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used。

However, a number of features that are characteristic of wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste…

文章首句指出：“传统上，风媒授粉过程一直被视为是一个以随机事件为标志的繁殖过程，其中风的不确定性通过产生大量花粉而得以补偿，因此，新种子的最终繁殖得以保证，而此举的代价是所需产生的花粉要远远超过实际的使用量。”由第一个词traditionally可知文章首句为老观点(由于风的不确定性，风媒植物要产生大量花粉补偿)，那么本文的结构是“新老观点对比型”。

第二段首句出现了GRE阅读中的标志性转折词however,说明这句话就是新观点：“但是，风媒植物所独有的一系列特征可减少花粉浪费。”这说明风媒植物除了可以产生大量花粉加以补偿的消极策略之外，还可以通过一些积极机制减少花粉损失，不一定需要产生大量花粉。

GRE阅读文章结构精讲：现象解释型

文章开始提出一个现象，然后解释现象。解释是主题。有多个解释时，作者一般对前面的解释持负面评价，对最后的解释持正面评价。提出现象时的标志词有：phenomenon, fact; problem, difficulty, puzzle, question等。例如：

What causes a helix in nature to appear with either a dextral (“right-handed,”or clockwise) twist or a sinistral (“left-handed,” or counterclockwise') twist is one of the most intriguing puzzles in the science of form…What mechanisms, control handedness and keep left-handedness rare?

It would seem unlikely that evolution should discriminate against sinistral snails if sinistral and dextral snails are exact mirror images, for any disadvantage that a sinistral twist in itself could confer on its possessor is almost inconceivable. But left- and right-handed snails are not actually true mirror images of one another…

是什么样的原因致使自然界中的螺旋体呈现出右旋(“右向旋转的”，或顺时针的)或左旋(“左向旋转的，”或反时针的)?这是形态科学中一个最引人入胜的不解之谜。究竟是一些什么样的机制控制着旋转方向，并使左旋的比例为数稀少呢?

但是，这种结合不对称、解剖学和偶然性的进化论机制并未提供一种充分的解释，以说明蜗牛的右旋何以会成为主要的旋向。于是，进化论必须让位于支持右旋或左旋的明确的发育机制为基础的理论。因此，解决所有蜗牛身上旋向之谜的道路似乎与这一螺旋体本身一样曲折复杂。

上文在第一段最后提出一个问题：“究竟是一些什么样的机制控制着旋转方向，并使左旋的比例为数稀少呢?”这个问题就是一个现象：螺旋体中左旋的比例少。有问题就有解答，有现象就有解释。第二段从进化论的角度解释这一现象。但是，GRE阅读文章中一般对进化论的解释持负面评价，所以需要寻找新的解释。第三段否定了进化论的解释。在末段，作者以发育机制(developmental mechanism)解释“为何左旋少、右旋多”。

把握了文章的三种主体结构以后，做文章后的许多题时易如反掌。

本文的结构是“结论-解释型”，因此(C)为正确答案。由此可见，对于GRE阅读来说，把握文章的主体结构，而不陷入文章词句与细节的泥沼中，是一件快意的事情：文章读得爽，题也做得爽。

GRE阅读练习每日一篇

If a supernova (the explosion of a massive star) triggered star formation from dense clouds of gas and dust, and if the most massive star to be formed from the cloud evolved into a supernova and triggered a new round of star formation, and so on, then a chain of star-forming regions would result. If many such chains were created in a differentially rotating galaxy, the distribution of stars would resemble the observed distribution in a spiral galaxy (spiral galaxy: n.(=spiral nebula)螺旋星云,旋涡星云).

This line of reasoning underlies an exciting new theory of spiral-galaxy structure. A computer simulation based on this theory has reproduced the appearance of many spiral galaxies without assuming an underlying density wave, the hallmark (a distinguishing characteristic, trait, or feature “the dramatic flourishes which are the hallmark of the trial lawyer Marion K. Sanders”) of the most widely accepted theory of the large-scale structure of spiral galaxies. That theory maintains that a density wave of spiral form sweeps through the central plane of a galaxy, compressing clouds of gas and dust, which collapse into stars that form a spiral pattern.

17. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) describe what results when a supernova triggers the creation of chains of star-forming regions

(B) propose a modification in the most widely accepted theory of spiral-galaxy structure

(D) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and contrast it with the most widely accepted theory

(E) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and discuss a reason why it is inferior to the most widely accepted theory

18. The passage implies that, according to the new theory of spiral-galaxy structure, a spiral galaxy can be created by supernovas when the supernovas are

(A) producing an underlying density wave

(B) affected by a density wave of spiral form

(D) located in the central plane of a galaxy

(E) located in a differentially rotating galaxy

19. Which of the following, if true, would most discredit the new theory as described in the passage?

(A) The exact mechanism by which a star becomes a supernova is not yet completely known and may even differ for different stars.

(B) Chains of star-forming regions like those postulated in the new theory have been observed in the vicinity of dense clouds of gas and dust.

(D) Computer simulations of supernovas provide a poor picture of what occurs just before a supernova explosion.

(E) A density wave cannot compress clouds of gas and dust to a density high enough to create a star.

20. The author’s attitude toward the new theory of spiral-galaxy structure can best be described as

(A) euphoric

(B) enthusiastic

(D) critical

(E) disputatious

The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that slavery existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us that the status of Black people down to (down to: 下至) the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.

The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of White servants was improving relative to that of Black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that the White servant’s position was improving during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this should not overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.

This possibility has important ramifications. If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality—explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed.

21. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of lines 1-8 of the passage?

(A) A historical trend is sketched and an exception to that trend is cited.

(B) Evidence for a historical irregularity is mentioned and a generalization from that evidence is advanced.

(C) A paradox about the origins of an institution is pointed out and the author’s explanation of the paradox is expounded.

(D) A statement about a historical phenomenon is offered and a possible misinterpretation of that statement is addressed.

(E) An interpretation of the rise of an institution is stated and evidence for that interpretation is provided.

22. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (lines 22-23) passed during and after the 1660’s?

(A) The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as well as of White servants.

(B) The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving the position of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.

(C) The acts had a different effect o n the position of White servants than did many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.

(D) The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants to remain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.

(E) The acts, at the very least, tended to reflect the attitudes toward Black servants that already existed before the 1660’s.

23. With which of the following statements regarding the status of Black people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660’s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?

(A) Although Black people were not legally considered to be slaves, they were often called slaves.

(B) Although subject to some discrimination, Black people had a higher legal status than they did after the 1660’s.

(D) Although often not treated the same as White people, Black people, like many White people, possessed the legal status of servants.

(E) Although apparently subject to more discrimination after 1630 than before 1630, Black people from 1620 to the 1660’s were legally considered to be servants.

24. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of the following about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?

(A) Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.

(B) Racial prejudice most often took the form of the imposition of inherited status, one of the attributes of slavery.

(D) Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic church, racial prejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.

(E) Although existing in a lesser form before the 1660’s, racial prejudice increased sharply after slavery was legalized.

25. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception of slavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of

(A) extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these colonies

(B) hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies

(D) delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies

(E) bringing about an improvement in the treatment of Black slaves in the English colonies

26. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre and Tannenbaum for the treatment accorded Black slaves in the English colonies of North America to be

(A) ambitious but misguided

(B) valid but limited

(D) anachronistic and controversial

(E) premature and illogical

27. With which of the following statements regarding the reason for the introduction of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America would the author be most likely to agree?

(A) The introduction is partly to be explained by reference to the origins of slavery, before the 1660’s, in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

(B) The introduction is to be explained by reference to a growing consensus beginning in the 1630’s about what were the attributes of true slavery.

(C) The introduction is more likely to be explained by reference to a decline than to an improvement in the position of White servants in the colonies during and after the 1660’s.

(D) The introduction is more likely to be explained by reference to the position of Black servants in the colonies in the 1630’s than by reference to their position in the 1640’s and 1650’s.

(E) The introduction is more likely to be explained by reference to the history of Black people in the colonies before 1660 than by reference to the improving position of White servants during and after the 1660’s.

答案：17-27：DECBDDACCBE

篇8：GRE阅读看懂文章需先了解结构

GRE阅读看懂文章先了解结构

新GRE阅读理解文章的常见“主体结构”有三种：

1.结论-解释型(也叫论点-解释型)

2.新老观点对比型

3.现象解释型(包含问题-解决方案型)

GRE阅读文章结构精讲：结论-解释型

GRE阅读文章结构精讲：新老观点对比型

这类文章在开始提出老观点，然后提出新观点并进行论述。通常新观点是文章的主题。老观点出现的标志词有：

1.传统观点： has been, traditionally, until recently等。

2.大众观点：frequently, widely, many等。

新观点出现的标志词有：however, recently, now等。

例如：

However, a number of features that are characteristic of wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste…

GRE阅读文章结构精讲：现象解释型

把握了文章的三种主体结构以后，做文章后的许多题时易如反掌。

GRE填空题出题原理

填空这种形式对于多年参加考试的同学来说并不陌生，之前的考试不管是考什么内容，比如语文，数学，物理等都会出现填空这种形式。我们要了解的是GRE填空这种题目类型的特点。

通过已知信息补全未知信息这种填空题源自格式塔心理学(Gestalt Psychology)，其中谈到：人们在感知不完整事物时，在内心深处总是倾向于将其补全，使之成为一个完整体。体现在填空题目中，出题人会根据信息的对应关系设置空格，需要考生找到空格对应的成分，然后判断期间的关系，进而判断所填信息的大致含义，然后在选项中进行选择。

所以我们可以把GRE填空思路概括成一个公式：

对应——空格

其中，对应是和空格有语义关系的成分，大部分是题目句子中的已知信息，在双空题和三空题中也有可能是空格间的对应;横线“——”代表信息间的关系，基本就是同向或反向的关系。比如举个中文的例子：

轻轻地我走了，正如我______ 来。

(A) 轻轻地

(B) 大义凛然地

(D) 窸窣地

(E) 惊慌失措地

即使没有听过徐志摩的《再别康桥》，根据句子的逻辑关系，也能判断出空格和“轻轻地”对应，而且由于“正如”表示了相似的关系，故选择答案A

下面给出一道官方题目：

The composer has never courted popularity: her rugged modernism seems to defy rather than to ______ the audience.

(A) ignore

(B) discount

(D) teach

(E) cow

(参见Official GRE VERBAL REASONING Practice Questions第58页第1题)

本题中，空格前有rather than这个逻辑表达，表示反向关系，同时在结构上，空格对应了defy，所以最终判断应该选择defy的反义词。defy的意思是“挑衅，蔑视”，选项中合适的是C，woo的意思是“追求，吸引”。

英语阅读

篇9：GRE阅读应对长篇文章要了解结构

GRE阅读应对长篇文章要从了解结构入手

GRE阅读文章5大常见结构之现象解释型

GRE阅读文章5大常见结构之观点比较型

GRE阅读文章5大常见结构之结论说明型

GRE阅读文章5大常见结构之对比分析型

GRE阅读文章5大常见结构之自问自答型

了解了上文中提到的这些常见文章结构后，相信大家对于如何提升GRE阅读长篇文章的快速解读拆分技巧也有了一定掌握，之后小编希望大家能够结合一些阅读习题进行实践练习，尽快熟练这项实用的解题技巧。

GRE阅读：要关注的重点

1. 盲目求快而忽略了文章中主要的信息

有些考生片面理解了G式阅读中的快速阅读，认为快速阅读仅仅指的就是提高单位时间内容阅读单词的数量，所以在阅读实践中盲目提速。导致文章中重要的主干内容被忽略。

有些考生在处理上一段的时候以极快的速度从头念到尾，却没有区分关键信息和非关键信息。

2.在阅读时缩手缩脚，不敢舍弃

有的考生在备考时也基本认同了快速阅读方法的合理性，可在实际阅读文章的过程中还是缩手缩脚，不敢快速阅读一些细节。

有些考生将大量时间花在细节上，最终导致没有时间去思考该这部分内容是否值得他这样去细细品味。

3.在阅读时颠倒阅读重点

在把握GRE文章时首先应读出其逻辑层次，其中包括套路，各段段意，各段之间的逻辑关系以及主题句。

其次，需注意文章中的一些重点语言现象，如GRE强转折，强因果和强对比等词所在的句子。同时在看文章时对一些重要的细节要记住它们大致的位置。

最后在做题的时候对一些与题目相关的细节进行仔细的研读。

GRE阅读：同位语语法解析

同位语有关的新GRE阅读语法解析，首先，什么是同位语?

同位语从句是名词从句的一种，置于某些名词之后，如fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question等等。这种从句通常是由that引导的，有时也会用到如what, why, whether, when等来引导。

同位语从句和定语从句在句子结构上有一定的相似,容易使人混淆.要注意在同位语从句中that, what, who等连接代(副)词在句中并不充当句子成分。

在进行英文阅读时，要注意同位语与本位语分割的现象，这种现象常常会造成阅读理解上的困难，特别是发生在句子结构本身十分复杂的时候。例如：

The word radar, coined as a code name in World War II, was derived from the phrase Radio Detection And Ranging.这句话的中文意思是radar(雷达)这个词，是第二次世界大战期间作为一个代号而造出来的，是Radio Detection And Ranging(无线电探测和定位)这个词组的缩写。本句的radar是word的同位语。同位语常常表示本位语的另一种说法，指出本位语的具体内容或者列举、突出本位语的一部分内容。

同位语一般置于本位语之后，可以不用标点符号隔开，也可以用逗号、冒号或破折号隔开，例如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.这里thought就和它的由that引导的同位语从句被谓语部分came to him所分割。

There is a growing realization that had Saddam Hussein focused his missile-development prrams on this sort of hardware rather than developing the Scud, Desert Storm could have seen targ in Saudi Arabia and Israel bombarded by weapons whose miss distance might have been measured in terms of tens or hundreds of meters rather than kilometers.

句子解析：这个句子的主干部分十分简短，即There is a growing realization. That引导的是虚拟的关于realization的同位语从句，并且在这个从句中还有一个whose引导的定语从句用于修饰weapons.

句子翻译：现在人们越来越认识到，如果沙达姆侯赛因当初将其导弹发展计划集中在这种硬件而不是发展“飞毛腿”导弹，那么“沙漠风暴”行动中，轰炸沙特阿拉伯和以色列的导弹发射的误差距离恐怕就不会以千米而是以几十或几百米测算了。

英语阅读

篇10：GRE阅读如何准确判断文章结构提升速度

GRE阅读如何准确判断文章结构提升速度

GRE阅读主体结构介绍

GRE阅读文章常见“主体结构”有三种：

1. 结论-解释型(也叫论点-解释型)

2. 新老观点对比型

3. 现象解释型(包含问题-解决方案型)

结论-解释型结构分析

首先是“结论-解释型”文章。这类文章在开始有一个判断句，一般是文章的结论，也是文章的主题。这个判断句的谓语部分通常包含系动词(is, remain, prove, turn out, appear等)或情态动词(can, may, should, must等)，而且含有表示态度的词汇(如形容词等)。例如：

文章首句指出：“由于地震反射法在勾划地球的地下层面这方面的准确性，该方法一直是探寻石油储备的最重要的工具。”这是一个判断句，为结论。其中remains为系动词，而most important为态度词，表示作者对“地震反射法”持非常正面的评价。后文应解释“地震反射法”的具体过程。第二句话对解释进行总的说明：“在实地作业中，通过将一系列波列源，诸如小规模炸药爆炸，排列成一个网格模式，从而将地下层面标绘出来。”接下来是“地震反射法”的详细过程。

新老观点对比型结构分析

GRE阅读文章的第二种常见结构是“新老观点对比型”。这类文章在开始提出老观点，然后提出新观点并进行论述。通常新观点是文章的主题。老观点出现的标志词有：

1. 传统观点： has been, traditionally, until recently等

2. 大众观点：frequently, widely, many等

新观点出现的标志词有：however, recently, now等。

例如：

However, a number of features that are characteristic of wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste…

第二段首句出现了GRE阅读中的标志性转折词however，说明这句话就是新观点：“但是，风媒植物所独有的一系列特征可减少花粉浪费。”这说明风媒植物除了可以产生大量花粉加以补偿的消极策略之外，还可以通过一些积极机制减少花粉损失，不一定需要产生大量花粉。

现象解释型结构分析

GRE阅读文章的第三种常见结构是“现象解释型”。文章开始提出一个现象，然后解释现象。解释是主题。有多个解释时，作者一般对前面的解释持负面评价，对最后的解释持正面评价。提出现象时的标志词有：phenomenon, fact; problem, difficulty, puzzle, question等。例如：

But this evolutionary mechanism combining dissymmetry, anatomy, and chance does not provide an adequate explanation of why right-handedness should have become predominant…

Here, the evolutionary theory must defer to a theory based on an explicit developmental mechanism that can favor either right- or left-handedness…Thus, the path to a solution to the puzzle of handedness in all snails appears to be as twisted as the helix itself。

是什么样的原因致使自然界中的螺旋体呈现出右旋(“右向旋转的”，或顺时针的)或左旋(“左向旋转的，”或反时针的)?这是形态科学中一个最引人入胜的不解之谜....究竟是一些什么样的机制控制着旋转方向，并使左旋的比例为数稀少呢??

假如左旋和右旋蜗牛呈完全一致的镜像对称的话，那么进化对左旋蜗牛不利，这近乎不太可能。几乎无法想象左旋本身会给左旋者带来任何不利之处。然而，左旋与右旋蜗牛彼此间实际上并不呈真正的镜像对称....

但是，这种结合不对称、解剖学和偶然性的进化论机制并未提供一种充分的解释，以说明蜗牛的右旋何以会成为主要的旋向....

于是，进化论必须让位于支持右旋或左旋的明确的发育机制为基础的理论....因此，解决所有蜗牛身上旋向之谜的道路似乎与这一螺旋体本身一样曲折复杂。

上文在第一段最后提出一个问题：“究竟是一些什么样的机制控制着旋转方向，并使左旋的比例为数稀少呢??”这个问题就是一个现象：螺旋体中左旋的比例少。有问题就有解答，有现象就有解释。第二段从进化论的角度解释这一现象。但是，GRE阅读文章中一般对进化论的解释持负面评价，所以需要寻找新的解释。第三段否定了进化论的解释。在末段，作者以发育机制(developmental mechanism)解释“为何左旋少、右旋多”。

把握了文章的三种主体结构以后，做文章后的许多题时易如反掌。由此可见，把握文章的主体结构，而不陷入文章词句与细节的泥沼中，能让考生在面对GRE阅读时更准确快速的完成解答，提高做题效率和正确率。建议广大GRE考生在做阅读题时不妨参照本文方法，也许会有一些收获。

GRE阅读：文章结构如何梳理

1.一句话只看一遍，充分利用自己的语法知识，时刻把握句子主干，修饰成分要毫无感觉得快速浏览(这里的“毫无感觉”不是略读，而是不希望过多的修饰成分或插入成分影响对句子主干的理解，这四个字需要自己体会)。

2.做标记除了大写字母、时间年代、最高级、转折标志词、因果标志词、列举、让步、强对比以外，还要标记出并列连接词(如and)、分号、冒号、表示作者态度的词(这个比较难，需要自己体会收集)，原因我会在下面的取舍中谈到。我的做标记的小窍门：标记符号不要只用一种(如下划线)，也不要过多，个人感觉最多三种(如括号、圆圈、下划线)，分别标记原因、转折和其他，不过我自己只用下划线和括号。

3.一定要取舍。我以前的标准是：

a)让步分句(如：带although的分句、带it is true的分句、带do的分句等)一律跳过(但是用括号括起来)，只看后半个分句;

b)such as后的内容一律跳过，也用括号括起来，不过我会数数列举的个数，如果是4个，则必出题，其他个数不用管，出题了再回头看;

c)for example举例只要提炼关键词的首字母就可以了，也要括起来，重点看后面或前面的结论。

d)原因——标志词常为BECause、since——一律跳过，括起来，只看结果。比较容易被忽略的是result in和result from，遇到这两个，我在下面划横线做标记。

e)老观点只把握关键词、知道讲的是什么就行，其他一律跳过。

f)冒号后一律跳过，冒号下做标记。

g)分号后一律跳过，因为表示并列，内容和前面大体一致，分号做标记，出题的话再回来看。

现在的标准是：上面这些全看，因为速度上来了，但看这些内容时仍然是“毫无感觉”地看，可以不用担心它们会分散注意力了。

当这些内容都做标记后，文章结构就非常清楚了，哪儿是举例、哪儿是结论、哪儿是原因、哪儿是转折一目了然，定位非常容易。

4. (本来想把这条放在第一位的)我的提高阅读速度的不二法门：反复阅读已经读过的文章，5遍左右吧!慢慢地就会产生一种直觉，知道哪里略读哪里重读。

结文之前忽然想起了一点，大家肯定都知道，再提醒一下：每段首句和全文末句一定仔细看。

GRE阅读：如何集中攻克

(一)阅读的习惯及阅读的“雷打不动”的金科玉律

对付GRE阅读难度层面上的阅读，永远都是先读文章后解题，而且读文章时间解题时间。遵守的准则是阅读“三字经”——边读，边记，边想。记的东西要有侧重，要trenchant，主要有：新观点的内容及出现处，强对比之处，最高级及惟一性出现处，人名第一次出现处，大列举处。想，是读完一段的必要工作，想三个问题：该段说了什么内容，回忆TS，作者为什么这样说，作者对这里的看法态度如何。这三部曲是解题最根本的东西，无论何时，何地，何等危急情况都不可省，切记!这是大牛们最珍贵的经验之一!

(二)新GRE阅读集中突破法

GRE阅读复习集中突破法，顾名思义，就是在短时间里集中突破思维的极限达到出题人的高度去审视每道题背后的东西，从而提前迅速地围追堵截，实现阅读飞跃。

突破原则：10—15天，以NO题为蓝本，《难句》一书为文火培元固本，再辅以LSAT武火锤炼。但是前提是你现在已经做完所有的NO题一遍，且已经达到第三阶段的要求与现象，即在规定的时间内错题在3—5以内，规定时间是在15—18分钟内。记住：集中突破法直接决定你最后达到的阅读境界，所以一个人一生只能用一次，如果你还没有这种水平，奉劝你切勿操之过急，否则永远也达不到一个全新的高度，一定要达到第三阶段的水平再练，切记!另外，一旦开始，就不能停下，直至完成，否则前功尽弃，后果不堪设想!

文火：NO4—9共84篇文章认真研究，如何研究?下面先区别两种情况：

(1)我的书上已经做好了答案，擦不掉了!那么你就直接省略步(1)，进入步骤(2)。

(2)我的书是空的，那么最好，现在你可以准备在上面画了，因为由于前面说过的“一遍性”，你这辈子可能是最后一次做NO题了，如果你不想将它以后卖几十块钱的话，还犹豫什么。

一般gre阅读复习大家的方法都是题海战术，也是一种集中突破的方式，但是只是找不着这个做题的思路，通过以上的简单介绍相信大家一定能搞定gre阅读复习。

三、集中突破法的延伸阅读——GRE阅读高分技巧

1.题目类型固定或所涉及考点为已做标记范畴

1)问事物之间的关系，定位到同时标记这两个事物的地方。

2)问作者态度，定位到有态度词标记的地方。

3)问事物的缺陷，直接定位到标记缺陷处。

4)问文章大意类的主旨题定位与TS

5)问全文focus的特征，首先到TS处定位。

6)问文章结构、段落作用、行文方法类的主旨题定位于SE。