英语六级阅读理解真题

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目录
第1篇：英语六级阅读理解真题第2篇：英语六级阅读理解真题及答案第3篇：英语六级阅读理解训练题第4篇：英语六级阅读理解真题卷及答案-1第5篇：英语六级阅读理解真题卷及答案-2

篇1：英语六级阅读理解真题

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

More than 100 years ago, American sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois was concerned that race was being used as a biological explanation for what he understood to be social and cultural differences between different populations of people. He spoke out against the idea of “white” and “black” as distinct groups, claiming that these distinctions ignored the scope of human diversity.

Science would favor Du Bois. Today, the mainstream belief among scientists is that race is a social construct without biological meaning. In an article published in the journal Science, four scholars say racial categories need to be phased out. “Essentially, I could not agree more with the authors,” said Svante Pbo, a biologist and director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. In one example that demonstrated genetic differences were not fixed along racial lines, the full genomes (基因组) of James Watson and Craig Venter, two famous American scientists of European ancestry, were compared to that of a Korean scientist, Seong-Jin Kim. It turned out that Watson and Venter shared fewer variations in their genetic sequences than they each shared with Kim.

Michael Yudell, a professor of public health at Drexel University in Philadelphia, said that modem genetics research is operating in a paradox: on the one hand, race is understood to be a useful tool to illuminate human genetic diversity, but on the other hand, race is also understood to be a poorly defined marker of that diversity.

Assumptions about genetic differences between people of different races could be particularly dangerous in a medical setting. “If you make clinical predictions based on somebody's race, you're going to be wrong a good chunk of the time,” Yudell told Live Science. In the paper, he and his colleagues used the example of cystic fibrosis, which is underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry because it is thought of as a “white” disease.

So what other variables could be used if the racial concept is thrown out? Yudell said scientists need to get more specific with their language, perhaps using terms like “ancestry” or “population” that might more precisely reflect the relationship between humans and their genes, on both the individual and population level. The researchers also acknowledged that there are a few areas where race as a construct might still be useful in scientific research: as a political and social, but not biological, variable.

“While we argue phasing out racial terminology (术语) in the biological sciences, we also acknowledge that using race as a political or social category to study racism, although filled with lots of challenges, remains necessary given our need to understand how structural inequities and discrimination produce health disparities (差异) between groups. ” Yudell said.

51. Du Bois was opposed to the use of race as ________.

A. a basis for explaining human genetic diversity

B. an aid to understanding different populations

C. an explanation for social and cultural differences

D. a term to describe individual human characteristics

52. The study by Svante Pbo served as an example to show ________.

A. modern genetics research is likely to fuel racial conflicts

B. race is a poorly defined marker of human genetic diversity

C. race as a biological term can explain human genetic diversity

D. genetics research should consider social and cultural variables

53. The example of the disease cystic fibrosis underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry demonstrates that ________.

A. it is absolutely necessary to put race aside in making diagnosis

B. it is important to include social variables in genetics research

C. racial categories for genetic diversity could lead to wrong clinical predictions

D. discrimination against black people may cause negligence in clinical treatment

54. What is Yudell's suggestion to scientists?

A. They be more precise with the language they use.

B. They refrain from using politically sensitive terms.

C. They throw out irrelevant concepts in their research.

D. They examine all possible variables in their research.

55. What can be inferred from Yudell's remark in the last paragraph?

A. Clinging to racism prolongs inequity and discrimination.

B. Physiological disparities are quite striking among races.

C. Doing away with racial discrimination is challenging.

D. Racial terms are still useful in certain fields of study.

1.英语六级阅读理解真题及答案

2.12月英语六级阅读理解真题及答案

3.英语六级真题答案

4.12月英语六级真题及答案

5.英语六级真题和答案

6.英语六级真题常见词汇

7.英语六级真题作文答案

8.英语六级真题及答案

9.英语六级作文范文真题

10.英语六级真题改错及答案

篇2：英语六级阅读理解真题及答案

Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect on people‘s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well， the air is full of ions， electrically charged particles， and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorm， earthquakes when winds such as the Mistral， Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibres， or from TV sets， duplicators or computer display screens.

When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches， fatigue， irritability， and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance. Animals are also affected， particularly before earthquakes， snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation， rats to flee from their burrows， dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.

Conversely， when large numbers of negative ions are present， then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea， close to waterfalls or fountains， or in any place where water is sprayed， or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday by the sea， or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.

To increase the supply of negative ions indoors， some scientists recommend the use of ionisers： small portable machines， which generate negative ions. They claim that ionisers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course， there are the detractors， other scientists， who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds by observing the effects on themselves， or on others， of a negative rich or poor environment. After all it is debatable whether depending on seismic readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.

1.What effect does exceeding positive ionization have on some people?

A.They think they are insane.

B.They feel rather bad-tempered and short-fussed.

C.They become violently sick.

D.They are too tired to do anything.

2.In accordance with the passage， static electricity can be caused by___.

A.using home-made electrical goods.

B.wearing clothes made of natural materials.

C.walking on artificial floor coverings.

D.copying TV programs on a computer.

3.A high negative ion count is likely to be found___.

A.near a pound with a water pump.

B.close to a slow-flowing river.

C.high in some barren mountains.

D.by a rotating water sprinkler.

4.What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?

A.Ionisers.

B.Air-conditioners.

C.Exhaust-fans

D.Vacuum pumps.

5.Some scientists believe that___.

A.watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than depending on seismography.

B.the unusual behavior of animals cannot be trusted.

C.neither watching nor using seismographs is reliable.

D.earthquake

答案：BCDAA

篇3：英语六级阅读理解训练题

A lot of animals are afraid during an eclipse1 of the sun. Birds stop singing. Sometimes people too are afraid. Astronomers2 know the dates of eclipses and they are not afraid. The old astronomers of Babylon and Egypt had no telescopes3; but the sky in those countries is usually clear,and so they could watch the stars easily. They studied everything in the sky and they also noticed both total and partial eclipses.

Because they knew the dates of eclipses,they had great power. People believed that the sky was important. They believed that an eclipse could kill a man.

About 2500 years ago there was a very long war. One battle followed another, and the end never came. During one of the battles, there was a partial eclipse of the sun. The day got very dark,and the soldiers on both sides were filled with fear. They believed that the gods were angry. So they stopped fighting,and ended their long war.

The sun is a star. It appears to be bigger than any other star. That is because it is near us; but the other stars are far away. The sun shines because it is very hot,but the moon shines because it reflects the sun's light. It is like a big mirror. If we visited the moon,we should see the earth. It is also like a mirror and it reflects the light of the sun.

Does the sun ever get dark during the day? It does so when the moon hides it. Sometimes the moon goes in front of the sun. We can watch its edge when it slowly crosses the sun's disc5. Everything gets darker and darker; then,at last,we cannot see any part of the sun's disc. The moon is hiding it completely. That is a total eclipse of the sun; sometimes only part of the sun's disc is hidden; that is not a total eclipse. It is a partial eclipse of the sun.

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the passage above.

The passage is mainly about____.

A.the old astronomers

B.eclipse of the sun

C.the eclipses in Babylon and Egypt

D.the correlation between the sun and the earth

2.We can conclude from the passage that_____.

A.all people are afraid of eclipse of the sun

B.the old astronomers could watch the stars easily with telescopes

C.the old astronomers had mo interest in the sky

D.the date of eclipse could be forecast

3.The war mentioned in the third paragraph ended because_____.

A.the astronomers used their great power to stop it

B.an eclipse killed the soldiers on both sides

C.the war took so long time that the soldiers felt tired

D.a partial eclipse of the sun happened during one of the battles

4.Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A.The sun is very hot because it shines.

B.The moon can shine because it is a star.

C.Other stars appear to be smaller than the sun because they are far away.

D.The earth cannot reflect the light of the sun because it isn't a real mirror.

5.It can be concluded that an eclipse of the sun happens because_____.

A.the moon passes between the sun and the earth

B.the sun gets dark during the day

C.the earth's shadow falls on the moon

D.no light from the sun can reach the moon

文章精要

说明文。本文首先介绍了日食对动物和人类的影响,然后解释了日食发生的原因。

斟词酌句

eclipse n./vt. (日、月)食;(地位、声誉登的)消失,黯然失色

Our happiness was eclipsed by the terrible news. 我们的快乐被可怕的消息蒙上了一层阴影。

试题解析

1.选B.本题为主旨归纳题。本文主要介绍了日食对动物和人类的影响以及日食发生的原因,都和日食有关。所以选B.

2.选D.本题为推断题。原文第一段说“Astronomers know the dates of eclipses……”,由此可知,日食发生的日期可以推测出。

3.选D.本题为主要细节题。从第三段可知,日偏食发生后,双方士兵以为天神发怒了,“So they stopped fighting,and ended their long war.”,所以D选项是战争结束的原因。

4.选C.本题为文章细节正误题。第四段说“It appears to be bigger than any other star.That is because it is near us;but the other stars are far away.”,由此可知他星球看上去比太阳小是因为它们离我们很遥远。

5.选A.本题为主要细节正误题。聪最后一段可知,当月亮在地球和太阳之间,遮挡住太阳时,太阳就变黑了,这称为日食,所以A选项为正确答案。B选项为干扰项,它只是日食的现象,而不是原因。

全文翻译

不少动物在遇到日食时会感到恐惧。比如鸟儿会停止鸣唱。有时人也会感到恐慌。天文学家能预知日食和月食的日期,所以他们没有恐惧心理。古巴比伦和古埃及的天文学家没有天文望远镜,但这些国家的天空通常晴朗,所以他们能很容易地观测星体。他们研究星空中的一切现象,他们也观察到了日全食和月全食以及日偏食和月偏食。

由于这些天文学家能预知日食和月食的日期,他们便有着相当大的权力。当时人们相信天空是重要的,他们还相信一次日食或月食能夺去一个人的生命。

大约25以前,有一场旷日持久的战争。战役接连不断,尾声遥遥无期。一场战役中发生了日偏食。天暗下来,双方士兵都充满了恐惧,他们深信天神发怒了。结果他们停止战斗,结束了漫长的战争。

太阳是一颗恒星,它看上去比其他星球要大,这是因为它离我们比较近,而其他星球则很遥远。太阳会发光,这是因为它自身很热。而月亮发光却是因为它反射了太阳光。月亮就像一面大镜子。如果我们能去游览月球,我们就可以在那里看到地球。地球也像一面大镜子一样反射太阳光。

太阳白天也会变黑吗?答案是当月亮遮挡了它时就会变黑。有时,月亮运转到太阳的前面。当月亮慢慢地越过日轮时我们还能看到它的边缘。万物变得越来越黑,最终,日轮的所有部分从我们的视线消失。月亮把它完全遮挡住了。这就是日全食。有时候,只有部分日轮被遮挡住,那就不是日全食,而是日偏食。

篇4：英语六级阅读理解真题卷及答案-1

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

In the past 12 months,Nigeria has suffered from a shrinking economy, a sliding currency, and a prolonged fuel shortage. Now, Africa’s largest in facing a food crisis as major tomato fields have been destroyed by an insect,leading to a nationwide shortage and escalating prices.

The insect, Tutaabsoluta, has destroyed 80% of farms in Kaduna, Nigeria's largest tomato producing state, leading the government there to declare a state of

26 .The insect, also known as the tomato leaf miner, devastates crops by 27 on fruits and digging into and moving through stalks.It 28 incredibly quickly,

breeding up to 12 generations per year if conditions are favorable. it is believed to have 29 in South America in the early 1900s, and later spread to Europe before crossing over to sub-Saharan Africa.

In Nigeria, where tomatoes are a staple of local diets,the insect's effects are devastating. Retail prices for a 30 of tomatoes at local markets have risen from $0. 50 to $2.50. Farmers are reporting steep losses and a new $20 million tomato-paste factory has 31 production due to the shortages.

Given the moth's ability also to attack crops like pepper and potatoes, Audu Ogbeh, Nigeria's minister of agriculture, has warned that the pest may“create serious problems for food 32 ”in the country.Ogbeh says experts are investigating how to control the pest’s damage and prevent its spread, which has gone largely 33 until now.

Despite being the continent's second-largest producer of tomatoes, Nigeria is 34 on $1 billion worth of tomato-paste imports every year.as around 75% of the local harvest goes to waste thanks to a lack of proper storage facilities. A further 35 in local supplies is yet another unwelcome setback to the industry.

A) dependent I)originated

B) Embarking J) reduction

C) emergenc K) reproduces

D) feeding L)security

E) grazes M)terror

F) halted N) unchecked

G) handful O)unchecked

H) multitude

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

who's really addicting you to Technology?

A.“Nearly everyone i know is addicted in some measure to the internet, ”wrote tony Schwartz in The New York Times. it's a common complaint these days. A steady stream of similar headlines accuse the net and its offspring apps, social media sites and online games of addicting us to distraction

B. There's little doubt that nearly everyone who comes in contact with the net has difficulty concentration than it takes to post a status update. as one person ironically put it in the comments section of Schwartz's online article, “As I was reading this very excellent article.I stopped at least half a dozen times to cheek my email.

C.There's something different about this technology: it is both invasive and persuasive. but who's at fault for its overuse? To find solutions, it's important to understand what we’re dealing with.There are four parties conspiring to keep you connected the tech, your boss, your friends and you.

D.The technologies themselves and their makers, are the easiest suspects to blame for our diminishing attention spans. Nicholas Carr,author of The Shallows： what the internet is doing Our brains, wrote, The net is designed to be an interruption system, a machine geared to dividing attention.

E.Online services like Facebook, twitter and the like, are called out of manipula-tion--making，products so good that people can't stop using them. after studying these products for several years, I wrote a book about how they do it. I learned it all starts with the business model. since these services rely on advertising revenue, The more frequently you use money they make.It’s no winder these companies employ teams of people focused on engineering their services to be as engaging as possible. these products aren't habit-forming by chance; it's by design. they have an incentive to keep us hooked.

F.However, as good as these services are, there are simple steps we can take to keep them at bay.For example, we can change how often we receive the distracting notifications that trigger our urge to check.According to adam marchick, ceo of mobile marketing company kahuna, less than 15 percent of smartphone users ever bother to adjust their notification setlings--meaning the remaining 85 percent of us default to the app makers' every preset trigger.Google and Apple have made it far too difficult to adjust these settings so it's up to us to take steps ensure we set these triggers to suit our own needs, not the needs of the app makers.

G.While companies like Facebook harvest attention to generate revenue from advertisers, other technologies have no such agenda. take email, for example. this system couldn't care less how often you use it. Yet to many, email is the most habit-forming medium of all.We check email at all hours of the day--we're obsessed, but why? Because that's what the boss wants.For almost all white-collar jobs, A slow

Response to a message could hurt not only your reputation but also your livelihood.

H.Your friends are also responsible.Think about this familiar scene.People gathered around a table, enjoying food and each others company. there's laughter and a bit of kidding. Then, during an interval in the conversation, someone takes out their phone to check who knows what.Barely anyone notices and no one says a thing.

I.Now imagine the same dinner,but instead of checking their phone, the person belches(打嗝)-loudly.Everyone notices. unless the meal takes place in a beer house, this is considered bad manners. The impolite act violates the basic rules of etiquette. one has to wonder why don’t we apply the same social norms to checking phones during meals, meetings and conversations as we do to other antisocial behaviors somehow, we accept it and say nothing when someone offends.

J.The reality is taking one's phone out at the wrong time is worse than belching because, unlike other minor offense, checking tech is contagious. once one person looks at their phone,other people feel compelled to do the same, starting a chain reaction. the more people are on their phones, the fewer people are talking until finally you are the only one left not reading email or checking twitter. from a societal perspective, phone checking is less like belching in public and more like another bad habit. our phones are like cigarettes-something to do when were bored or when our fingers need something to toy with seeing others enjoy a smoke,or sneak a quick glance, is too tempting to resist and soon everyone is doing it.

K.The technology, your boss, and your friends, all influence how often you find yourself using (or overusing )these gadgets. but there's still someone who deserves scrutiny--the person holding the phone.

L. I have a confession. even though i study habit-forming technology for a living, disconnecting is not easy for me.I'm online far more than I'd like like Schwartz and so many others, I often find myself distracted and off tack.I wanted to know why so i began self-monitoring to try to understand my behavior. that's when i discovered an uncomfortable truth. i use technology as an escape. when I'm doing something I'd rather not do, or when I'm someplace I'd rather not attention was often a good thing, like when passing time on public transportation, but frequently my tech use was not so benign. when i faced difficult work, like thinking through an article idea or editing the same draft for the hundredth time, for example, a more sinister screen would draw me in. i could easily escape discomfort.temporarlly.by answering email or browsing ing the web under the pretense of so-called”research. “though I desperately wanted to lay blame elsewhere, i finally had to admit that my bad habits had less to do with new-age.technology and more to do with old-fashioned procrastination(拖延)

M.it's easy to blame technology for being so distracting, but distraction is nothing new. Aristotle and Socrates dehated nature of “akrasia”--our tendency to do things agninst our interests. If we're honest with ourselves, tech is just another way to occupy our time and minds,if we weren’t on our devices. We’d likely do similarly unproductive.

N.personal technology is indeed more engaging than ever, and there's no doubt companies are engineering their products and services to be more compelling and attractive but would want it any other way the intended result of making something better is that people use it more. that's not necessarily a problem, that's progress.

O.These improvements don't mean we shouldn't attempt to control our use of technology. In order to make sure it doesn't control us, we should come to terms with the fact that it's more than the technology itself that’s responsible for our habits. our workplace culture, social norns and individual behaviors all play a part to put technology in its place, we must be conscious not only of how technology is changing, but also of how it is changing us.

36.Online services are so designed that the more they are used, the more profit they generate.

37. The author admits using technology as an escape from the task at hand.

38. Checking phones at dinners is now accepted as normal but not belching

39. To make proper use of technology, we should not only increase our awareness of how it is changing but also how it is impacting us.

40. Most of us find it hard to focus on our immediate tasks because of internet distractions

41. when one person starts checking their phone, the others will follow suit.

42.The great majority of smartphone users don' t take the trouble to adjust their settings to suit their own purposes.

43.The internet is regarded by some as designed to distract our attention.

44. The author attributes his tech addiction chiefly to his habit of putting off doing what he should

45.White-collar workers check email round the clock because it is required by their employers

篇5：英语六级阅读理解真题卷及答案-2

Part III Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)

Section A

The pacific island nation of palau has become home to the sixth largest marine

world. the new marine reserve, now the largest in the pacific, will--26-- no fishing or mining. Palau also established the world, first shark sanctuary in 2009.

The tiny island nation has set aside 500,000 square kilometres-80 percent -of its maritime --27--, for full protection, that's the highest percentage of an--28 --economic zone devoted to remaining 20 percent of the palau seas will be reserved for local fishing by individuals and small-scale-- 29-- fishing businesses with limited exports.

”island --30--have been among the hardest hit by the threats facing theocean, “said president.Tommy remengesau jr in a statement. ”creating this sanctuary is a bold move that the people of palau recognise as 31 to our survival. we want to lead the way in restoring the health of the occan for future generation

Palau has only been an_ 32 nation for twenty years and has a strong history of environmental protection. it is home to one of the world's finest marine ecosystems, with more than 1,300 species of fish and 700 species of coral.

Senator hokkons baules lead 33 of the palau national marine sanctuary act, said the sanctuary willhelp build a- 34 future for the palauan people by honoring the conservation traditions of our past“. these include the centuries-old custom of”“, where leaders would call a temporary stop to fishing for key species in order to give fish 35 an opportunity to replenish(补充).

a)allocate

b) celebrities

c)commercial

d)communities

e)essential

f)exclusive

g)independent

h) indulge

i)permit

j)secure

k) solitary

L)spectacle

m)sponsor

n)stocks

o)temitory

Data sharing: an open mind on open date

[ A] It is a movement building steady momentum: a call to make research data, software code and experimental methods publicly available and transparent. a spirit of openness is gaining acceptance in the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address a'crisis' incience whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced. furthermore, they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range of observations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends.

[B] the open-data shift poses a confusing problem for junior researchers. on the one hand,the drive to share is gathering official steam. since 2013, global scientific bodies have begun to back politics that support increased public access to reseach.on the other hand,scientists disagree about how much and when they should share date,and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems.as more journals and make it more robust,or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems.as more journal and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growing number of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place between adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their own careers.

[C] one key challenge facing young scientists is how to be open without becoming scientifically vulnerable. they must determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or a collaboration prosal from those who are wary of-or unfamiliar with -open science. and they must learn How to capitalize on the movement's benefits such as opportunities for more citations and a way to build a reputation without the need for conventional metrics, such as publication in high-impact journals.

[D] some fields have embraced open data more than others. researchers in psychology, a field rocked by findings of irreproducibility in the past few years, have been especially vocal sup-porters of the drive for more-open science.A few psychology journals have created incentives to increase interest in repar open science. a few psychology journals have created incentives porters of the drive for me lucible science -for example, by affixing an”,badge to articles that clearly state where data are available. according to social psychologist brian nose executive director of the center for open science, the average data-sharing rate for the journal Psychological science, which uses the badges, increased tenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015.

[E] funders, too, are increasingly adopting an open-data policy .several strongly ergement,and some require,a date-management plan that makes data available .The us national science foundation is among these, some philanthropic (慈善的) funders, including the bill Gates foundation in seattle, washington, and the wellcome trust in london, alopen data from their grant recipients.

[F] but many young researchers, especially those who have not been mentored in open science .are uncertain about whether to share or to stay private.Graduate students and postdoes,who often are working on their lab head's grant may have no choice if their supervisor or another senior opposes sharing.

[G] some fear that the potential impact of sharing is too high, especially at the early stages of a career.“ Everybody has a scary story about someone getting scooped(被抢先),” says new York university astronomer david hogg. those fears may be a factor in a lingering hesitation to share data even when publishing in journals that mandate it.

[H] researchers at small labs or at institutions focused on teaching arguably have the most to lose when sharing hard-won data. ”“with my institution and teaching load, i don't have postdocs and grad students”, says terry mcglynn, a tropical biologist at california state university,Dominguez hills. “the stakes are higher to share data because it's a bigger fraction of hats happening in my lab.

[I] researchers also point to the time sink that is involved in preparing data for others to view.Once the data and associated materials appear in a repository(存储库 ), answering questions and handling complaints can take many hours.

[J] the time investment can present other problems. in some cases, says data scientist karthik Ram, it may be difficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleagues many of whom head selection and promotion teesht ridicule what they may view as misplaced energies. ”i've heard this recently -that embracing the idea of open datad code makes traditional academics uncomfortable, “says ram. ”the concem seems to be that open advocates don't spend their time being as productive as possible.“

[ K]an open-science stance can also add complexity to a collaboration. kate ratliff, who studies social attitudes at the university of florida, gainesville, says that it can seem as if there are two camps in a field-those who care about open science and those who don't . ” there a new area to navigate-'are you cool with the fact that i'll want to make the data open?'-when talking with somebody about an interesting research idea, “she says.

[L] despite complications and concerns, the upsides of sharing can be significant. for example,when information is uploaded to a repository, a digital object identifier(DOI)is assigned.

Scientists can use a DOT to publish each step of the research life cycle, not just the final paper. In so doing, they can potentially get three citations- one each for the data and software.in addition to the paper itself. and although some say that citations for software or data have little currency in academia,they can have other benefits.

[M] many advocates think that transparent data procedures with a date and time stamp will protect scientists from being scooped. ”this is the sweet spot between sharing and getting credit for it. while discouraging plagiarism(剽窃). “ says ivo grigorov, a project coordinator at the naional institute of aquatic resot

Research secreta - in charlottenlund, denmark. hogg says that scooping is less of a problem than many think. ”the two cases i'm familiar with didn't involve open data or code, “he says.

[N] Open science also offers junior researchers the chance to level the palying field by gaining better access to crucial date. ross mounce, a postdoc studying evolutionary biology at the university of cambrige,UK, is a vocal champion of open science, partly because his fossil others' data. he says that more openness in science could help to discourage what some perceive as a commom practice of shutting out early-career scientists' requests for data.

[O] communication also helps for those who worry about jeopardizing a collaboration, he says,Concems about open should be discussed at the outset of a study. ”whenever you start a project with someone, you have to establish a clear understanding of expectations for who owns the data, at what point they go public and who can do what with them, he says.

[p] in the end, sharing data, software and materials with colleagues can help an early -career researcher to gain recognition--a crucial component of success. “the thing you are searching for reputation” says titus brown,a genomics(基因组学) researcher at the university of Califomia, davis,.“to get grants and jobs you have to be relevant and achieve some level of public recognition. anything you do that advances your presence- especially in a larger phere, outside the communities you know- is a net win.”

36. astronomer david hogg doesn't think scooping is as serious a problem as generally thought.

37. some researchers are hesitant to make their data public for fear that others might publish something similar before them

38. some psychology joumals have offered incentives to encourage authors to share their data.

39. there is a growing demand in the science community that research data be open to the public.40. sharing data offers early-career researchers the chance to build a certain level of reputation

41. data sharing enables scientists to publish each step of their research work, thus leading to more citations

42. scientists hold different opinions about the extent and timing of data sharing

43. potential problems related to data sharing should be made known to and discussed by all participants at the beginning of a joint research project

44. sharing data and handling data-related issues can be time-consuming

45. junior researehers may have no say when it comes to sharing data.

Section c

Directions: there are 2 passages in this section. each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements for each of them there are four choices marked a, b, c)and D) You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage one

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

In the beginning of the movie, robot, a robot has to decide whom to save after two cars plunge into the water-del spooner or a child. even though spooner screams“save her save her! ”the robot rescues him because it calculates that he has a 45 percent chance of survival compared to sarah's 11 percent. the robot's decision and its calculated approach raise an important question:

would humans make the same choice? and which choice would we want our robotic counterparts to make?

Isaac asimov evaded the whole notion of morality in devising his three laws of robotics, which hold that 1. robots cannot harm humans or allow humans to come to harm; 2. robots must obey humans, except where the order would conflict with law i; and 3. robots must act in self-preservation, unless doing so conflicts with laws i or 2. these laws are programmed into asimov's robots-they don' t have to think, judge, or value. they don't have to like humans or believe that wrong or bad. they simply don't do it.

The robot who rescues spooner s life in / robot follows asimov's zeroth law: robots cannot harm humanity(as opposed to individual humansor allow humanity to come to harm--an expansion of the first law that allows robots to determine what's in the greater good. under the first law,a robot could not harm a dangerous gunman, but under the zeroth law, a robot could kill the gunman to save others.

Whether it's possible to program a robot with safeguards such as asimov's laws is debatable a word such as“harm”is vague (what about emotional harm is replacing a human employ harm), and abstract concepts present coding problems. the robots in asimov's fiction expose complications and loopholes in the three laws, and even when the laws work, robots still have to assess situation.

Assessing situations can be complicated. a robot has to identify the players, conditions, and possibe outcomes for various scenarios,Its doubtful that a computer program can do that-aleast, not without some undesirable results. a roboticist at the bristol robotics laboratory programmed a robot to save hur

oxies(5) called“”from danger. when one h-boheaded for danger, the robot successfully pushed it out of the way. but when two h-bots became percent of the time, unable to decide which to save and letting them both“die. ”the experiment highlights the importance of morality without it, how can a robot

decide whom to save or what's best for humanity, especially if it can't calculate survival odds?

46. what question does the example in the movie raise?

a) whether robots can reach better decisions

b) whether robots follow asimov's zero“

d) how robots should be programmed.

47. what does the author think of asimovs three laws of robotics?

a) they are apparently divorced from reality.

b)they did not follow the coding system of robotics.

c)they laid a solid foundation for robotics.

d) they did not take moral issues into consideration.

48. what does the author say about asimov's robots?

a they know what is good or bad for human beings