“加油减肥”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了5篇托福阅读与四六级阅读难易度差距分析，下面是小编收集整理后的托福阅读与四六级阅读难易度差距分析，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎大家分享。
篇1：托福阅读与四六级阅读难易度差距分析
【1】In 1977 ecologists Stephen Hubbell and Leslie Johnson recorded a dramatic example of how social interactions can produce and enforce regular spacing in a population. They studied competition and nest spacing in populations of stingless bees in tropical dry forests in Costa Rica. Though these bees do no sting, rival colonies of some species fight fiercely over potential nesting sites.
Stingless bees are abundant in tropical and subtropical environments, where they gather nectar and pollen from a wide variety of flowers. They generally nest in trees and live in colonies made up of hundreds to thousands of workers. Hubbell and Johnson observed that some species of stingless bees are highly aggressive to members of their species from other colonies, while other species are not. Aggressive species usually forage in groups and feed mainly on flowers that occur in high-density clumps. Nonaggressive species feed singly or in small groups and on more widely distributed flowers.
【2】Hubbell and Johnson studied several species of stingless bees to determine whether there is a relationship between aggressiveness and patterns of colony distribution. They predicted that the colonies of aggressive species would show regular distributions, while those of nonaggressive species would show random or closely grouped (clumped) distribution. They concentrated their studies on a thirteen-hectare tract of tropical dry forest that contained numerous nests of nine species of stingless bees.
【3】Though Hubbell and Johnson were interested in how bee behavior might affect colony distributions, they recognized that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies could also affect distributions. So as one of the first steps in their study, they mapped the distributions of trees suitable for nesting. They found that potential nest trees were distributed randomly through the study area. They also found that the number of potential nest sites was much greater than the number of bee colonies. What did these measurements show the researchers? The number of colonies in the study area was not limited by availability of suitable trees, and a clumped or regular distribution of colonies was not due to an underlying clumped or regular distribution of potential nest sites.
【4】Hubbell and Johnson mapped the nests of five of the nine species of stingless bees accurately, and the nests of four of these species were distributed regularly. All four species with regular nest distributions were highly aggressive to bees from other colonies of their own species. The fifth species was not aggressive, and its nests were randomly distributed over the study area.
【5】The researchers also studied the process by which the aggressive species establish new colonies. Their observations provide insights into the mechanisms that establish and maintain the regular nest distribution of these species. Aggressive species apparently mark prospective nest sites with pheromones, chemical substances secreted by some animals for communication with other members of their species. The pheromone secreted by these stingless bees attracts and aggregates members of their colony to the prospective nest site; however, it also attracts workers from other nests.
【6】If workers from two different colonies arrive at the prospective nest at the same time, they may fight for possession. Fights may be escalated into protracted battles. The researchers observed battles over a nest tree that lasted for two weeks. Each dawn, fifteen to thirty workers from two competing colonies arrived at the contested nest site. The workers from the two colonies faced off in two swarms and displayed and fought with each other. In the displays, pairs of bees faced each other, slowly flew vertically to a height of about three meters, and then grappled each other to the ground. When the two bees hit the ground, they separated, faced off, and performed another aerial display. Bees did not appear to be injured in these fights, which were apparently ritualized. The two swarms abandoned the battle at about 8 or 9 a.m. each morning, only to re-form and begin again the next day just after dawn. While this contest over an unoccupied nest site produced no obvious mortality, fights over occupied nestssometimes kill over 1,000 bees in a single battle.
篇2：托福阅读与四六级阅读难易度差距分析
1.The word “rival” in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to
A.established.
B.competing.
C.nearby.
D.different.
2.According to paragraph 2, some species of stingless bees are aggressive mainly toward
A.non-aggressive bees that forage on the same flowers.
B.aggressive bees of other species.
C.bees from their own colony.
D.bees of their own species from different colonies.
3.According to paragraph 3, Hubbell and Johnson hypothesized that
A.the distribution pattern of bee colonies determines the degree of aggressiveness the bees display.
B.nests of nonaggressive bees have either a random or a clumped distribution, while nests of aggressive bees have a regular distribution.
C.nests of nonaggressive bees are generally both closer together and more regularly distributed than those of aggressive bees.
D.nests of aggressive bees tend to be more regular in shape than those of non-aggressive bees.
4.According to paragraph 4, why did Hubbell and Johnson begin their study by mapping all the potential nest sites?
A.To determine whether the availability of potential nest sites played a role in the distribution of bee colonies.
B.To know exactly where in the study area the colonies of all the different bee species were located.
C.To be sure that suitable nesting sites were equally available in all parts of the study area.
D.To find out whether different species of bees preferred different types of trees as potential nest sites.
5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.The limited number of colonies was not due to the distribution or availability of potential nesting sites.
B.There was no lack of suitable trees or potential nesting sites in the study area.
C.The number of nests was directly related to the number or the distribution of suitable trees.
D.Neither the number nor the distribution of colonies could be explained by the availability of suitable nest sites.
6.According to paragraph 5, Hubbell and Johnson determined
A.the order in which the colonies in the study area had been established.
B.the level of aggressiveness of each of the nine species.
C.the distribution pattern of the nests of five of the nine species.
D.the number of colonies of each of the nine species.
7.Why does the author indicate that “The fifth species was not aggressive, and its nests were randomly distributed over the study area”(paragraph 5)?
A.To identify research results that contradicted Hubbell and Johnson's original hypothesis.
B.To indicate that research results confirmed that nest distribution was related to aggressiveness.
C.To introduce the hypothesis that, within the same species, not all colonies are aggressive.
D.To point out that both aggressive and nonaggressive species are equally successful at finding nest sites.
8.The phrase “insights into〃 in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to
A.tools to study.
B.opportunities for.
C.evidence of.
D.an understanding of.
9.According to paragraph 6, what is one result of using pheromones to mark nest sites?
A.The use of pheromones tends to result in nest clumping.
B.Pheromones attract animals other than bees to prospective nest sites.
C.Pheromones tend to make bees aggressive.
D.Pheromones secreted by bees of one colony also attract bees of other colonies.
10.The word ”escalated“ in the passage (paragraph 7) is closest in meaning to
A.intensified.
B.transformed.
C.combined.
D.lengthened.
11.Paragraph 7 supports which of the following ideas about fights over occupied nests?
A.They are more violent than battles over unoccupied nest sites.
B.They mostly occur between colonies of different species.
C.They are more frequent than battles over unoccupied sites.
D.They last longer than battles over unoccupied sites do.
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where does the sentence best fit? For example, a clumped distribution of nests might simply reflect a clumped distribution of suitable nesting sites.
Though Hubbell and Johnson were interested in how bee behavior might affect colony distributions, they recognized that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies could also affect distributions.■【A】So as one of the first steps in their study, they mapped the distributions of trees suitable for nesting.■【B】They found that potential nest trees were distributed randomly through the study area.■【C】They also found that the number of potential nest sites was much greater than the number of bee colonies.■【D】What did these measurements show the researchers? The number of colonies in the study area was not limited by availability of suitable trees, and a clumped or regular distribution of colonies was not due to an underlying clumped or regular distribution of potential nest sites.
13.Select from the seven sentences below the three sentences that correctly characterize aggressive species of stingless bees and the two sentences that correctly characterize nonaggressive species.
A.Nests are regularly distributed.
B.Nests are sometimes located close together.
C.Nests always occur in large clumps.
D.Colonies are generally made up of fewer than 100 workers.
E.Members of a colony feed alone or in small groups.
F.Bees feed mainly on flowers that grow in high-density clumps.
G.Nest spacing is maintained by fighting nonaggressive Stingless Bees.
篇3：托福阅读与四六级阅读难易度差距分析
1.rival 竞争的，对应B。
2.该段第三句：aggressive to members of their species from other colonies。
3.该段第二句：他们预测攻击性种群有规则分布然而非攻击性种群展现出随机或成群分布。
4.该段第一句：他们意识到潜在的巢穴也会影响分布。
5.原句表达了两个意思: 1. 实际巢穴的数量不受潜在数量的限制; 2 成群还是规则分布也不受潜在巢穴的分布样式的影响。A选项错在limited number of colonies，原句没有提到;B选项错在于原句意思完全无关;C选项错在意思与原句相反;
D选项neither nor的两个否定完全表现出了原句中关系，正确。
6.该段第一句前半句：准确描述了9个巢穴中的5个巢穴的样式。
7.4个巢穴规则样式，其蜜蜂就有攻击性;1个巢穴随机样式，其蜜蜂就没有表示出攻击性，即肯定了前文的预测。
8.insight 洞察力，领悟，对应D。
9.该段最后一句;分泌出信息素同样可以吸引其他巢穴的工蜂。
10.escalate 升级，上升;对应A选项，intensify(使)增强，(使)加剧。
11.该段最后一句: 争夺空巢的战斗没有明显的伤亡，然而争夺已占巢穴会造成尸横遍野。
12.题干for example表明是个例子，只要将其放在对应的观点句后即可。巢穴的成群分布反应了合适巢穴的成群分布，对应第一句的观点句。
13.A选项对应第5段第2句;
B选项对应第3段第2句和第5段第2句，所以sometimes正确;
C选项错在always;
D选项是原文中没有明确说明的信息;
E选项对应第2段最后1句;
F选项对应第2段倒数第2句;
G选项对应第6，7段。
篇4：托福阅读
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
(B)A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
(C) Research on how people make decisions
(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making
2. The word ”essential“ in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) introductory
(B) changeable
(C) beneficial
(D) fundamental
3. The word ”pertinent“ in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) relevant
(B) preceding
(C) insightful
(D) responsive
4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
(A) Listing the consequences of each solution
(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution
(C) Deciding which consequences are most important
(D) Writing down all possible solutions
5.According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that
(A) has the fewest variables to consider
(B) uses the most decision worksheets
(C) has the most points assigned to it
(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people
6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of
(A) describing a process
(B) classifying types of worksheets
(C) providing historical background
(D) explaining a theory
7. The author states that ”On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once
(lines 17-18) to explain that
(A) most decisions involve seven steps
(B) human mental capacity has limitations
(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions
(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice
8. The word “succinct ”in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) creative
(B) satisfactory
(C) personal
(D) concise
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Proponents (line 5)
(B) Optimal (line 5)
(C) Variables (line 17)
(D) Long-range goals (line 25)
10. The word “it” in line 24 refers to
(A) worksheet
(B) problem
(C) distinction
(D) decision
11. The word “revise” in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) ask
(B) explain
(C) change
(D) predict
篇5：托福阅读
ADADCABDBB C
托福阅读之心理学知识
1.认知
在托福听力中认知类文章首先会提出一种现象，然后分析这种现象产生的原因。一般情况下通过举例子等方法进行分析。例如，
TPO10 lecture 4关于儿童健忘症的两种解释。一种是儿童在3岁之前的阶段确实也形成了记忆，但是在我们长大的过程中就慢慢遗忘了;另一种是3岁以下的孩子缺乏记忆认知能力。
TPO15 lecture 1做事情时的精力分散和怎么集中精力做事情。首先讲的分散精力的一种遗忘;以电脑上敲字母为例子，后来又举分辨字母大小写的例子，讲到大脑区域的一部分V5与注意力的关系。
2.条件反射
一般情况下，这类文章会根据一个例子，然后提出假设，接着用实验验证假设，最后得出结论，考生可以分析文章的假设的观点，实验的方法以及结论，这三部分加深对文章的理解。
TPO14 lecture 1举了一个关于单词的例子解释了认识能力，记忆力和想象力，这些都是引导我们熟悉某事物并相信其存在的内在精神过程。每一个过程都有其局限性，可能会让我们产生错误的新年或做出错误的预测。
TPO2 lecture 1肌肉运动规律反应出我们的想法。约翰沃森认为喉部的运动是我们思想的符号。这是因为我们
解决问题的时候喉部肌肉运动增加。威廉詹姆斯认为人们都有自己意识不到的动作和活动，但是这些结论都是不确定的。
心理学高频词汇
psychology n. 心理学;心理状态
behaviorism n. 行为主义
muscular adj. 肌肉的;肌肉发达的;强健的
amnesia n. 健忘症，[内科] 记忆缺失
cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的
psychology n. 心理学;心理状态
infants n. 婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿
cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的
distraction n. 注意力分散;消遣;心烦意乱
心理学家从事基础研究的目的是描述、解释、预测和影响行为。应用心理学家还有第五个目的--提高人类生活的质量。这些目标构成了心理学事业的基础。
心理学符号的含义：符号在希腊语里是灵魂的意思，后来变成英文psyche。
托福阅读|心理学专业核心词汇及真题梳理
★ 托福阅读素材
★ 托福阅读备考原则
托福阅读与四六级阅读难易度差距分析（精选5篇）
