【导语】“zxc002”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了10篇托福阅读推理题的分析，以下是小编整理后的托福阅读推理题的分析，欢迎阅读分享，希望对您有所帮助。
- 目录
篇1：托福阅读推理题的分析
一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路：
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
篇2：托福阅读推理题的分析
一、推理题的标志
推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
二、推理题的做法
对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路：
1.一般对比推理
ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：
It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
&<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
&<61;There were great numbers of them.
&<61;They lived in the sea only.
&<61;They did not leave many fossil remains.
根据关键词sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知sea otters和pinnipeds两种动物与whales形成对比，而且很难想象原始的whales的样子;根据“一般对比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的sea otters的样子不难想象”。第一个选项表达了此意，为正确答案。
2.时间对比推理
这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例一：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
…
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A)families were larger.
(B)population statistics were unreliable.
(C)the population grew steadily.
(D)economic conditions were bad.
工业革命之后与工业革命之前两个时间形成对比。既然工业革命之后西方世界的家庭变小了，那么工业革命之前的家庭一定比较大。因此(A)为正确答案。
例二：
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
(A) They were truly “silent.”
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.
1927年前后形成对比。既然1927年以前的电影只有音乐而没有配音，那么1927年之后的电影一定有。所以(C)为正确答案。
例三：
“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
&<61;They did not smoke when they were burned.
&<61;They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
&<61;They were not available to all.
&<61;They contained sulfuric acid.
问题：关于19世纪以前的蜡烛，从第一段可以推出下列哪一点?
这道题的题干中有“19世纪以前”这一时间，由此可见它属于“时间对比推理”思路。原文首句指出：“…19世纪带来了大量新发现和发明，使蜡烛业发生了革命性的变化，所有人都能用蜡烛照明。” 根据“时间对比推理”思路，由于19世纪以前的情况与19世纪形成对比，而19世纪所有人能用蜡烛照明，那么在19世纪之前，并非所有人都能用上蜡烛。第三个选项 “They were not available to all”表达了这一意思，为正确答案。
3.集合概念推理
集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断，它指的是在一个集合中，包含两个相对的方面，共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路，可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。
例一：
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.
22.What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
(A) They value folk cultures.
(B) They have no social classes.
(C) They have popular cultures.
(D) They do not value individualism.
原文谈到folk culture 和popular culture两种文化，它们之间形成对比。既然美国和加拿大不再存在folk culture，那么它们就有popular culture。因此(C)为正确答案。
例二：
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
篇3：托福阅读推理题的分析
TOEFL阅读中的推理题就是题目需要的信息都隐藏在文章中，但是没有直接表露出来，需要考生自己从表面内容中推理出。因此，我们在做TOEFL阅读推理题的时候不能错过每一个信息点，因为这些可能都是最后答案的重要凭证。
推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。
一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路：
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
篇4：托福阅读推理题的分析
推理题的标志是在题干中出现infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 这样的词汇，它和细节题属于同源题目，都需要定位并且根据文中信息来选择答案。与细节题不同的是，推理题在找到原文中定位点之后考察的是学生对于文中信息的总结概括，或者反向推理的能力。
推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
推理题大概有三个解题思路：一般对比推理、时间对比推理、集合概念推理。一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。
在这里我们先来看一个例子：
Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a.They did not smoke when they were burned.
b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c.They were not available to all.
d.They contained sulfuric acid.
正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 来提炼 tallow，提炼后的产品就是 stearin，stearin 比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。
解答这类题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
在此，我们再来看一道例题：
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
b.There were great numbers of them.
c. They lived in the sea only.
d.They did not leave many fossil remains.
首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters 不一样的是，whales 的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter 是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头sea otter 长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目虽然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。
篇5：托福阅读推理题怎么做
托福阅读推理题怎么做?不要放过任何有用信息
推理题分类
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
推理题解题思路解析
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
不要放过任何有用信息
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
综合上文，大家可以看到托福阅读推理题其实主要是通过文中信息来做推断，但是大家在找信息的时候一定要抓住关键信息，争取不要漏掉任何有用信息，这样才能合理推理出题目的答案。
托福阅读做题都有哪些原则
1这每篇文章的题目基本上根据文章布局一步一步向前推进，即使有个别题打乱文章布局，在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。
2做题时，根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域，同时排除相应的选项。
3到难句子时，最直接有效的方式就是对其进行句子结构分析，迅速把握整个句子的意思，不要盯着单个的词不放，不然就会因小失大。
4每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释度、或者是歪曲原文、或者与原文毫不相干。换句话说，命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏，用各种表达形式让考生晕头转向、雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪，找到合符文章意思和题意的选项。
托福阅读推理类题目的解法
托福阅读大家都想能更好地把题目做对，不过托福阅读题型还是很多的，不同的托福阅读题也有着不同的解决办法，具体该如何做呢?下面介绍的就是一种很常见的题目：推理题，希望能给大家一些好的建议。
一、推理题的标志
托福阅读题型中推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
二、推理题的做法
对于无共性的推理题，也就是托福阅读题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题，也就是托福阅读题干中有线索的，可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路：
1.一般对比推理
ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：
It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
&<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
&<61;There were great numbers of them.
&<61;They lived in the sea only.
&<61;They did not leave many fossil remains.
根据关键词sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知 sea otters 和 pinnipeds 两种动物与 whales 形成对比，而且很难想象原始的 whales 的样子;根据“一般对比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的 sea otters 的样子不难想象”。第一个选项表达了此意，为正确答案。
2.时间对比推理
这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例一：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
…
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A)families were larger.
(B)population statistics were unreliable.
(C)the population grew steadily.
(D)economic conditions were bad.
工业革命之后与工业革命之前两个时间形成对比。既然工业革命之后西方世界的家庭变小了，那么工业革命之前的家庭一定比较大。因此(A)为正确答案。
例二：
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
(A) They were truly “silent.”
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.
1927年前后形成对比。既然1927年以前的电影只有音乐而没有配音，那么1927年之后的电影一定有。所以(C)为正确答案。
例三：
“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
&<61;They did not smoke when they were burned.
&<61;They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
&<61;They were not available to all.
&<61;They contained sulfuric acid.
问题：关于19世纪以前的蜡烛，从第一段可以推出下列哪一点?
这道题的题干中有“19世纪以前”这一时间，由此可见它属于“时间对比推理”思路。原文首句指出：“…19世纪带来了大量新发现和发明，使蜡烛业发生了革命性的变化，所有人都能用蜡烛照明。” 根据“时间对比推理”思路，由于19世纪以前的情况与19世纪形成对比，而19世纪所有人能用蜡烛照明，那么在19世纪之前，并非所有人都能用上蜡烛。第三个选项 “They were not available to all”表达了这一意思，为正确答案。
3.集合概念推理
集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断，它指的是在一个集合中，包含两个相对的方面，共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路，可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。
例一：
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.
22.What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
(A) They value folk cultures.
(B) They have no social classes.
(C) They have popular cultures.
(D) They do not value individualism.
原文谈到folk culture 和popular culture两种文化，它们之间形成对比。既然美国和加拿大不再存在folk culture，那么它们就有popular culture。因此(C)为正确答案。
例二：
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降了。所以(B)为正确答案。
上面针对托福阅读题型中推理类题目的介绍希望能给各位一些好的帮助，托福阅读题众多掌握好方法才是最重要的，托福阅读的成绩关键也是如此。
把握托福阅读需做到过目不忘
所谓外行看热闹，内行看门道。在托福阅读的过程中，大家一定要记住：我们读的是“意思”，而非“语句”，语句只是工具而已。能够透过现象看本质，是我们做到过目不忘的很重要的一个前提。换言之，在读一段之后，我们要能够把握这一段当中有几个重要的信息点。看完一篇文章后，能够记住每一段都主要从哪个方面讲了什么核心意思。
何谓把握段落的信息要点?我们来看一个例子：
The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, however the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.(选自TPO12：Transition to sound in film.)
第一句话说在1920的从无声电影到有声电影的转变到目前为止标志着电影历史上最重要的变革。第二句话说尽管自从那时开始的几十年的高度可视技术在剧院和家庭成像方面的发展，没有任何一项革新能够被当作一个相似的分水岭。第三句话，几乎在每一种语言当中，不论怎样措辞，电影历史上的最基本的区分在于有声电影和无声电影之间。
我们可以清晰看到，这一段虽然有三句话，但是三句话讲的其实是一个意思。就是说从无声到有声电影的这样一个变革很重要…….。所以我们在看完这一段的时候就记住这一个意思就可以了，因为就只有一个核心意思，基于这一段出的题无非是问这个意思，各位孩儿们是不是觉得很神奇?
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is the most significant development in the history of film?
○The technological innovation of sound film during the 1920s
○The development of a technology for translating films into other languages
○The invention of a method for delivering movies to people's homes
○The technological improvements allowing clearer images in films
孩儿们重点体会一下正确选项是如何于原文的要点相对应的，同时还要体会一下出题者在正确选项以及对应信息之间paraphrase的手法。
当然，上边的这一段肯定是比较简单的情况，因为要点比较单一。我们再来看一个例子。
Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. These critics were making a common assumption—that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts (poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings) would invariably occur again. To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.
这一段也是看起来一大堆，但其实思路很简单。第一句说尽管从后来的角度很难想象，一些批判性的观点认为有声电影会是一个从人们视线当中很快消失的技术革新，正如早起的努力一样。第二句说这些批判性观点通常假设ABC等技术不足会一如既往的发生。第三句说尽管他们对于这些技术缺陷的评估是相关的，然后他们忽略了考虑一些电影行业中的新生力量，这些新生力量是不会把no作为一个answer的。
所以这一段的写作思路就是一些批判性的观点是什么，最后指出了这些观点是不正确的。总体上可以概括为两个信息要点，出题也无非是针对这两个信息要点。
According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the technical problems of early sound films?(4)
○Linking images with recorded sound was a larger obstacle than weak sound amplification or fragile sound recordings.
○Sound films in the 1920s were unable to solve the technical flaws found in sound films before the First World War.
○Technical inadequacies occurred less frequently in early sound films than critics suggested.
○Critics assumed that it would be impossible to overcome the technical difficulties experienced with earlier sound films.
童鞋们在今后的阅读当中一定要有意识地主动地去理解和记忆每一段的信息要点，这对你们的解题会有很大的帮助。
篇6：托福阅读推理题解析
托福阅读推理题解析
推理题的标志是在题干中出现infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 这样的词汇，它和细节题属于同源题目，都需要定位并且根据文中信息来选择答案。与细节题不同的是，推理题在找到原文中定位点之后考察的是学生对于文中信息的总结概括，或者反向推理的能力。
推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
推理题大概有三个解题思路：一般对比推理、时间对比推理、集合概念推理。一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。
在这里我们先来看一个例子：
Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a.They did not smoke when they were burned.
b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c.They were not available to all.
d.They contained sulfuric acid.
正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 来提炼 tallow，提炼后的产品就是 stearin，stearin 比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。
解答这里题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
在此，我们在来看一道例题：
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
b.There were great numbers of them.
c. They lived in the sea only.
d.They did not leave many fossil remains.
首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters 不一样的是，whales 的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter 是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头sea otter 长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目虽然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。
提高托福阅读答对率有技巧
一、新托福阅读的新题型重点考察句子间的关系
在托福阅读中有那么一个段落，其中有4 个框框，他代表你在题干中的那句话可以拖入这个里面来，做题的方法是：第一步一定要优先阅读题干中要被拖入到原文的那句话。第二步找要被代入原文那句话当中的关键字和要点。因为我们知道，如果要把一句话代入到原文当中，这句话肯定和原文有很强的关联性。
然后我们找的是要被代入原文那句话中的关联词，这有很多，比方说一旦看到“因为”，前面讲的就可能是原因，因为这个结果后面有一个情况;再比如你看到THUS，通常表示结果，那么正确选项在第一个空和第二个空的可能性不是很大，在第三个空和第四个空的可能性比较大，因为它表示结果，基本都在比较靠后的位置;比如我们看到in contrast，跟前面正好是相反的，所以说这些关键词特别重要，从一定意义上来讲是我们做这种题型成败的关键。
我们要找逻辑关系，你要代入这句话的话，跟前面或者后面的话肯定有一种逻辑关系在里面，到底前后是转折还是递进还是表示结果还是什么样的关系，这是我们的情况。一般来说，多数中国同学做这个题还是比较容易的，我建议大家在备考的时候大量练习此类题目的做法。
二、多选题的关键在于题干
iBT的听力和阅读的多选题应该如何把握?这也确实是中国同学比较容易错的一个地方，新托福iBT中的多选题是这样的，即一部分题型，每道题当中都有几个选项是正确选项，也就是我们说的多选题。比如说，阅读题最后一道题一般都是多选题，多选题分两类，一类叫图表题，给你一个图表，让你6选3或者 8选4。第二类叫文章内容小节题，文章内容概述题，什么意思呢?先给你一句话，这句话就是这篇文章的中心思想，请问下面哪几个选项中反映了这篇文章的中心思想。
这样的话，这个题目是我们的第二个问法，这是阅读中我们最常见的两种多选题，这种题同学们不要有畏惧心理，因为这类题目分值也比较高，一般是2 分或3分。我们即使答错一个空，3分题还会拿到两分，不会给你扣掉所有的分。
第二，这个问题是基于你之前问题的答案的基础上，当你把之前其他的问题都答完了，你整个的这篇文章读的也很好了，再做这个题的话，基本上问题不大了。只要别错太多，这种题多少都会有分的。第三，这类题目的数量比较少。所以我们做这个题要特别的细心，做这个题的关键在于对这道题题干中的那句话的理解，因为这句话就是文章的概述，基本上下面的答案都是符合这句话的，或和这句话有关联点的，跟这句话扯得太远的一般就是错误选项，所以要求我们特别细心，越细心越好。
托福阅读真题1
In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar to that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an area's marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. People are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmed or removed.
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce. Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after 1978. They range in size from the very small (less than 1 square kilometer) Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management practices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, are offered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species.
Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and other countries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the United States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Caribbean Sea. Others range from the well-known Australian Great Barrier Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come to recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas. whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important role in preserving that diversity. ?
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Differences among marine parks, sanctuaries, and reserves
(B) Various marine conservation programs
(C) International agreements on coastal protection
(D) Similarities between land and sea protected environments
2. The word intent in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) repetition
(B) approval
(C) goal
(D) revision
3. The word administered in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) managed
(B) recognized
(C) opposed
(D) justified
4. The word these in line 11 refers to
(A) sites
(B) candidates
(C) decades
(D) sanctuaries
5. The passage mentions the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (lines 13-14) as an
example of a sanctuary that
(A) is not well know
(B) covers a large area
(C) is smaller than the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary
(D) was not originally proposed for sanctuary status
6. According to the passage , when was the National Marine Sanctuaries Program established?
(A) before 1972
(B) after 1987
(C) one hundred years before national parks were established
(D) one hundred years after Yellowstone National Park was established
7. According to the passage , all of the following are achievements of the National Marine
Sanctuaries Program EXCEPT
(A) the discovery of several new marine organisms
(B) the preservation of connections between individual marine species
(C) the protection of coastal habitats
(D) the establishment of areas where the public can observe marine life
8. The word periphery in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) depth
(B) landmass
(C) warm habitat
(D) outer edge
9. The passage mentions which of the following as a threat to marine areas outside the United
States?
(A) limitations in financial support
(B) the use of marine species as food
(C) variability of the climate
(D) increases in tourism
PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADD
托福阅读真题2
In the early 1800's, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent. People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, ran bakeries, or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family members or apprentices.
Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber — all readily available on the North American continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870's and the First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked important trade centers essential to industrial growth.
Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive.
The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at less expense.
1. What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy
(B) The inventions that transformed life in the nineteenth century
(C) The problems associated with the earliest factories
(D) The difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth century
2. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of artisans who
(A) maintained their businesses at home
(B) were eventually able to use sophisticated technology
(C) produced unusual goods and commodities
(D) would employ only family members
3. The phrase hinged on in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) recovered from
(B) depended on
(C) started on
(D) contributed to
4. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that
occurred in the United States before 1914?
(A) The availability of natural resources found only in the United States
(B) The decrease in number of farms resulting from technological advances
(C) The replacement of canals and railroads by other forms of transportation
(D) The availability of a large immigrant work force
5. The word lured in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracted
(B) assigned
(C) restricted
(D) attached
6. The word Others in line 20 refers to other
(A) adults
(B) promises
(C) goods and services
(D) social opportunities
7. The word expendable in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) nonproductive
(B) unacceptable
(C) nonessential
(D) unprofitable
8. It can be inferred from the passage that industrialization affected farming in that
industrialization
(A) increased the price of farm products
(B) limited the need for new farm machinery
(C) created new and interesting jobs on farms
(D) reduced the number of people willing to do farm work
9. What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming
capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive (lines 23-24)?
(A) Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines.
(B) Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers.
(C) The new inventions were not helpful for all farming activities.
(D) Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.
10. According to the passage , factory workers differed from craft workers in that factory workers
(A) were required to be more creative
(B) worked extensively with raw materials
(C) changed jobs frequently
(D) specialized in one aspect of the finished product only
PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD
篇7：如何应对托福阅读推理题
如何应对托福阅读推理题
步骤一：审题
通过审题，确定本题的推理对象;
步骤二：回原文中锁定推理对象的位置
这时候又分两种情况，如果推理对象存在于原文某个句子中的其中一个分句或一个部分，则推理依据就在本句剩下的内容中;如果推理对象存在于原文一个完整的句子中，则推理依据需要结合上下文。
比如下面这道题：(TPO24)
By whatever means,a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water:its water does not just sit there,or,anyway,not for long.This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time.The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake,and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake.The residence time is an average;the time spent in the lake by a given molecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of the fastest,most direct current,or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake A.depends entirely upon the average speed of a lake's currents
B.can be measured by the volume of the lake alone
C.can be greater or lesser than the residence time D.is similar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lake
首先审题，我们知道推理对象为the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake，然后通过定位，找到原文包含推理对象的句子，即原文最后一句话的后半句，“The residence time is an average;the time spent in the lake by a given molecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of the fastest,most direct current,or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.”
本句话以分号分成了前后两个分句，因此前一个分句也需要分析。前一个分句，即“The residence time is an average，停留时间是平均的”，这个信息点需要记住，接下来再把后半句看完。后半句，即“the time spent in the lake by a given molecule would depend on the route it took，一分子的水停留在湖里的时间取决于它所走的路线”，隐含意思即水停留在湖里的时间是不固定的，走的路线是直线，则停留时间短，走的路线是循环的，则停留时间就长。结合前一个分句，可得出结论，一分子的水停留在湖里的时间可能比residence time长，也可能比它短，故答案为C。
如何快速找出托福阅读推理题的推理依据
托福阅读推理题的题干中常出现infer， imply ， most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。托福阅读推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原zd文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一版般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。
对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
文中的关键词，观权点，逻辑和平时的基本常识都是解决托福阅读题型这类问题的关键。
托福阅读推理题套路大解读，玩溜了不怕题难
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?
○ It excludes interactions between more than two species.
○ It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.
○ Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
○ Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.
解法1：
初学者在看到这样题目的时候，会先把文章看完甚至翻译一遍，认为理解了自然就能选对答案。这是正确率最高最靠谱的做法，如果你第一次接触托福又没听过备考君的课，我会举起天上所有的星星推荐你这么做。但最大的缺陷是考试时无法在短时间内理解文章并且做完题目。所以在阅读能力不是很强的时候，尽量不要使用看完文章理解再做题的方法。
解法2：定位规律
? 题干关键词：commensalism
? 文中定位点：There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.有三种共生关系：寄生、共生、互利共栖。说的是题干关键词本身的内容，无法对应选项。
? 再往后读啊读啊读……理论上来说看到这里应该能得到答案了，但是……看看选项?
○ 共生关系不包括超过两个物种之间的相互作用
○ 共生关系使得物种在生物团体中难以生存
○ 共生关系在生物群体中的重要性是小的
○ 共生关系在生物结构中的角色是引起混乱的
选哪个?!正确答案是哪个啊?
这里备考君要同学们学的是一个小套路，我们把文中内容和选项都理解后得到这样的一个逻辑：
文章：第一个和第三个在一个生物团体结构中是重要的;意思是，所有的有机体居住在一起并且在特定的区域相互作用。
推理模式：第一个(寄生)和第三个(互利共栖)在一个生物团体结构中是重要的→第二个(共生)是不重要的
所以选C
这个切入点你发现了吗?
但这样分析题目，对我们来说有什么实际的意义呢?(敲黑板!)同学们，这篇文章的核心就是希望大家能高效的发现题目的切入点并且解决问题。于是，对于这道题来说发现一个能够广泛使用的规律，比起选出正确答案更有意义：
让我们聊聊刚才在题目中的推理模式：第一个(寄生)和第三个(互利共栖)在一个生物团体结构中是重要的→第二个(共生)是不重要的
这个推理模式我叫做反义推理(有些老师也叫做反向推理、取非，意思一致)，是托福阅读推理题常用的推理模式，并且在细节题、否定事实信息题(NOT EXCEPT)和判断其他题型错误选项的时候经常使用，也是最常见的一种思维模式。反义推理的核心来自于归约(reduction)，意思是当未知量与已知量看上去无法匹配的时候，在二者之间搭上一个桥梁来使得找答案变得更简单。
让我们来看看类似题目中用到反义推理的高效表现：
真题
With questions such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.
4.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
○ It did not contain any marine fossil.
○ It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
○ It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
○ It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
这道题很容易，和上一题是同样的套路
? 题干关键词：the solid gypsum layer
? 文中定位点： Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.
? 利用反义推理：在石膏层上面和下面的沉积层中包含小海洋化石→石膏层不包含海洋化石
? 所以选A
而在我们熟练了在一个完整概念下不同因素之间的反义推理后(例如整体是【A,B,C】, 文中说AB重要则C不重要，AB有东西则C没有)，将完整概念拓展到时间点前后区分概念会使得做题变得更加的简单：
真题
Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.
5. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf?
○ The film was not accompanied by sound before its Berlin screening.
○ The film was unpopular in the Soviet Union before it was screened in Berlin.
○ Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaboration between a director and a composer.
○ Eisenstein believed that the musical score in a film was as important as dialogue.
? 题干关键词：Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf，大写字母很容易找
? 文中定位点： In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.
? 利用反义推理：在柏林首次公演→在柏林之前没有演过
? 所以选A
对我们来说，掌握了时间点前后不一致，可以使用反义推理这个方法，能让我们更快的得到答案：
真题
The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.
5.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine
○ which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age
○ the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age
○ the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age
○ how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age
? 题干关键词： Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine
? 文中定位点：We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.
? 利用反义推理：We now know ……→ Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine
? 所以选B
真题
It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.
2. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?
○ Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.
○ Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.
○ The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.
○ Few microscopic species existed.
? 题干关键词： before the Cambrian period?
? 文中定位点： It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity.
? 利用反义推理：It was not until the Cambrian period ……allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity→ Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.
? 所以选B
反义推理这个模式还可以被用在NOT EXCEPT题当中：
真题
Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively. Then, about 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switched abruptly to herding domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn, pulses, and other cereal grasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapidly until it covered nearly 30 acres. It was a close-knit community of rectangular, one-story mud-brick houses, joined by narrow lanes and courtyards, finally abandoned about 5000 B.C.. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.
10.According to paragraph 5, after 7000 B.C. the settlement of Abu Hureyra differed from earlier settlements at that location in all of the following EXCEPT
○ the domestication of animals
○ the intensive hunting of gazelle
○ the size of the settlement
○ the design of the dwellings
? 题干关键词： after 7000 B.C
? 文中定位点：Then, about 7000 B.C……但我的思考是，之后的内容对应选项则会成为正确的内容，而题目需要我们找到错误的内容并且选出来，那么，7000 BC之前的内容如果对应选项，就应该是错误的并且可以被选出来了，根据这个想法我们往前看
? Five centuries later, about 7700 B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively.
? 对应答案B
篇8：托福阅读推理题技巧
托福阅读推理题
具体来看，推理题的解题思路主要有如下三步：
第一步审题，分析题干关键信息用以确定原文考点句。就一般规律而言，题干的关键词在原文中会出现一两处，并且邻近几句中出现。所以先分析和确定题干中的关键词，再迅速扫读原文确定出题句很重要。
第二步定位，根据题干的关键词，在段落中扫读缩小出题范围，特别要留意语法结构负责的长难句，同学往往比较容易略读而跳过了关键词。对应要点，找到出题句，然后着重分析长难句。
第三步核实，分析选项并确定正确选项。推理题的正确选项有两类特征，一是跟原文信息进行反推;二是从大范围推小范围，即分析原理句和举例句之间的关系。
我们以官方真题Official5第1篇文章MINERALS AND PLANTS为例，分析下推理题的解题思路。
官方真题Official5-1
ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph6that comparedwithstandardpracticesforremediationofcontaminatedsoils, phytoremediation A.doesnotallowfortheuseoftheremoved mineralsforindustrialpurposes. B.canbefastertoimplement C.isequallyfriendlytotheenvironment D.islesssuitableforsoilsthatneedtobe usedwithinashortperiodoftime. | initial;“ valign=”top“ width=”284“> Onlyrecentlyhave investigatorsconsideredusingtheseplantstocleanupsoilandwastesites thathavebeencontaminatedbytoxiclevelsofheavymetals–an environmentallyfriendly approach knownasphytoremediation.Thisscenario beginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea, suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.Toxic mineralswouldfirstbe absorbedbyrootsbutlaterrelocatedtothestemand leaves.Aharvestoftheshootswouldremovethetoxiccompoundsoffsiteto beburnedorcompostedtorecoverthemetalforindustrialuses.After severalyearsofcultivationandharvest,thesitewouldberestoredata costmuchlowerthanthepriceofexcavationandreburial,thestandard practiceforremediationofcontaminatedsoils.Forexamples,infield trials,theplantalpinepennycressremovedzincandcadmiumfromsoilsnear azincsmelter,andIndianmustard,nativetoPakistanandIndia,hasbeen effective inreducinglevelsofseleniumsaltsby50percentincontaminated soils. |
题目解析：第一步：审题和分析题干关键词，题干的相关信息standard practices for remediation of contaminated soils，然后扫读段落，确定出题句，因此着重在第二步解析长难句。
第二步：定位且锁定出题句：After several years ofcultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower thanthe price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation ofcontaminated soils.
精读长难句：After several years ofcultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower thanthe price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation ofcontaminated soils.
提炼相关信息：lower than之前都是指本段主题题phytoremediation的特征，
(1)After several years ofcultivation and harvest 经过多年的栽培和收割
(2)the site would be restored at acost much lower原址修复费用相比而言较低
第三步：分析选项
A. does not allow for the use of the removedminerals for industrial purposes.【未提及】
B. can be faster to implement
【跟原句信息(1)矛盾】
C. is equally friendly to the environment
【并非出现在出题句，没有构成比较关系】
D. is less suitable for soils that need to be usedwithin a short period of time.
【可以根据信息(1)(2)反推得出】
规律点评：推理题一般以反推为主，找到出题句并仔细分析核心信息非常关键。希望考生在备考推理题时，可以积极思考并总结原句和推理句之间的逻辑关系，今后遇到推理题的时候解题更加游刃有余。
托福阅读长难句：植物体
These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight. (TPO25, 47)
vessel /'ves(?)l/ n. 船(尤指大船)，舰;容器, 器皿;管状结构，血管，导管
photosynthetic /?f?ut?sin'θetik/ adj. 光合作用的
stiffen /'st?fn/vt. (使某物)变得(更加)坚硬﹑僵硬
lignin /'l?gn?n/n. ‘化学’木质素
These include conducting vessels (that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) and (that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) and the stiffening substance lignin, (which support the plant body), (helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.) (TPO25, 47)
修饰一：(that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) ，从句，修饰conducting vessels
中文：从根部向上运输水与矿物质
修饰二：(that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) ，从句，修饰conducting vessels，注意其中有个from to的介词短语，从叶子到植物体的其余部分
中文：从叶子向植物体内其余各部分运输光合作用产物
修饰三：(which support the plant body) ，从句，修饰substance lignin
中文：维持植物体的生命
修饰四：(helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.) ，非谓语动词
中文：有助于植物体大部分表面暴露于阳光之下
参考翻译：
这些包括导管(用来从根部向上运输水与矿物质以及从叶子向植物体其余各部分运输光合作用产物)和坚硬的物质木质素(用来维持植物体的生命，有助于植物体大部分表面暴露于阳光之下)。
托福阅读长难句：植物减少水分流失
They include roots or rootlike structures, a waxy cuticle that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water, and pores called stomata in leaves and stems that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss. (TPO25, 46)
waxy /'w?ks?/ adj. 蜡状的
cuticle /'kj?t?kl/ n. ‘植物’角皮，角质层;表皮，外皮
scarce /ske?s/ adj. 不足的，稀有的
They include roots or rootlike structures, (a waxy cuticle)(that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water), and pores (called stomata)(in leaves and stems)(that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss). (TPO25,46)
分析：
这个句子的主干就是：
They include roots or rootlike structures and pores
修饰一：(a waxy cuticle) ，同位语
中文：一种蜡状角质层
修饰二：(that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water) ，从句，修饰a waxy cuticle
中文：覆盖在叶子和茎表面并且限制水分蒸发
修饰三：(called stomata) ，修饰pores
中文：称之为气孔
修饰四：(in leaves and stems) ，介词短语
中文：在叶子和茎上
修饰五：(that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss) ，从句，修饰pores，但是注意这个从句里还有三个修饰成分，疯了!!!
从句：but close
从句：when water is scarce
非谓语动词： thus reducingwater loss
中文：保证气体交换但当水分不足时则会关闭，从而减少水分流失
参考翻译：
他们包括根部或类似根部的结构(一种覆盖在叶子和茎表面并限制水分蒸发的蜡状角质层)以及在叶子和茎上的称之为气孔的毛孔(这些毛孔保证气体交换但当水分不足时则会关闭，从而减少水分流失)。
篇9：托福阅读逻辑推理题怎么做
托福阅读逻辑推理题怎么做?3大高分解题思路实例讲解
什么是托福阅读推理题?
推断题就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出。推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG， 在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推理题。
托福阅读推理题如何分类?
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略
托福阅读推理题高分思路实例讲解
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
做好托福阅读推理题需注意这些细节
1.日期和数字
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
总之，文中的关键词，观点，逻辑和平时的基本常识是解决这类问题的关键。
如何答好托福阅读多选题
托福阅读存在着一种题型，就是托福阅读多选题。新托福阅读题最后一道题一般都是多选题，多选题分两类，一类叫图表题，给你一个图表，让你6选3或者8选4。第二类叫文章内容小节题，文章内容概述题，什么意思呢?下面为大家介绍托福阅读技巧，如何应对多选题。
先给你一句话，这句话就是这篇文章的中心思想，请问下面哪几个选项中反映了这篇文章的中心思想。
这样的话，这个题目是我们的第二个问法，这是阅读中我们最常见的两种多选题，这种题同学们不要有畏惧心理，因为这类题目分值也比较高，一般是2分或3 分。我们即使答错一个空，3分题还会拿到两分，不会给你扣掉所有的分。
第二，这个问题是基于你之前问题的答案的基础上，当你把之前其他的问题都答完了，你整个的这篇文章读的也很好了，再做这个题的话，基本上问题不大了。只要别错太多，这种题多少都会有分的。
第三，这类题目的数量比较少。所以我们做这个题要特别的细心，做这个题的关键在于对这道题题干中的那句话的理解，因为这句话就是文章的概述，基本上下面的答案都是符合这句话的，或和这句话有关联点的，跟这句话扯得太远的一般就是错误选项，所以要求我们特别细心，越细心越好。
以上就是托福阅读多选题的介绍，以及对于它的托福阅读技巧，希望对于大家解决托福多选题有所帮助。针对性的大量的做练习，这对提高此类题目的正确率也是非常有效的。
三大技巧助你轻取托福阅读满分
想要拿到托福阅读满分，必须依赖于三个方面的托福阅读技巧训练，才能使你的托福阅读备考更有效果。
托福阅读词汇
从某种意义上来讲，词汇量的大小是托福阅读理解高分的基础(basis)和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上)，纵然你有“葵花宝典”在手，也只能命丧ETS的“毒招”之下。所以，以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一味巨毒无比的“五毒散”。
托福阅读技巧
托福阅读量非常大，一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完，所谓的“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”也只能适用于少数类型的文章，根本不能解决本质(essence)问题。那么，文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话，主动地(initiative)阅读文章的关键部位。
所谓主动是指不能像一般的阅读那样完全被动地(passive)接受信息，而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位，主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物(publication)，文章的逻辑(logic)结构非常完整(complete)和严谨(rigorous)，而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。
经过系统的训练，考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度(accurate degree)。这样，通过阅读文章的几处关键部位，就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系，也就解决了问题的70%。
解题训练
排除法(exclusive method)恐怕是一直以来大多数学生在解阅读理题目时使用最多的方法。事实上(in fact)，这种方法具有致命的缺点(fatal disadvantage)：干扰大、费时间。更有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后，就在脑子反映出一个模糊的(vague)或者是不完整的 (incomplete)答案，然后直接在选项中寻找接近的(close)答案进行判断(to judge)。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐(gradually)养成和加强，决非什么技巧之类的东西可以替代(to replace)。
所以争取托福阅读满分并不是去学习一些技巧，而是在训练中养成一种无意识的使用技巧的习惯，做到实力与技巧巧妙的结合。
寒假备考托福：阅读复习策略
冬季的一月份快要来临了，对于每天忙碌的人们来说是最寒冷的，是难熬的，可对于孩子们来说却是幸福的!因为意味着寒假快要来了，如何利用寒假备战托福?新东方网托福频道为大家整理了以下内容：
一般来说，阅读部分答不好无非就以下几种情形：看不懂、找不着、选不对。这三种情形的核心就是基础部分，也就是咱们常说的：单词&语法。那这两项又该怎么准备呢?
1. 单词：首先，建议大家在固定的时间内背诵单词，比如说每天8-9背单词。零散的时间固然方便，但是不会有长久的记忆，很容易背完了，一检验：就记住两个。其次，一定要规划好复习的时间，当天记忆，当天复习。我们可以选择早上起床了抽出一个小时，比如7-8点，背诵单词;晚上临睡了再抽出一个小时，比如10-11点，回忆一遍早上背诵的单词。最后，推荐大家使用一些单词记忆软件帮助大家合理复习。
2. 语法：语法部分大家一定要明确语法的整个体系。学习英语语法主要分为两大部分：一是如何看对句子，二就是如何看对写对复杂的句子。这第一部分就需要大家明确句子的主干和时态就可以了。同学们可以参考一些语法书明确一下主干都包括什么，时态都有哪些之后，挑选一些简单的句子先进行句子主干分析。等到句子主干分析好了之后，再进入到第二部分：复杂句子。说到这复杂句子，托福阅读里面所考察的自然就是修饰性成分和复杂结构了。每天背完单词之后，规定自己用一个小时的时间恶补语法知识，再用一个小时的时间练习分析句子。学习了知识，就一定要跟上练习。
单词和语法的问题都解决了之后，大家可以进入篇章练习了。在篇章练习部分一定要注意阅读效率。阅读效率=阅读速度.解率。好的阅读效率，意味着速度快还能理解准确。
速度：我们可以从网络资源中搜寻一些跟托福阅读长度差不多的文章进行速度练习，规定自己7-8分钟完成文章阅读，然后默写文章主旨。
理解率：对于我们阅读过的文章，需要我们不断地分析。首先，我们要梳理文章当中的生词和长难句。其次，翻译每段的内容，最后，梳理文章的结构脉络。这样才能保证这篇文章我们真正读懂了。
托福阅读文章其实并不难，只不过需要大家有耐心、有恒心，把基础知识打牢，方法合理，规划得当，一定能够搞定托福阅读文章
托福阅读背景知识：天文篇
托福阅读背景知识：天文篇，托福阅读考试中经常会遇到一些关于天文学的知识，今天，为大家介绍托福阅读中关于天文学的知识：木星的两颗卫星木卫三、木卫四.
木星，一个太阳系中的无冕之王.他有着伟岸的身姿，“重量级”的身份，更是身受群臣膜拜.木星的周围环绕着66颗卫星，他们就像最忠实的臣子，千万年桓古不变，拱卫在君王之旁，忠实的履行着自己的责任，千万年来，不知道为自己守护的“君王“承受过多少来自宇宙的打击，经历多少岁月的洗礼，哪怕粉身碎骨，仍然按照自己的轨迹默默地走下去，他们是最忠诚的卫士.
自从伽利略在16发现木卫三(英文名：Ganymede)至今400多年里，还未发现过超越他的卫星，它直径约5262公里，比行星水星和矮行星冥王星还要大，但是质量确是水星的一半，而且是迄今为止发现的太阳系中唯一拥有自己磁层的卫星，种.种特征都可谓是独一无二.木卫三的表面，一部分由复杂的沟壑和山脊构成，另一部分则是密布着的陨石坑，他的地质由硅、氧化合物掺杂着多种金属构成，另外还蕴含着一些冰体.木卫三本体分层明显，地核由大量流动的熔铁构成，根据星体表面及大气等特征，推测在木卫三表面之下200千米处存在一个被夹在两层冰体之间的咸水海洋.木卫三地质年龄估计有40亿年之久;而地球的天文年龄约为45.5亿年，而天文年龄要大于地质年龄，所以我们无法分清他和地球谁大谁小.
伽利略在确定木卫三是围绕木星运行时，曾考虑过“科斯米安卫星”的名字，但最终将之命名为“美第奇卫星”.关于木卫三的命名还有好多种形式，直至20世纪中期才普遍使用“加尼美得”.在早期的天文学文献中，该卫星均以罗马数字作为指代(该体系由伽利略提出)，即被称为木卫三或“朱庇特的第三颗卫星”.后来随着土星的卫星群的发现，基于开普勒和马里乌斯建议的命名系统开始被用于指称木星的卫星.木卫三加尼美得是伽利略卫星中唯一一颗以男性人物名字命名的.希腊神话故事中加尼美得是特洛伊城的王子，因为长相异常英俊被宙斯(也就是罗马神话中的Jupiter)看中带入神界，做了一名负责倒酒的侍童.另外，中国科学史学家、天文学家席泽宗认为，这颗卫星早在前362年就由东周战国时代的天文学家甘德发现，比伽利略和马里乌斯早了两千多年.不过这种说法没有得到国际普遍的认可.
木卫三的轨道距离木星1070400公里，是伽利略卫星中距离木星第三近的，其公转周期为7天3小时.和大部分臣子与君王的关系一样，木卫三也为木星所节制，永远都以同一面面向守护的君主.它的轨道离心率很小，轨道倾角也很小，接近于木星赤道，同时在数百年的周期里，轨道的离心率和倾角还会以周期函数的形式受到太阳和木星引力影响，这种轨道的变化使得其转轴倾角在0-0.33°之间变化.
木卫三和木卫二、木卫一保持着轨道共振关系：即木卫三每公转一周，木卫二即公转两周、木卫一公转四周.当木卫二位于近拱点、木卫一位于远拱点时，两者之间会出现上合现象;而当木卫二位于近拱点时，它和木卫三之间也会出现上合现象.木卫一到木卫二和木卫二到木卫三的上合位置会以相同速率移动，遂三者之间有可能出现三星上合现象.这种复杂的轨道共振被称为拉普拉斯共振.拉普拉斯共振是如何形成的.现今存在两种假说：一种认为这种状态在太阳系形成之初即已存在;另一种认为这种状态是在太阳系形成之后才发展出来的.一种可能的形成过程如下：首先是由于木星的潮汐效应，致使木卫一的轨道向外推移，直至某一点与木卫二发生2:1的轨道共振;之后其轨道继续向外推移，同时将部分的旋转力矩转移给木卫二，从而也引起了后者的轨道向外推移;这个过程持续进行，直到木卫二到达某一点，与木卫三形成2:1的轨道共振.最终三者之间的两对上合现象的位置移动速率保持一致，形成拉普拉斯共振.
木卫三的形成可能由木星环绕着的星云的吸积作用所诞生，——即在木星形成之后环绕于其四周的、由气体和尘埃组成的圆盘.木卫三的吸积过程持续了大约1万年，相较于木卫四的10万年要“轻松”得多.当伽利略卫星开始形成之际，木星次星云中所含的气体成分已经相对较少;这导致了木卫四较长的吸积时间.相反，由于木卫三是紧接木星之后形成的，这时的次星云还比较浓密，所以其吸积作用所耗时间较短.相对较短的形成时间使得吸积过程中产生的热量较少逃逸，这些未逃逸的热量导致了冰体的融化和木卫三内部结构的分化：即岩石和冰体相互分开，岩石沉入星体中心形成内核.在这方面，木卫三与木卫四不同，后者由于其较长的形成时间而导致吸积热逃逸殆尽，从而无法在初期融化冰体以及分化内部结构.这一假说揭示了为何质量和构成物质如此接近的两颗卫星看起来却如此得不同.
随着人类发展和科技的进步，人们对木卫三的了解也逐渐加深，人们曾多次发射飞掠过或绕木星运行的探测器对木卫三进行了仔细勘查.其中的第一批是先驱者10号和先驱者11号，两者传回的关于木卫三的信息较少.之后旅行者1号和旅行者2号于1979年飞掠过木卫三.它们精确测定了它的大小，最终证明它的体积要大于土卫六，后者曾被认为大于前者.此外，这两艘飞船还发现了木卫三上的槽沟地形.
1995年，伽利略号进入环木星轨道.在至间，它共6次近距离飞掠过木卫三.这6次飞掠被命名为G1，G2，G7，G8，G28，G29.在最接近的一次飞掠——G2——中，伽利略号距离木卫三表面仅264千米.在19的G1飞掠中，它发现了木卫三的磁场.后来又发现了木卫三的地下海洋，并于对外公布.伽利略号传回了大量的光谱图像，并在木卫三表面发现了数种非冰化合物.最近前往近距离探测木卫三的探测器是新视野号，它于在前往冥王星的途中飞掠过了木卫三，并在加速过程中拍摄了木卫三的地形图和构成图.
篇10：托福阅读推理题实例解析
例一：Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? ○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
○There were great numbers of them.
○They lived in the sea only.
○They did not leave many fossil remains.
例二：Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations ○On land
○Both on land and at sea
○In shallow water
○In a marine environment
例三：Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory isexposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions
○ Cause some deer to hibernate
○ Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer
○ Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants
○Prevent deer from migrating during the winter
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托福阅读推理题的分析（精选10篇）
