托福阅读句子要点题的分析

时间：2022-12-11 06:17:07 作者：蘑菇吐泡泡综合材料收藏本文下载本文

“蘑菇吐泡泡”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了6篇托福阅读句子要点题的分析，下面就是小编给大家带来的托福阅读句子要点题的分析，希望能帮助到大家!

目录
第1篇：托福阅读句子要点题第2篇：托福阅读句子要点题的分析第3篇：托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换第4篇：托福阅读长难句句子分析第5篇：托福阅读怎么进行句子的分析第6篇：托福阅读中精彩句子分析讲解

篇1：托福阅读句子要点题

托福阅读句子要点题

句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，逻辑关系复杂，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，而省略了原句的次要信息(如同位语、例子)等;二是对相对简单的句子的同义改写，即原句难度不大，逻辑关系简单，选项是原句的同义改写。从做题方法上来说，对于第二种出题思路的题目，考生应该采用通读的办法，在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。而针对第一种出题思路的题目，考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著，找到破.解句子简化题的良方。

对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。如：

In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。很多同学采用翻译的方法做题，即首先翻译原句，然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间，而且对我们读句子的能力要求极高。更好的做法是，首先判断句子的核心信息。这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题，原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换，即是C 项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句，多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。如何快速解决这种题型呢?我们主要分两个部分来解析。

其实，我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息，相反，我们通过快速浏览，只需要关注两个关键点：一是原句当中的表示程度，频率的词，二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可，这样便节省了大量的时间。

还可以对比原句与选项，逻辑关系与原文一致者为正确选项，对比原句中出现的例子与选项，不包含例子内容的选项为正确选项。如：

The highlighted sentence: Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (官方真题Official 14 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia)

A. Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.

B. Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.

C. Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.

D. In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.

很多考生看到原句中出现的转折逻辑词but，就会想到用逻辑吻合的技巧来解答。由于英语中的转折关系与让步关系可以相互转换，因而很多考生看到选项A出现的despite，会误以为其是正确答案，掉入前面提到的在逻辑转换时题目设置的陷阱中。所以，考生在利用技巧一解题时，遇到逻辑吻合的选项后，一定要对比一下该选项与原句的主句意思是否一致。在本题中，原句主句的重点在but之后，即“they seem to have been softened”，而选项A的主句是“gender inequality still exists”，两者的意思明显不一致，因而A不是正确选项。事实上，如果考生快速浏览原句，会发现后面句子出现了举例的标志词including，所举的例子就是military skills。根据这个例子，考生可以暂且排除A、B、C三个选项。然后再对比选项D与原句的意思是否一致，最后考生可以得出正确答案正是选项D。

最后我们来回顾一下ETS对句子简化题的出题要求，简单来说，托福阅读句子要点题的关键就在于找到原文考查句子和选项各自的关键信息再进行比对。一般来说题目中干扰选项的错误主要体现在两个方面：一是从根本上改变了原句意思，二是漏掉了原句中包含的重要信息。我们在进行托福阅读句子要点题的备考时一定要注意结合方法技巧进行有的放矢的真题训练并做好反思总结，循序渐进提高对这类题型的应对能力。

托福阅读备考：三种不同做题顺序

方法一：顺序做题

在这样的方法中，通常大家都会用5分钟左右的时间阅读完整篇文章，而将大概的重点都放在文章的结构和关键内容的理解中。而剩余的15分钟时间，就会从题目的题顺序做到后一题。也就是说，文章应对题目，看了一段题目后，找到相应要解决掉的题目。这样的方法相信是大部分备考学生都会采用到的。其优点在于，可以让大家对于整题的文章有了一定的把握，同时，容易理解文章的细节信息，建立阅读的自信。当然，其中的确定就是，很难控制好答题的时间，另外在做后一题时候，往往会需要我们在重新阅读一下整篇文章。

方法二：后一题优先

而针对以上这样的问题，很多同学也曾经考虑过改变顺序从而应对答题时间的问题。也就是是说，在阅读完整篇文章之后，先做后一到小结题，然后再从题做到倒数第二题。当然，这样方法有着一定的好处，因为在刚刚阅读结束后对于整篇文章有着比较深的印象，在完成后一题是能有比较高的准确率。但如果在这道题中稍稍耽搁了一会儿，也将会之后解题带来很大的时间压力。

方法三：先题后文

用题目还原到文章这样的解题，目前也是被大家逐渐推崇的一种不错的答题方法。也就是说，我们可以花上15分钟做题。然后，先题后文，读题目根据关键词定位到段落中某段话。然后，进行这句话和选项内容的比对，找到终的答案。而后的5分钟，我们就可以留给后一题了。这样的方法不仅可以保证在规定时间内完成答题，同时，也可以保证绝大多数题目的准确率。但是，想要使用这种方法，我们就必须有着很好的答题技巧，必须对于各个题型的解题方法和流程非常娴熟，否则只能增加自己解题的心理负担。

总之，对于托福阅读来说，建议大家不妨尝试试用一下各种解题的方法，看看哪一种方法适合自己，希望以上的内容能为大家的备考带来帮助。

托福阅读：出题的规则

一、列举和并列句

列举指的是： First, Second, Third,等逐条列出。并列句是指： A ， B and C ，即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：

1. Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。

2 . EXCEPT 题型

该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ?

这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句

否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句

句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇

文章中若出现 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等绝对性词汇或 first ， most beautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，因此很容易出题，答案绝对正确。相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。

六、比较级及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as ， like ( a fly )等句型，则为比较级或比喻句结构，往往也是考题点，一般出“推断性题目”。

七、同位语及插入语

文章中带有由 that is ， i.e. ， or 等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点，一般会出“细节性题目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：

(1) 因果连词： because ， since ， for ， as ， therefore ， so ， consequently 等

(2) 表示因果的动词： cause ， result in ， originate from 等;

需要注意的是一旦完成了一个部分的考试便无法返回该部分内容，即进入第二部分以后便无法返回第一部分，加试同理。所以大家在做题的时候要认真仔细。

篇2：托福阅读句子要点题的分析

托福阅读句子要点题的分析

托福阅读句子要点题，又称托福阅读句子简化题，是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点。

一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子，要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项，这类题目的提问方式一般为：“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”

句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，逻辑关系复杂，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，而省略了原句的次要信息(如同位语、例子)等;二是对相对简单的句子的同义改写，即原句难度不大，逻辑关系简单，选项是原句的同义改写。

从做题方法上来说，对于第二种出题思路的题目，考生应该采用通读的办法，在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。

而针对第一种出题思路的题目，考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著，找到_句子简化题的良方。

对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。

找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。如：

A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。

很多同学采用翻译的方法做题，即首先翻译原句，然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间，而且对我们读句子的能力要求极高。

更好的做法是，首先判断句子的核心信息。

这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题，原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换，即是C 项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句，多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。

其实，我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息，相反，我们通过快速浏览，只需要关注两个关键点：

一是原句当中的表示程度，频率的词;

二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可，这样便节省了大量的时间。

最后我们来回顾一下ETS对句子简化题的出题要求，简单来说，托福阅读句子要点题的关键就在于找到原文考查句子和选项各自的关键信息再进行比对。

一般来说题目中干扰选项的错误主要体现在两个方面：

一是从根本上改变了原句意思;

二是漏掉了原句中包含的重要信息。

托福阅读模拟题的练习

Hormones in the Body

Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.

Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.

As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.

Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.

Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.

27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) desire

(B) origin

(D) chemical

28. The word it in the passage refers to

(A) secretin

(B) small intestine

(D) pancreas

29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) remembered

(B) surprised

(D) motivated

30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must

(A) be part of the digestive process

(B) influence the operations of the nervous system

(D) regulate attitudes and behavior

31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to

(A) whether scientists understand their function

(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body

(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) misunderstood

(B) precise

(D) simple

33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) sudden

(B) small

(D) noticeable

34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.

(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.

(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.

35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) decreased

(B) advertised

(D) researched

36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?

(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal

(B) Adults with strong digestive systems

(D) Children who may remain abnormally small

37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?

These sentences are highlighted in the passage.

(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.

(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.

(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.

38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.

Answer Choices

The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means “to excite” or “to set in motion.”Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.

Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.

Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.

Answer Keys

Reading：

27. B

28. A

29. D

30. C

31. D

32. C

33. B

34. D

35. A

36. D

37. A

38. third square

39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….

2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..

3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….

托福阅读文章要怎么做

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。

很多人在看到这句话的时候，经常翻译为“沙漠化是源于”或者翻译为“沙漠化导致”“很多的土地与很多的人去影响的原因。 ”这里面有两个点特别容易犯错误，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是单纯的导致的意思。二是affected在这里其实是后置定语，因此这里的意思是“被影响”，这里很多人又疑惑了，因为我们以前看到的东西都是，人的因素导致沙漠化啊，怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了，你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了，你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的就可以了，何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢?

这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子，举这个例子，其实就是想告诉很多考生很多时候，只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了，但是实际上对于文章的理解上有无数的错误，这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累，靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。

新托福阅读中如果你经常有看得懂文章，但不对题的感叹出现，考生们最好还是从自身下手，去检查自己的单词，以及语法，如果觉得不知道从哪里下手，到底该怎么提升，建议你做做老托福的语法，而且要多分析错题;并且多找一些文章多翻译一下，然后按照里面给出的译文去检查一下自己到底哪里理解错了.

篇3：托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换

托福阅读句子要点题：把握逻辑关系，稳抓同义替换

托福阅读句子要点题又称托福阅读句子简化题，顾名思义是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点，一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子，要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项，这类题目的提问方式一般为：“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”

对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。如：

A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

还可以对比原句与选项，逻辑关系与原文一致者为正确选项，对比原句中出现的例子与选项，不包含例子内容的选项为正确选项。如：

A. Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.

B. Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.

C. Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.

D. In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines.

Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.

Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees,where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.

Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects,flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands.

Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.

1. The passage answers which of the following questions?

(A) How is the rain forest different from other habitats?

(B) How does an animal's body size influence an animal's need for food?

(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate the upper canopy of the rain forest?

2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?

(A) Monkeys

(B) Cats

(D) Mice

3. The word they in line 4 refers to

(A) trees

(B) climbing mammals of moderately large size

(D) high tropical canopies

4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the small mammals in the rain

forest?

(A) They have body shapes that are adapted to live in the canopy.

(B) They prefer the temperature and climate of the canopy to that of other environments.

(D) They use the trees of the canopy for shelter from heat and cold.

5. In discussing animal size in paragraph 3, the author indicates that

(A) small animals require proportionately more food than larger animals do

(B) a large animal's size is an advantage in obtaining food in the canopy

(D) small animals and large animals are equally adept at obtaining food in the canopy

6. The word typify in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) resemble

(B) protect

(D) divide

7. According to paragraph 4, what makes jumping from one tree crown to another difficult for

small mammals?

(A) Air friction against the body surface

(B) The thickness of the branches

(D) The inability to use the front feet as hands

8. The word supplement in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) control

(B) replace

(D) add to

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) canopy (line 1)

(B) warm blooded (line 5)

(D) springboard (line 21)

托福阅读背景知识汇总之超现实主义

超现实主义(Surrealism)

第一次世界大战完毕后的几年, 人们开始怀疑理性主义, 虽理性主义然使欧洲的文化, 政治达到顶峰但还是发生了恐怖一次大战. 虽然达达派(Dada)的艺术风靡了当时的欧洲画坛. 但是把印了字的纸片洒在地上作诗, 似乎太过消极了. 超现实主义(Surrealism)这时开始萌芽了. 1924年, 超现实主义的创始人, 也是达达派的诗人与评论家-安德烈布尔顿发表了“超现实主义宣言”(The Surrealist Manifesto). 宣言中指出: 超现实主义是结合了意识的和无意识的精神领域在每天的现实生活中而完成世界的美梦与幻想. 简单的说, 超现实主义不但重视人类意识的思考, 另外更重视下意识的范畴. 他们用科学的方法研究人在无意中画出的图画, 信手写出的字, 小孩或疯子的图画, 结合心理学与精神病学的原理, 配合上人的梦境与幻想. 结论是: 美是在解放了的意识中那些不可思议的幻象与梦境. 所以超现实主义是一种超理性, 超意识的艺术. 超现实主义的画家不受理性主义的限制而凭本能及想象, 表现超现实的题材. 他们自由自在的生活在一种时空交错的空间, 不受空间与时间的束缚, 表现出比现实世界更真实更有意义. 超现实主义首先在法国展开, 立即受西班牙画家的欢迎, 很快普及到全世界. 而原本是单纯的美术改革运动, 不久也影响到了文学, 雕刻, 戏剧, 戏剧舞台, 电影, 建筑等其它的应用艺术, 所以超现实主义可以说是影响全世界的新文艺运动. 但在第二次世界大战时, 大量的艺术家迁往美国, 同时影响美国超现实主义的风行. 1945年后“新具象”在艺术之都巴黎兴起, 超现实主义才渐渐没落

篇4：托福阅读长难句句子分析

托福阅读长难句：湖泊蓄水层的储量

原文：

Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

参考翻译：

估计表明：蓄水层包含充足的水去填满Huron湖。但很不幸，在目前这个地区半干旱气候条件下，蓄水层的补水率很小，总计大约一年50毫米。

词汇讲解：

aquifer /'?kw?f?/ n. 含水土层

semiarid /?sem(a)?'?r?d/ adj. 半干旱的

结构划分：

Estimates indicate (that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron), but unfortunately, (under the semiarid climatic conditions) (that presently exist in the region), rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, (amounting to about half a centimeter a year.)

解析：

修饰一：(under the semiarid climatic conditions)，介词短语，修饰后面红色主干部分

中文：在半干旱气候条件下

修饰二：(that presently exist in the region)，从句，修饰conditions

中文：现在存在于这个地区

修饰三：(amounting to about half a centimeter a year. ) ，非谓语动词，修饰前面红色主干

中文：总计大约一年50毫米

主干：rates ofaddition to the aquifer are minimal

中文：蓄水层的补水率很小

托福阅读长难句：甘薯的来源考据

原文：

As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.

翻译：

正如美国人类学家Patrick Kirch所指出的，甘薯并不是南美人用筏运来的，而是通过已经去过南美西海岸的玻利尼西亚返航者很方便就带来了。

以上就是托福阅读中长难句的训练分析介绍，希望大家能够学到有效的训练和提升方法，让自己更为轻松地面对长难句得到高分。

词汇讲解：

anthropologist /?nθr?'p?l?d??st/ n. 人类学家

rather than prep. 而不是

raft /rɑ?ft/ n. 筏 v. 用筏子载运(人或货物)

navigator /'n?v?ge?t?/ n. 航行者，航海者;领航员，导航员;导航仪

结构划分：

As Patrick Kirch, (an American anthropologist), points out, (rather than being brought by rafting South Americans), sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back (by returning Polynesian navigators) (who could have reached the west coast of South America.)

解析：

修饰一：(an American anthropologist)，同位语，修饰Patrick Kirch

中文：美国人类学家

修饰二：(rather than being brought byrafting South Americans)，介词短语，rather than是托福阅读里一个高频短语，大家记住它是一个介词，表示“而不是”

中文：不是南美人用筏运来的

修饰三：(by returning Polynesiannavigators)，介词短语，修饰bringback

中文：玻利尼西亚返航者

修饰四：(who could have reached the westcoast of South America. ) ，从句，修饰navigators

中文：已经去过南美西海岸

主干：swee官方真题Officialtatoes might just have easily been brought back

托福阅读长难句：大气引擎的设计优缺点

原文：

This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed.

翻译：

这个由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的“大气引擎”体现了革命性的原理，但它如此慢和浪费燃料以致于不能再煤矿的以外的地方使用，尽管原来是这么设计的。

以上就是托福阅读中长难句的训练分析介绍，希望大家能够学到有效的训练和提升方法，让自己更为轻松地面对长难句得到高分。

词汇讲解：

embody /?m'b?d?/ v. 体现(想法﹑ 感情等)，使(想法﹑ 感情等)具体化;包括或含有某物

revolutionary /'r?v?'l???'n?ri/ adj. 革命的

employ = make use of sb/sth 使用

结构划分：

This “atmospheric engine,” (invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel (that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) (for which it had been designed.)

解析：

修饰一：(invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) ，插入语，修饰this “atmospheric engine”，大家注意这里的断句，This “atmospheric engine” embodied revolutionary principles被隔开了，断句很重要

中文：由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的

修饰二：(that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) ，从句，so…that结构

中文：不能在煤矿的以外的地方使用

修饰三：(for which it had been designed.) ，从句，修饰coal mines

中文：引擎被设计

托福阅读长难句：水利驱动的局限性

Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.

结构划分：

Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and (although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills),it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed (where nature intended them to), and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks (whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.)

翻译：

只有最后一种完全适合持续运转的机器，虽然水力在Lancashire和Scotland十分丰富，能够运转谷物厂和纺织厂，但它有一个缺点：水的流向是自然决定的，所以水力驱动的工厂不得不位于河岸边，而不管这个位置由于其他原因是否合理。

以上就是托福阅读中长难句的训练分析介绍，希望大家能够学到有效的训练和提升方法，让自己更为轻松地面对长难句得到高分。

解析

修饰一：(although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills) ，从句

中文：虽然水力在Lancashire和Scotland十分丰富，能够运转谷物厂和纺织厂

修饰二：(where nature intended them to) ，从句

中文：水的流向是自然决定的

修饰三：(whether or not the location wasdesirable for other reasons.) ，从句

中文：而不管这个位置由于其他原因是否合理

托福阅读长难句：猴子的社会行为

Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups.

翻译

学习适当的社会行为特别重要，尤其是对于群居动物，比如猴子，它们需要学会控制自己的自私和攻击性，学会懂得在社会群体中互相忍让。

解析

本句的主句是Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species。主句之后有两个定语从句，首先是that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的species。而句中的like young moneys则是举例，在这个举例后有that引导的第二个定语从句，修饰前面的monkeys。

词汇

give-and-take作名词，表示“互相忍让”，比如：In any relationship there always has to be some give-and-take. 在任何关系中，总是必须有一些互相忍让。

involve作动词，表示“包含;牵涉”，是写作中可以经常使用的词汇，比如：Every day each of us makes decisions that involve taking a chance. 我们每个人每天做出的决定都包含碰运气的成分。These changes will involve everyone on the staff. 这些变化将涉及每个职员。

篇5：托福阅读怎么进行句子的分析

托福阅读怎么进行句子的分析

托福阅读提高来自于各个方面的学习，有很多人只重视做题而忽略了托福阅读文章本身，这是不对的，不仅文章要看，托福阅读词汇也不能落下。

认真背托福阅读词汇

单词量不足除了影响对全文理解外，还直接影响托福阅读里面的很多vocabulary的题目的解答。所以，托福一定要背单词，单词真的是王道。

实际上，市面上常见的任何一本单词书拿来应对考试都不会有什么问题，关键在于是否能持之以恒地把一本书啃透。

适应托福阅读文章的长度和句子架构的方式

其实要想适应托福阅读考试中的长难句，就是多进行句子分析，或者多看阅读文章。

比如说，如果某一道题你做错了，那么请你对完答案之后，多花两分钟的时间来思考你的选项和给出的正确选项之间有什么差别?是语气不对?还是我们没有从那一段的整体把握的角度来做出正确的判断?亦或是其它什么原因?哪句话是解题的核心?我们通过这句话能获得或者说提炼什么有效的信息?分析原因，找到自己的错误，做题才有价值。

注意到托福阅读考试的字体

每个人对文字的感觉实际上是不同的，某些同学对文字形状可能本身就敏感，等到考试的时候，看到的英文字体和自己平时看的字体不一样，可能会感到很别扭，很不习惯。这虽然是紧张的表现，但还是建议考生再平时进行阅读练习的时候就尽量把字体调成Arial，这样与托福阅读考试中英文字符的字体一样。

托福阅读推断题总结

推论题(Inference)：文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述，但却强烈暗示出来了。例如，文章论述的结果引出了，推论题就可能就造成结果的起因提问。如果文中有比较，推论题就可能问做比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述，推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型，但难度很大，需要考生花大功夫准备。

例题：Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a)They did not smoke when they were burned.

b)They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

c)They were not available to all.

d)They contained sulfuric acid.

正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。

文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali和sulfuric acid来提炼tallow，提炼后的产品就是stearin，stearin比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usual smoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。

托福阅读单词题的解题技巧

第一：根据文章上下文来猜测单词的意思。

其实呢，ETS是个非常善良的机构。他在上下文给了我们很多提示。那我们要做的就是要读懂它的暗示。它给的暗示主要有下面几个分点，我们一起来看下。

A。平行结构。

利用平行同义关系来猜测单词的意思。这个结构其实很好找。因为经常会出现and这样暗示感很强烈的单词。那么平行关系前后出现的单词肯定是近义词。下面这道例题就很完美的诠释了这个暗示。

The word “surge” in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) sharp increase

(B) sudden impede

(D) overload quantity

The high demand of cotton led to the rapid spread of the ultivation of cotton and to a surge in the production of cotton。

问题是询问surge 这个词的意思。我们看到原文中果不其然的出现了and 这个连接词，那我们看到and 前面的这个动词是rapid spread，表示快速增长的意思，那后面surge我们也可以推测是快速增长的意思。所以答案是选A。需求量大导致了棉花的大量种植以及棉花产量的快速增长。

B。反义关系。有同义关系出现的同时必定有反义关系，同样它的标志词，是BUT以及其他带有强烈转折意味的词。这个做题方法和同义关系是一样的，此文中就不再赘述。

第二：利用词根词缀来猜测单词的意思。

很多同学看见一个长单词就觉得头疼。其实长单词是最容易猜测意思的。就像在审讯中，一个犯人说得越多，他暴露的也越多。长单词也是这样。单词越长，给的信息就越多。我们一道例题来看下。

The word unprecedented in the paragraph is closet in meaning to –

A. slow

B. profitable

C. not seen before

D. never explained。

那么在这道题目中，问的是单词 unprecedented这个单词的意思。我们来拆分下这个单词。首先是un前缀，表示 “没有”的意思。Pre前缀表示 “前 ”意思。那么unpre 就是表示 “之前没有”的意思。我们继续来看。这个词的词根是ced 它的意思是走，后面的ent 和 ed 都是形容词的后缀。那我们可以得出结论unprecedented是之前没有走过的，之前没有看过的。所以对应选项我们得出的答案就是C。

第三：在做题过程中我们可能还会遇到一种熟词僻意的情况。

意思就是说一个很常见的单词但却考察的是不常见的意思。这种情况下，我们不要急着下笔写出答案，而是把选项带入到原文中看是否符合逻辑。请看下面这道例题。

The word engaged in the passage is closet in meaning to ---

A. trained。

B. Hired

C. Described

D. Evaluated。

原文：In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington in Seattle engaged a firm of landscape architects on an line appropriate layout for the university grounds。

在这道题目中，很多同学一看到engaged就大喜过望，哎呀好不容易遇到了一个自己认识的单词。Engaged嘛。保证啊订婚的意思。可是一看选项，傻眼了，好像没有选项可以选诶。是的。恭喜你，同学。你遇到了传说中的熟词僻意。那我们就看原文。在19华盛顿大学的管委会员们---了一群景观师来为学校操场合理的布局。根据句意我们应该选择的是雇佣的意思。所以呢，答案是B。A训练，等景观师训练出来估计这学校也得黄了。C描述D评估都是不合适的选项。

第四：代入法

这种方法相当于万无一失的万金油了。不论你遇到什么情况，把四个选项带入到原文中看是否语义通顺符合逻辑。是个正确率比较高的方法。我们来看个例题。

The deserts, which already occupy approximately a forth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasingly at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert--like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process。

The word threatened in the passage is closet in meaning to ----

A. restricted B. endangered C. prevented . D. rejected。

这道题目问的是threatened这个单词的意思。大部分背了单词的同学都知道是威胁的意思，很容易的就可以选择B答案。但是如果你不认识这个单词呢，我们来看下单词所在这个句子， “估计另外的四分之一的土地被这种进程所-------。”那么这个进程讲的就是前面所提到的沙漠化的进程。我们来看下四个选项，A，受限制的 B，被威胁的，C 被阻止的，D，被拒绝的。把这四个单词带入的话，我们得出B 被威胁的这个选项是最合适的。

托福阅读主观题的常见错误

第一、马虎粗心导致丢三落四或添油加醋

例1：“据说，PMI可以在较短的时间内吸收较大剂量的甲基叔丁乙醚。”句中加横线的词语能否删去?为什么?

此题有两问，第一问应先回答“不能删去”，第二问再回答不能删去的原因，原因分三步来回答：一是先解释“据说”在句中的含义，即“‘据说’是引用别人的话，不一定是真实的”;第二点再说明删去该词后对原句的理解有何影响，即“去掉后，此观点就成了客观事实，与原意不相符”;第三步还要说明用该词后语言运用上有何特点，即“用该词，体现了说明文语言的科学准确性。”

第二、审题不清，答非所问

粗心的考生在答题时，有的根本就没回答第一问，直接从第二问作答;有的在回答第二问时，要点不全面，丢三落四，因而失分。

像此类失误还很多，如“文中有这样的话‘生活就这样，当你在为别人行善时也为自己储蓄幸福’。请你结合自己的生活体验谈谈你的感悟。”学生在作答时只谈感悟，不结合自己的生活体验。

例2：结合你所学过的陶渊明的其他作品，说说你对五柳先生“不慕荣利”的看法。

考生在答该题上的失误主要有两方面，一是没有结合学过的陶渊明的其他作品或是结合了作品，但作品中并没有体现“不慕荣利”的看法(如《桃花源记》);二是回答的并非考生本人对五柳先生“不慕荣利”的看法，而是五柳先生自己“不慕荣利”的思想和表现。

例3：假如董生处在当今社会，你对董生又有何建议?(《送董邵南游河北序》)

有的考生这样回答：我建议董生为朝廷效力，用自己的知识才干造福于黎民百姓。这个考生在审题时，就没有看清假设的前提——“处在当今社会”。

第三、不善概括，抓不住重点

例4：本文(《五柳先生传》)表现了五柳先生怎样的性格特点?

第四、文体不清，用语不当

记叙文语段《轻点关门》讲述了一对夫妇为了老人的身体健康，请求邻居们出入时轻点关防盗门，最后向邻居行重礼致谢的故事，揭示了邻里之间互相体谅、真诚相处的人性美。有的考生在回答上述问题时提出“加强思想教育，加强公民道德规范教育”，显然，这不是原文作者所提倡的，也不是出题者的意图所在。原文作者提倡的是：要以“礼”服人，以德感人，从自身做起，与人友善，待人真诚，共育人性的美丽之花。

中考阅读中一般都要涉及到三大文章体裁，有些同学混淆了不同文体的特点。

例5：第3段主要运用了的说明方法，作用是

(说明文《北京的园林》)

有的考生在第一个空格内填上“举例论证”(正确的答案是“举例子”)，第二条横线上填的是“生动形象地揭示了文章的中心”(正确的答案是“用具体的事例来说明北京的园林建筑在细微之处见匠心的特点”)。显然，这个考生把三种文体的特点杂糅在一起，张冠李戴了。

即使是同一类型的题，在不同文体中回答的方法也是不一样的。同样是用词的恰当，但体现的是记叙文语言的生动形象性，说明文语言的科学准确性，议论文语言的逻辑严密性。

第五、找不准答题的立足点

例6：文中第2段李先生“静静地看着我们，眼里流露出一股浓浓的歉意。”请你根据上下文揣摩李先生此时的心理活动。

仔细推敲题目的要求可看出，题意是要求答题者以自己的身份去推测李先生的心理活动，所以作答的时候只能用第三人称“他”或“李先生”，不能用第一人称“我”、“我们”。如果要用第一人称的话也只能用“我认为李先生他心里想……”的形式。此类题的失误关键是没有找准答题的切入点，没有选好角度。

第六、不注意具体题型的行文模式

主观性问答题中，行文语言要通顺、简明、准确、得体。有些问答题应顺应问句顺水推舟而答。如：“假如董生处在当今社会，你对董生又有何建议?”应用“我建议董生……”的模式作答;“你认为怎样做才能让我们周围开满人性的美丽之花?”应用“我认为……”的形式入题作答。

第七、信马由缰，随心所欲

并非所有的主观性试题都可以由考生随心所欲地发挥。做阅读题时，应注意千万不能脱离阅读语段，不能与文段中作者提出的观点、揭示的中心、提倡的看法、做法相悖。

篇6：托福阅读中精彩句子分析讲解

托福阅读中精彩句子分析讲解

1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。

2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.

十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。

4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说，电影从来就不是没有声音的。

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。

6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.

更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。

7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.

在春季和夏季，要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。

8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.

我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术，实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术，是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。

9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.

他们没有农业，但是经过几千年，已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。

托福阅读主观题的常见错误

第一、马虎粗心导致丢三落四或添油加醋

例1：“据说，PMI可以在较短的时间内吸收较大剂量的甲基叔丁乙醚。”句中加横线的词语能否删去?为什么?

第二、审题不清，答非所问

粗心的考生在答题时，有的根本就没回答第一问，直接从第二问作答;有的在回答第二问时，要点不全面，丢三落四，因而失分。

例2：结合你所学过的陶渊明的其他作品，说说你对五柳先生“不慕荣利”的看法。

例3：假如董生处在当今社会，你对董生又有何建议?(《送董邵南游河北序》)

有的考生这样回答：我建议董生为朝廷效力，用自己的知识才干造福于黎民百姓。这个考生在审题时，就没有看清假设的前提——“处在当今社会”。

第三、不善概括，抓不住重点

例4：本文(《五柳先生传》)表现了五柳先生怎样的性格特点?

第四、文体不清，用语不当

中考阅读中一般都要涉及到三大文章体裁，有些同学混淆了不同文体的特点。

例5：第3段主要运用了的说明方法，作用是

(说明文《北京的园林》)

第五、找不准答题的立足点

例6：文中第2段李先生“静静地看着我们，眼里流露出一股浓浓的歉意。”请你根据上下文揣摩李先生此时的心理活动。

第六、不注意具体题型的行文模式

第七、信马由缰，随心所欲

托福阅读的水平差距体现在哪里

对于托福阅读来说考生们的差距经常就体现在到底读到了什么水平，有些人在有限的托福阅读时间内与别人所读出来的东西要相差许多，这就会对托福阅读试题造成困扰。

很多考生在平时练习时习惯边读文章边在题目上划线，似乎不做记号，思维就无法跟上托福阅读的速度，但是到了真正上机考试，不能对文章做记号的时候，考生难免会乱了阵脚。

有些考生因为托福阅读时间紧，所以根本没等读完全文就直接做托福阅读试题，这种抱着侥幸心理的考生真的上了考场其实是很危险的，因为单凭对文章局部的理解，根本无法掌握文章的整体内容和观点。

而还有一些考生必须把文章一字不漏的阅读和翻译之后才能做题，往往忽视了阅读的速度，这种细读的方法之适用于两种情况：一种是考生已经具备相当强的阅读水平，而且长期运用这种方法，另外一种是这篇文章是你曾经读到过的，即使一字一句的读也不会花太多时间。

很多人都认为词汇题的做的好不好完全取决于自己的词汇量，事实上词汇量是占了相当一部分比重，但是不知道大家是否有过这样的经历，有时候不认识的词经过对上下文的理解和分析也可以作对，反而是那些认识的词汇经常出错，这是因为大家在面对自己有把握的词汇时，往往忽略了上下文的重要性，凭感觉选出了一个自认为理所当然的答案。所以，做好词汇题的关键就在于透彻分析上下文，有时候，个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。

其实阅读部分不仅是测试大家对托福文章的理解，还包括阅读的速度，这两方面都不能被忽视，光是具备扎实的基础还远远不够，还需要搭配运用巧妙的做题技巧才能取得阅读高分。

College courses aren’t all “Econ 1011”

and “The History of Europe: 1500-Present”. A trend among many colleges and universities is to offer courses that are slightly off the beaten track . Many of these courses draw their themes from pop culture or sports, or they may be the brainchildren of professors who want to share their passion with students. They may be no less serious than traditional courses, but they certainly cover new academic ground. Students take these off beat courses for a variety of reasons—hoping for an easy A, to try something fun, or to explore a new interest.

1) You can boldly go where no other philosophy student has gone before in Georgetown University ’s “Philosophy and Star Trek” course, where students discuss the nature of time travel, the ability of computers to think and feel, and other philosophical dilemmas facing the crew of the Starship Enterprise.

2) Discover how Brick really felt when Opal left him for his neighbor’s best friend’s sister in the University of Wisconsin’s course entitled “Daytime Serials: Family and Social Roles.” Students analyze

the plots, themes, and characters of daytime soaps and discuss their impact on modern life.

3) If you’ve been longing to research how hot dogs, theme parks, and the five-day workweek have impacted American leisure culture, check out the University of Iowa course “The American Vacation”. This course pays particular attention to how American families’ varying backgrounds shape their vacation experiences.

4) Bowdoin College students can delve into “The Horror Film in Context” in the school’s English Department. Students read Freud and Poe and watch Hitchcock and Craven， all while discussing the horror genre’ s treatment of gender, class, and family.

5) At Williams College, students can learn more about those in the cement shoe industry by enrolling in “Comparative History of Organized Crime”， which compares the work of goodfellas from the United States, Italy, Japan, and Russia.

6) If you’ve got a romantic urge for adventure, check out Barnard College’s course on “The Road Movie”， which studies Easy Rider and Thelma and Louise, while also discussing the genre’s literary precursors , like On the Road and The Odyssey.

7) If hitting the road doesn’t satisfy your rebellious streak, sign up for Brown University’s course on “American Degenerates”， in which students discuss how early British-American writers embraced the grotesque , monstrous, “not our kind” status bestowed on them by the mother country and reflected their zeal for cultural and physical degeneracy in their literature.

8) Those artsy types at the Rhode Island School of Design can put down their paintbrushes and take “The Art of Sin and the Sin of Art”， which contemplates the relationship between sin and the art world. The course catalog invites you to “lust with the saints and burn with the sinners ”.

9) If talking about death several times a week in class sounds like a good time to you, try Purdue University’s “Death and the Nineteenth Century” course. Every poem and novel in the course deals with the 19th-century conception of mortality and the world beyond.

10) At Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, students can take “Art of Walking”， in which students not only read literature by noted perambulators like Kant and Nietzsche, but go for neighborhood strolls with their professor and his dog.

Most college programs offer interesting courses to introduce you to new and fascinating subject matters. Take advantage of the many possibilities offered to you by sitting down with your advisor to talk about course options and then really thinking about the courses you choose to take.

例如当你看到一篇文章，首先要扫一下第一段，看看文章的难易程度，一般情况，平均每篇文章用时11分钟左右，5篇文章中一定有2篇难度稍微大一些，所以首先定位文章的难度和分数的比重，有助于合理的安排做题时间，以便在相同的时间内拿到最多的分数。

然后，建议大家从文章的结构入手。文章的首句尤为重要，首句经常涉及了文章的主题。其他段落也是主要看首句，后面的部分一般都是用来说明段落主题句的，所以略读带过即可，没必要每个句子都理解到位，白白浪费时间。这样掌握每段大意，就不至于出现大方向上的理解偏差。

如何提升托福阅读的答题正确率

许多考生难以理解托福阅读文章，原因有两点：

(一)、没有掌握一些熟词的生僻含义。

(二)、缺乏分析长难句结构的能力。

举例说明：

There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty， dark， disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst piles of assorted junk that litter the floor.

该句是由两个that引导的从句，分别充当hope的同位语从句和piles of assorted junk的定语从句。第一个由that引起的同位语从句，是由一段地点状语“in its labyrinth of musty， dark， disordered rooms”来展开全句的，其主句的语态是一个由a real rarity做主语的被动语态。全句可以翻译如下：人们还常常幻想在发霉、阴暗、无序的迷宫般店堂里，从杂乱地堆放在地面上的、各式各样的垃圾中淘到一件稀世珍品。

我们再来看一下这个句子，它是这样写的：

In everyday life， people tend to have a different approach to those (whom) they consider their equals from that which they assume with people (whom) they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale.

Though my aunt pursued what was， in those days， an enlightened policy， in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day， she was extremely difficult to please.

托福阅读文章中曾出现过一个典型的长句。其难度更胜GRE：In everyday life， people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale.

句子的主干为people tend to have a different approach from that，其中that为代词，指代approach，此处译为“方式”最为贴切，因此主干的意思很简单：“人们倾向于采用一种方式，与其它方式不同。”

句子开头为Though引起的状语，动词pursue的宾语是一个由what引起的名词性从句，在插入了一个非常书面的in that(意思相当于since)引起的从句之后，终于出现了主句she was extremely difficult to please。这种一步步将句子意思推向高潮的写法就是英文中非常有气势的“圆周句”，直到句子的末尾，作者最终的意思才被揭晓。全句可以这样理解：“(尽管)姑妈对待佣人们的做法在当时那个年代算是开明的，(因为她)从不让佣人们每天干活超过8个小时，但佣人们还是很难让她感到满意。”

代词that后紧跟which引导的从句充当that，即the approach的定语。此外，句中还有两个省略了whom的定语从句，将之补全如下：

全句直译如下：在日常生活中，人们用一种方式对待他们认为与自己社会地位同等的人，而用另一种的方式去对待他们认为比自己社会地位高或低的人。

对于这种长句的准确分析，需要日积月累的语言知识及良好语感，大家在托福阅读备考过程中，千万不能忽视真题演练。