【导语】“yufeng2046”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了5篇考研线性代数历年真题考点分布，以下是小编帮大家整理后的考研线性代数历年真题考点分布，欢迎大家收藏分享。
篇1：考研线性代数历年真题考点分布
考研线性代数历年真题考点分布
考研冲刺阶段，把真题吃透，通过对历年真题题型、机构、安排，可以熟悉各位出题老师的出题意向、重点，融汇贯通对于后期大幅提高复习效果明显。教育数学教研室张老师结合近六年真题，为同学们总结了线性代数各章节易考点，可以帮助大家在复习中查漏补缺。
第一章行列式，这一块唯一的重点是行列式的计算，主要有数值型和抽象型两类行列式的计算，06、08、10、的真题中均有抽象行列式的计算问题，而且均是以填空题的形式出现的，个别的还出现在了大题的第一问中。
第二章矩阵，重点在矩阵的秩、逆、伴随、初等变换以及初等矩阵、分块矩阵。这一章概念和运算较多，考点也较多，而且考点以填空和选择为主，当然也会结合其他章节的知识考大题。06、09、11、12年均考了一个小题是有关初等变换与矩阵乘法之间的.关系，考了一个小题关于矩阵的秩，考了一道抽象矩阵求逆的问题。
第三章向量，可以分为三个重点，第一个是向量组的线性表示，第二个是向量组的线性相关性，第三个是向量组的秩及极大线性无关组。这一章无论是大题还是小题都特别容易出考题，以来每年都有一道考题，不是向量组的线性表示就是向量组的线性相关性的判断，10年还考了一道向量组秩的问题。（来源：考研教育网）
第四章线性方程组，有三个重点。第一个是线性方程组解的判定问题，第二个是解的性质问题，第三个是解的结构问题。06年以来只有没有出大题，其他几年的考题均是含参方程的求解或者是解的判定问题。
第五章矩阵的特征值与特征向量，也是分三个重点。第一个是特征值与特征向量的定义、性质以及求法。第二个为矩阵的相似对角化问题，第三是实对称矩阵的性质以及正交相似对角化的问题。实对称矩阵的性质与正交相似对角化问题可以说每年必考，12年、11年、10年都考了。 （来源：考研教育网）
第六章二次型有两个重点。第一个是化二次型为标准形，同学们必须掌握两种方法，第一个是配方法，第二个是正交变换法。第二个重点是正定二次型的判定。11年考的一个小题，用通过正交变换法将二次型化为标准形，12年、11年、10年均以大题的形式出现，但主要用的是正交变换化二次型为标准形。
篇2：考研线性代数历真题考点分布
考研线性代数历真题考点分布
考研冲刺阶段，把真题吃透，通过对历年真题题型、机构、安排，可以熟悉各位出题老师的出题意向、重点，融汇贯通对于后期大幅提高复习效果明显。考研教育数学教研室张老师结合近六年真题，为同学们总结了线性代数各章节易考点，可以帮助大家在复习中查漏补缺。 （来源：考研教育网）
第一章行列式，这一块唯一的重点是行列式的计算，主要有数值型和抽象型两类行列式的计算，06、08、10、12年的真题中均有抽象行列式的计算问题，而且均是以填空题的形式出现的，个别的还出现在了大题的第一问中。
第二章矩阵，重点在矩阵的秩、逆、伴随、初等变换以及初等矩阵、分块矩阵。这一章概念和运算较多，考点也较多，而且考点以填空和选择为主，当然也会结合其他章节的知识考大题。06、09、11、12年均考了一个小题是有关初等变换与矩阵乘法之间的关系，10年考了一个小题关于矩阵的秩，08年考了一道抽象矩阵求逆的问题。
第三章向量，可以分为三个重点，第一个是向量组的线性表示，第二个是向量组的线性相关性，第三个是向量组的秩及极大线性无关组。这一章无论是大题还是小题都特别容易出考题，06年以来每年都有一道考题，不是向量组的线性表示就是向量组的线性相关性的判断，10年还考了一道向量组秩的问题。 （来源：考研教育网）
第四章线性方程组，有三个重点。第一个是线性方程组解的判定问题，第二个是解的性质问题，第三个是解的结构问题。06年以来只有11年没有出大题，其他几年的`考题均是含参方程的求解或者是解的判定问题。
第五章矩阵的特征值与特征向量，也是分三个重点。第一个是特征值与特征向量的定义、性质以及求法。第二个为矩阵的相似对角化问题，第三是实对称矩阵的性质以及正交相似对角化的问题。实对称矩阵的性质与正交相似对角化问题可以说每年必考，12年、11年、10年09年都考了。 （来源：考研教育网）
第六章二次型有两个重点。第一个是化二次型为标准形，同学们必须掌握两种方法，第一个是配方法，第二个是正交变换法。第二个重点是正定二次型的判定。11 年考的一个小题，用通过正交变换法将二次型化为标准形，12年、11年、10年均以大题的形式出现，但主要用的是正交变换化二次型为标准形。
篇3：考研数学历年真题06-12考点解析
考研冲刺阶段，把真题吃透，通过对历年真题题型、机构、安排，可以熟悉各位出题老师的出题意向、重点，融汇贯通对于后期大幅提高复习效果明显。考研教育网朱老师结合近六年真题，为同学们总结了线性代数各章节易考点，可以帮助大家在复习中查漏补缺。
第一章行列式，这一块唯一的重点是行列式的计算，主要有数值型和抽象型两类行列式的计算，06、08、10、的真题中均有抽象行列式的计算问题，而且均是以填空题的形式出现的，个别的还出现在了大题的第一问中。
第二章矩阵，重点在矩阵的秩、逆、伴随、初等变换以及初等矩阵、分块矩阵。这一章概念和运算较多，考点也较多，而且考点以填空和选择为主，当然也会结合其他章节的知识考大题。06、09、11、12年均考了一个小题是有关初等变换与矩阵乘法之间的关系，考了一个小题关于矩阵的.秩，考了一道抽象矩阵求逆的问题。
第三章向量，可以分为三个重点，第一个是向量组的线性表示，第二个是向量组的线性相关性，第三个是向量组的秩及极大线性无关组。这一章无论是大题还是小题都特别容易出考题，以来每年都有一道考题，不是向量组的线性表示就是向量组的线性相关性的判断，10年还考了一道向量组秩的问题。
第四章线性方程组，有三个重点。第一个是线性方程组解的判定问题，第二个是解的性质问题，第三个是解的结构问题。06年以来只有没有出大题，其他几年的考题均是含参方程的求解或者是解的判定问题。
第五章矩阵的特征值与特征向量，也是分三个重点。考研教育网朱老师总结为：第一个是特征值与特征向量的定义、性质以及求法。第二个为矩阵的相似对角化问题，第三是实对称矩阵的性质以及正交相似对角化的问题。实对称矩阵的性质与正交相似对角化问题可以说每年必考，12年、11年、10年都考了。
第六章二次型有两个重点。第一个是化二次型为标准形，同学们必须掌握两种方法，第一个是配方法，第二个是正交变换法。第二个重点是正定二次型的判定。11年考的一个小题，用通过正交变换法将二次型化为标准形，12年、11年、10年均以大题的形式出现，但主要用的是正交变换化二次型为标准形。
篇4：考研政治真题之马原考点分布
2013考研政治真题之马原考点分布
考研政治考试刚刚结束， 20考研政治整张试卷延续的试卷结构，分值小有改动，马原共考查4道单选、道多选和一道分析，总共24分，分值与2012年持平，与2013新大纲保持一致。喻攀老师第一时间对考研政治真题进行全面、精细、深度的解析，帮助2013年考生科学估计个人成绩的同时，也希望帮助2014考研学子掌握考研政治的趋向，避免复习的盲区。下面来看马原各章节在2013考研政治真题中被考查的考点
第一章，马克思主义是关于无产阶级和人类解放的科学。2013年没有题目考查本章考点，只有本章标题出现在第一道多选题题干中。
第二章，世界的物质性及其发展规律。2013年考查一道单选题，考查静止相对于运动的地位;考查一问主观分析题，考察发挥认识主体的`主观能动作用，考察主观能动性的发挥要以尊重客观规律为前提。
本章的辩证法部分是马克思主义哲学的重中之重，把握辩证法部分的逻辑结构，要注意三点：一是两大总特征，即联系和发展;二是对立统一规律，即矛盾学说;三是五对基本范畴。质量互变规律和否定之否定规律近年来没有直接命制考题，是重要的未考点。但在2013年，辩证法出人意料地被打入“冷宫”，考察了寥寥几分。
第三章，认识世界和改造世界。2013年考察主观分析题，考查实践观念、真理尺度与价值尺度。
认识论的分析题重要考点有三个一是认识和实践的辩证关系，二是认识的发展过程，三是真理和价值，其中第一个考点非常重要，考生一定要认真掌握。真理尺度与价值尺度在实践活动中的统一，今年成为了主观分析题的一个命题点，考生要能结合认识飞跃到实践四个条件中“形成合理的实践观念”形成答案。
第四章，人类社会及其发展规律。2013年考查一道多选题，考察人民群众范畴。
第五章，资本主义的形成及其本质。2013年考察两道多选题，一道多选题，考查商品二因素、剩余价值率及资本的本质。
第六章，资本主义发展的历史进程。2013年考查一道多选题，考察当代资本主义在劳资关系和分配关系方面的变化。
第七章，社会主义社会及其发展。2013年考查一道多选题，考察社会主义与社会主义模式。
第八章，共产主义是人类社会最崇高的理想。2013年没有题目考查本章考点。
篇5：考研英语真题大历年
2013年考研英语真题答案及详细解析
Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors. But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. _4_, he theorised that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was____11____.
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardised exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicant would_18_ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20__.
1. A grants B submits C transmits D dilivers
2. A minor B external C crucial D objective
3. A issue B vision C picture D moment
4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example
5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless
6. A in B for C to D on
7. A if B until C though D unless
8. A. test B.emphasize C.share D.promote
9. A.decision B.quality C.status D.success
10. A.found B.studied C.chosen D.identified
11. A.otherwise B.defensible C.replaceable D.exceptional
12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured
13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged
14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave
15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather
16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced
17. A below B after C above D before
18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop
19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard
20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpful
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[A] poor bargaining skill.
[B] insensitivity to fashion.
[C] obsession with high fashion.
[D] lack of imagination.
22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to
[A] combat unnecessary waste.
[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.
[C] resist the influence of advertisements.
[D] shop for their garments more frequently.
23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to
[A] accusation.
[B] enthusiasm.
[C] indifference.
[D] tolerance.
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
25. What is the subject of the text?
[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.
Text 2
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track ”(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, M
Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:“we believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?
26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:
[A] ease competition among themselves
[B] lower their operational costs
[C] avoid complaints from consumers
[D] provide better online services
27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce conductors
[C] digital information analysis
[D] internet browser developers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[A] many cut the number of junk ads
[B] fails to affect the ad industry
[C] will not benefit consumers
[D] goes against human nature
29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT
[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads
30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
[A] indulgence
[B] understanding
[C] appreciaction
[D] skepticism
Text 3
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .
Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.
31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment
[B] our faith in science and technology
[C] our awareness of potential risks
[D] our belief in equal opportunity
32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are
[A] a sustained species
[B] a threaten to the environment
[C] the world’s dominant power
[D] a misplaced race
33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.
[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.
34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to
[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources
[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world
[C] draw on our experience from the past
[D] curb our ambition to reshape history
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Uncertainty about Our Future
[B] Evolution of the Human Species
[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind
[D] Science, Technology and Humanity
Text 4
On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Aministration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.
An arizona.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enfour federal immigrations law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Anturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.
Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun .On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field ” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powers
However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.
The 8-0 objection to President Obama tures on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued tha Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they
[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.
[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.
[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.
[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.
37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?
[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.
[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.
[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.
38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts
[A] violated the Constitution.
[B] undermined the states’ interests.
[C] supported the federal statute.
[D] stood in favor of the states.
39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement
[A] outweighs that held by the states.
[B] is dependent on the states’ support.
[C] is established by federal statutes.
[D] rarely goes against state laws.
40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?
[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.
[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.
[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)
The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .
Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.
Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____
When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social
scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly
specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing
elsewhere,such as policy briefs.
[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the
100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these
Keywords.
[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .
[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.
Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.
46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need.
48. The gardens of the homeless which are in efffect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such
49 . Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic
50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.
Section III Writing
Part A
51.Directions:
Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college,inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.
You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail.Use “Li Ming”instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay,you should
1) describe the drawing briefly.
2) interpret its intended meaning ,and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)
英语答案
1.A(grants)
2. B(external)
3. C(picture)
4. D(for example)
5. B(fearful)
6. D(on)
7. A(if)
8. A(test)
9. D(success)
10.C(chosen)
11.A(otherwise)
12.C(conducted)
13.B(rated)
14.C(took)
15.B(then)
16.C(marked)
17.D(before)
18.D(drop)
19.B(undo)
20.A(necessary)
Text 1
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[B] insensitivity to fashion.
22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to
[D] shop for their garments more frequently.
23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to
[A] accusation.
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph
[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing
25. What is the subject of the text
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
Text 2
26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:
[B] lower their operational costs
27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:
[A] online advertisers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[C] will not benefit consumers
29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
[D] skepticism
Text3
31·[B] our faith in science and technology
32·[A] a sustained species
33·[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive
34·[C] draw onour experience from the past
35·[C] TheEver-bright Prospects of Mankind
Text 4
36. [C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law
37. [C]States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
38. [D]stood in favor of the states
39. [A] outweighs that held by the states
40. [B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.
41.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior .all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
42.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .
43.[B] However, the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.
44.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.
45.[C] the idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy;and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
46. 然而,令人震惊的是,当人们看到又无家可归者建造的花园照片时,由于风格的多样性,所有这些花园显示了超越了装饰与创造性表现的其它各种各样的基本诉求.
47.尽管可能有点简陋,但这一神圣和平之地明显象征着人类需求,就好比外壳明显象征着动物需求.
48. 那些无家可归者的花园实际上是“无家可归”的家园,同花园被引入了城市,在那儿,它们之前即不存在也未曾像这样可以被辨识.
49 . 我们中的大部分人屈服于道德败坏,在某些心理状态下我们通常归咎于道德败坏,直到有一天我们发现自己身处花园,压迫感奇迹般地消失了.
50. 尽管在某种被解放的意义上,但正是这种含蓄或明显的对大自然的引用认可了使用“花园”一词来描述这些被合成的建筑。
51.
Dear Mr. Smith,
As a member of the Students’ Union, I am writing this letter to request whether you could serve as a judge in the English speech contest to be held in our university next Saturday.
This contest aims at improving the students’ communicative and practical ability in English, the details of which are as follows. To begin with, the participants are mainly the seniors who will step into the society three months later. In addition, the theme is concerning the utmost significance of future choice after graduation.
It is my sincere hope that you can present yourself in this extracurricular activity. I am looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
52. 参考范文：
The set of cartoon given above dramatically features a scene of college graduates choosing their future destination. When stepping out of the ivory tower, the would-be graduates will confront with multiple choices, such as hunting a job, taking part in National Entrance Examination for MS/MA. What is conveyed in the picture carries a far-reaching implication for both us and our society.
The drawing is designed to remind us of the crucial importance of the distinctive goal in future development, which is a practical issue confronting every would-be graduate. On the one hand, for a real road, if stepping on a wrong way, one can return to the original point, but life is a one-way journey: one cannot start it all over again. Different choices in life may make great differences. On the other hand, to some extent, future is a combination of choices and efforts. Some people even believe that one’s success depends more on how intelligently he chooses than on how diligently he works. With a wrong direction the farther we go, the farther we are away from our dream.
Therefore, positive mental guidance must be popularized among the public, especially the young to help them keep a clear mind and make wise choices in the life journey. Besides, every youngster should be educated to realize his position and the reality and choose his life goal in a down-to-earth manner. Only with a right direction and destination can all the efforts make towards our dream pay off.
★ 历年雅思真题
★ 卫生职称历年真题
考研线性代数历年真题考点分布（精选5篇）
