“dream”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了6篇如何全方位提升你的托福阅读能力，下面是小编精心整理后的如何全方位提升你的托福阅读能力，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
- 目录
篇1：如何全方位提升你的托福阅读能力
如何全方位提升你的托福阅读能力
一、要有一定的词汇量和语法知识
词汇量是学英语以来的一个积累，如果真正要考好托福阅读，词汇量最好能达到8000以上，但是现在参加托福考试的考生趋于低龄化，越来越多的高中生考生，或者是大学低年级的学生，所以这个词汇量的要求是很难达到的。但其实只要有高中阶段学习的英语词汇量，还有比较扎实的掌握高中阶段学习的基本语法，就具备了在平时提高托福阅读能力的基本要素。当然并不是说这些词汇量就已经够了，而是说你已经具备了一定的猜词能力，可以从阅读文章的上下文及语法结构上去猜测和学习新的单词，而且对于一些相对难的句子可以进行结构分析。因为托福阅读文章题材的特性，一定会有比较多的专业性生词出现，所以考生必须要有面对这些生词的心理准备，不要看到不认识的词就放弃继续阅读理解。
二、要挑选出合适的阅读材料
考生是准备托福的阅读考试，所以最好能接触一些原汁原味的英语文章。这是因为托福阅读文章，不论是A类还是G类，都和英语国家的生活和学习内容息息相关。例如G类的托福阅读中前两部分通常是实用性强的功能性短文，如菜单、产品说明、通知、住宿安排和广告等，非常贴近西方的实际生活，而A类托福阅读主要是关于社会科学和自然科学等，包括历史中的重要人物、事件和发明，生物学，科学现象、学科最新动向、地理现象以及社会发展、经济状况等。其中大部分文章选自国外人文类、经济类和科学类的知名报纸、杂志或各国际组织的研究报告。而这些内容对于我们国内绝大多数考生而言都比较陌生，如果要阅读到一定量的原版英文报刊书籍杂志也不是一件很容易做到的事，但是我们不要忘了我们手边其实有非常好的一个工具，那就是网络，在网络上我们可以跨越时间和空间的距离，找到我们需要的内容。
基本上所有国外的报刊杂志都会有一个专属的网站，这就给考生提够了很好的机会在平时接触到比较原汁原味的英语，阅读到很多专业性的科普文章。在这里给大家提供一些对于托福阅读能力有提升的网站：
1、BBC的中文网
里面的内容非常丰富，有简单的生活类的英语阅读文章，也有和英国日常生活和风俗习惯有关的文章，介绍留学生活的内容等，并配备了互动性的一些游戏。
2、国家地理杂志
这个网站里包括了很多丰富多彩的人文历史，生物学知识和地理知识等，而且有很多漂亮的照片和讲解知识的视频，不会让人觉得无聊。
3、卫报
它提供的新闻覆盖英国及国际经济、政治、文化、教 育及其他领域。
4、新科学家杂志
顾名思义，就知道其内容主要是包括科学上的新发现新发明的。
5、金融时报
为一家重要国际英语商报。它致力于为读者提供最好的商务信息来源、有关分析和评论。
给大家推荐了网站，但是还有同学会问，该如何将这些网站物尽其用呢?下面，我们就来看一些具体的实例，告诉大家该如何如何利用网站的内容以及多媒体功能，更好地在寓教于乐中提高自己的阅读能力。
BBC也许是看到了中国留学市场的巨大潜力，所以专门针对中国的英语学习者提供了中文的网站，而且里面的内容非常丰富，有简单的生活类的英语阅读文章，也有和日常生活风俗习惯有关的文章，介绍留学生活的内容等，同时非常好的利用了网络媒体的互动性和多样性，从看听读几个方面来让学生学习英语。
在这个网站中，有两个专栏是我要建议考生能好好利用起来的，一个是英语教学栏目中的TAKE AWAY ENGLISH——随身英语，另一个是MEDIA ENGLISH——媒体英语。这两个专栏里的文章都不是很长，大约150-300字不等，但是都有原文朗读下载和词汇表，尤其是随身英语这块内容还配备了一些题目给学生作为阅读后理解能力和单词认知方面的考察。一边听纯正的英式发音朗读，一边阅读并辨认生词，多听几遍后就能不知不觉地扩大自己的词汇量了，同时还能掌握到最地道的一些英语使用方法。
从题材上来看，随身英语的题材相对来说更具趣味性和娱乐性，而媒体英语的文章则更偏向于社会类和科学类，所以从备考托福考试这个角度出发，媒体英语的文章可能作为背景阅读更为有利。我们可以来看一下这个专栏列出来的一些文章：
Ancient Amphitheatre Discovered 发现一古代圆形剧场
Ancient Treasure Find 发现了古代珍宝
Pigeon Power Beats Internet 鸽子力量大于互联网
The Meaning of Sleep 睡眠的意义
A New Foot for an Elephant 大象的新脚
Rowing Across An Ocean 划船横越印度洋
这些内容涉及到人文历史，考古学，生物学和科学研究等等，而这些题材也是托福阅读考试中的常考话题，前几个月的考试中就有一篇阅读文章是涉及到大象的内容。
例如：其中有一篇《睡眠的意义》，这篇主要是介绍睡眠研究的新发现是睡眠的主要作用在于让各种动物更好地适应生存环境，文章很短，只有164个单词，但文中标注出的生词如predator(捕食其他动物的动物)， migrating birds(迁移的鸟类)，evolved(进化演变)，detected(发现、发觉)，vital function(主要的功能)，conserve energy(保存能量)，limited resources(有限的资源)，accounts for(占……的比例)等这些单词或词组都是在托福阅读当中经常出现的必备词汇。
所以只要把这段小文章内的标注出来的词汇记熟，以后碰到类似题材的阅读也就不会不知所措了。因为网页上每个单词都有发音，所以可以仔细听并模仿，对于听力也会有很大的提高。所以考生大可以充分利用这个现成的资源，先听完整的原文，然后看着阅读材料再听一遍，之后再将重点词汇记下来，最后再听一遍，最好能够跟着读。这样就不是只有阅读能力提高，听力和口语甚至写作也会有一定的提高。因此BBC中国的网站内容是比较适合精读以及提高基本词汇量的。
那如果是一些基础比较好的考生，这些短文对于他们来说已经略显简单了，那么就可以去选择另外两个网站，new scientist新科学家杂志网站和economist经济学家网站。这两个网站的文章内容和行文风格与托福阅读考试的文章更加接近，有的文章可能就是考试文章的本源，而且文章通常会比较长，那么我建议考生可以利用这两个网站的内容做泛读练习。
泛读练习可以先从快速阅读入手。考生选择一篇文章后，先把文章的第一段看一下，找出第一段内容的中心词，一般也就是整篇文章的中心词了，接下来就是规定自己在1-2分钟的时间内，快速浏览文章，看看整篇文章这个中心词出现了几次。这是一个快速定位能力的培养，能让考生培养起在长篇文章中快速找到相关内容的锻炼。快速阅读结束后就可以大致的浏览整篇文章，重点看文章每段的第一句话和最后一句话，如果遇到生词不要停下来就查字典，应该先猜，因为这一遍是浏览，所以目的是掌握文章的大意，细节内容可以先省略，如果这个生词出现次数比较多，就先记下来，等看完全文后再去查。泛读的最后一遍是全部内容都读一下，可以打开金山词霸的自动取词功能，有些很难懂的句子可以不用理会，只要不影响理解大意，但是希望考生的重点放在句子与句子之间的起承转合的部分，也就是一些逻辑关系和连接词上，从整体上去把握文章的行文思路，对托福阅读的heading题和matching题的解答都会有帮助。
其实我们身边可利用的材料是非常多的，要在平时提高托福阅读能力，最好能多利用一下这些非常高品质而且还完全免费的材料。考生可以根据自己的时间情况，选择任何一个网站，持之以恒，每天花半小时到1个小时的时间去做，托福英语阅读能力自然会慢慢提高。而且英语能力的提高并不是割裂的，而是全方位的提高，其他三门能力也会在阅读能力提高的同时有一定的进步，相信如果考生能在平时多看多想多学，一定能在托福考试中取得好成绩的。
托福阅读长难句：动物群统治地位
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today. (TPO33,58)
dramatic /dr?'m?t?k/ adj. 戏剧的;激动人心的，给人深刻印象的
flourish v. /'fl?r??/ 昌盛，旺盛，兴旺;健康成长，茂盛
terrestrial /t?'restr??l/ adj. 陆地的，陆生的;地球的
myriad /'m?r??d/ n. 无数，极大数量
大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and (when, (after over 200 million years), the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end) (about 65 million years ago), mammals began to flourish, (evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species), (including bats and whales), (that we know today).
分析：
这个句子主干：
no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and mammals began to flourish
修饰一： (after over 200 million years)，介词短语
中文：在二亿年后
修饰二：(when the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end)，从句
中文：当恐龙时代突然结束
修饰三：(about 65 million years ago)，介词短语
中文：大约在六千五百万年前
修饰四：(evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species)，非谓语动词
中文：从少数几种小型陆生动物逐渐发展到无数的各类物种
修饰五：(including bats and whales)，插入语
中文：包括蝙蝠和鲸鱼
修饰六：(that we know today)，从句
中文：我们现在所知道的
参考翻译：
然而，没有哪类动物群或物种能够一直保持统治地位。在二亿年后，当恐龙时代大约在六千五百万年前突然结束，哺乳动物便开始繁盛，从少数几种小型陆生动物逐渐发展到无数的各类物种，包括我们现在所知道的蝙蝠和鲸鱼。
托福阅读：分配时间技巧
1 即先阅读文章的首段前4行，注意这里不是前2行，因为现在很多文章首句通常是由专业名词组成或者是一些习语组成，大多数中国学生只知道看完首句，然后他们就崩溃了，因为专业词汇和习惯用语一次性将他们打懵。因此这里建议首先读完前4行来了解文章主题方向。
2 直接做题，然后在题中找关键词回到原文进行点查。不过这里点查也是有技巧的。第一题通常是文章的主题题，跳过不做，放到最后来做，其他的很多试题都是标记了行号或者可以通过特殊字符来辨认，比如数字，大写字母，拼写十分怪异的单词等等，当一道题没有这些标示的时候要通过邻近的其他试题来定位本题在原文中的位置。
篇2：通过刻意练习提升托福阅读能力
通过“刻意练习”提升托福阅读能力
但仅仅依靠足够的阅读量积累就能让你达到接近母语的阅读水平吗?答案并不是。因为如果真是这样的话，那么假以时日，每个人都能成为阅读大神了。实际上，有些人虽然在国外生活学习了很多年，英文阅读量也不低，但还是没能达到流畅阅读英文材料的程度。为什么?
回答这个问题之前我们要了解一个概念，它叫“刻意练习”(Deliberate Practice)
“刻意练习”这个概念最早由心理学家 K.Anders Ericsson 提出(同时他也是“10000小时定律”的作者)。“刻意练习”的核心假设是，专家级水平是逐渐地练出来的，而有效进步的关键在于找到一系列的小任务让受训者按顺序完成。这些小任务必须是受训者正好不会做，但是又正好可以学习掌握的。完成这种练习要求受训者思想高度集中，这就与那些例行公事或者带娱乐色彩的练习完全不同。
“刻意练习”的概念在日常生活中其实有很多应用。拿体育运动来说，研究人员考察花样滑冰运动员的训练时发现，在同样的练习时间内，普通的运动员更喜欢练自己早已掌握了的动作，而顶尖运动员则更多地练习各种高难度的自己并不习惯的动作。普通的爱好者打高尔夫球纯粹是为了享受打球的过程，而职业的高尔夫选手则需要不断练习在各种极端不舒服的位置打不好打的球。
而刻意练习的程度是决定一个人能否成为顶级高手的关键。用这个理论可以很好地解释，为什么英语爱好者那么多，但真正能成为英语高手的却凤毛麟角?
普通的英语爱好者享受的是英语带来乐趣的过程，比如闲暇时看看美剧，读一读原版书娱乐一下，没事跟老外吹吹水，浏览一下英语新闻，整个过程轻松愉快。但顶级高手的训练过程却毫无乐趣可言，他们会针对一个个点进行大量有挑战性的训练，比如为了练发音练到嘴巴疼，一篇议论文会针对不同论点反反复复练习修改上好几遍，做那些夹杂着各种口音且语速超快的听力训练——相信我，这个过程会让你吃不好饭睡不好觉，一点也不好玩。但它却是决定你能否取得有效进步的关键。
回到阅读能力的话题上来，由这个理论得到启发，我们会发现除了阅读量之外，制约阅读能力提升的另外一个重要因素是：刻意阅读训练的程度。
打个比方，假如你现在的水平可以看懂各种简单的原版书，为了提升阅读能力，你应该选择那些对你而言有挑战性的读物，比如难度大一点的外刊，这样阅读能力才能不断提升，而不能仅仅停留在现有的水平。事实上，从小学到大学，我们接触到的阅读材料难度也一直在不断提升，从小学的句子短文到高中大学复杂的文学作品，而这也是刻意阅读练习的一个体现。
怎样进行刻意阅读练习?
进行刻意阅读练习有两个关键，一个是阅读材料的选取，另外一个是阅读理解技能的培养。
先说阅读材料。
心理学家把人的知识和技能分为三个圆形区域：最内一层是“舒适区”，里面是我们已经熟练掌握的各种技能，长期待在这个区域很难取得进步;最外一层是“恐慌区”，这个区域里面的技能难度远超我们现有能力，会让人产生挫折，焦虑等情绪，也会对进步产生阻碍。最中间的则是“学习区”，只有在学习区里面练习，一个人才可能进步。
关于阅读材料的选取我们可以参考“学习区”的概念：即：选取那些对你有难度但又可以通过一定练习驾驭的材料。比如你觉得雅思的阅读有挑战性，那么可以去找雅思阅读的题源文章作为训练材料，等到能够驾驭雅思阅读文章，再去找难度更高的文章进行训练。
对于不同的人来说，适合自己的“学习区”材料并不相同，这个需要学习者本身去尝试挑选。但有一个基本的建议是：阅读训练材料以新闻报刊为主。为什么?因为报刊文章篇幅较短，而且信息量大，逻辑性强，非常有利于培养理解能力。而理解能力的培养，至关重要。
你可能会注意到，试卷上的阅读板块叫“阅读理解”(reading comprehension)，而不叫“阅读”,这其实揭示了一个道理：阅读过程是由两个部分组成的，一个叫“阅读(信息输入)”，一个叫“理解(信息处理)”。而很多人往往只注意到了“阅读”，并没有去训练“理解”能力。
网上关于快速阅读的技巧多如牛毛，人们发明了各种各样稀奇古怪的技巧来让你“读”得更快，比如阅读时控制光线和环境，用手指或者笔辅助视线定位。但相信我，这些并没有什么用，它们关注的只是“信息输入速度”的问题，而“理解过程”如果跟不上，读得再快也毫无用处。最关键的，是要提高“信息处理”的能力。
决定阅读能力的，并不是“读得多快”，而是“理解得多快”。
所以刻意阅读练习的关键其实是培养理解能力。一般来说，制约阅读理解能力主要有以下几个因素：
1.词汇量
2.语法句法基础
3.背景知识
词汇量是阅读理解的基石。请不要相信那些“几千词汇量就够用”的鬼话，那是欧美国家文盲水平，读不懂外刊和原版书的。受过良好教育的英文母语人士词汇量一般都在20000以上，如果你要像他们一样流畅读懂各种外刊，词汇量最好也不要低于这个值。关于词汇量提升，最好的方法还是通过阅读。
语法句法基础对阅读理解的准确率也有很大影响，最常见的是各种长难句，如果你句法基础不好的话，理解起来会非常吃力。解决的方法也很简单，哪里基础不好就补哪里——语法句法知识也就那么多，一本教材认真看完也就几个星期的事情，但对理解能力的提升却是显而易见的。
背景知识这一点经常被人忽略，但它对理解文章起到举足轻重的作用。举个例子，如果你对英国的政党制度没有一定的了解，那么经济学人上的这篇文章关于英国工党选举的那些事估计会看不懂，尽管你知道每一个单词每一个短语的意思。
对于背景知识，建议在读文章的时候慢慢积累，不懂的就上网查，多读读像《经济学人》这些的外刊，文章信息量非常大，往往涉及到很多背景知识，如果能坚持读下来并弄懂每一篇文章，你的收获将会非常大。
托福阅读背景素材之世界杯的历史文化
A group of visionary French football administrators, led in the 1920s by the innovative Jules Rimet, are credited with the original idea of bringing the world's strongest national football teams together to compete for the title of World Champions. The original gold trophy bore Jules Rimet's name and was contested three times in the 1930s, before the Second World War put a 12-year stop to the competition.
When it resumed, the FIFA World Cup rapidly advanced to its undisputed status as the greatest single sporting event of the modern world. Held since 1958 alternately in Europe and the Americas, the World Cup broke new ground with the Executive Committee's decision in May 1996 to select Korea and Japan as co-hosts for the 2002 edition.
Since 1930, the 16 tournaments have seen only seven different winners. However, the FIFA World Cup has also been punctuated by dramatic upsets that have helped create footballing history - the United States defeating England in 1950, North Korea's defeat of Italy in 1966, Cameroon's emergence in the 1980s and their opening match defeat of the Argentinean cup-holders in 1990....
Today, the FIFA World Cup holds the entire global public under its spell. An accumulated audience of over 37 billion people watched the France 98 tournament, including approximately 1.3 billion for the final alone, while over 2.7 million people flocked to watch the 64 matches in the French stadium.
After all these years and so many changes, however, the main focus of the FIFA World Cup remains the same - the glistening golden trophy, which is the embodiment of every footballer's ambition.
托福阅读真题原题+题目
The first birds appeared during late Jurassic times. These birds are known from four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany. This fine-grained rock, which is extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail. In this way, the late Jurassic bird skeletons, which have been named Archaeopteryx, were fossilized. And not only were the bones preserved in these skeletons, but also were imprints of the feathers. If the indications of feathers had not been preserved in association with Archaeopteryx, it is likely that these fossils would have been classified among the dinosaurs, for they show numerous theropod characteristics. Archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a long tail. The forelimbs were enlarged and obviously functioned as wings.
Modern birds, who are the descendants of these early birds, are highly organized animals, with a constant body temperature and a very high rate of metabolism. In addition, they are remarkable for having evolved extraordinarily complex behavior patterns such as those of nesting and song, and the habit among many species of making long migrations from one continent to another and back each year.
Most birds also have very strong legs, which allow them to run or walk on the ground as well as to fly in the air. Indeed, some of the waterbirds, such as ducks and geese, have the distinction of being able to move around proficiently in the water, on land, and in the air, a range in natural locomotor ability that has never been attained by any other vertebrate.
1. According to the author, all of the following evidence relating to the first birds was found EXCEPT
(A) nesting materials
(B) four skeletons in good condition
(C) two fragmented skeletons
(D) a single feather
2. The word preserved in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) confused with others
(B) gradually weakened
(C) protected from destruction
(D) lost permanently
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Archaeopteryx were classified as birds on the basis
of
(A) imprints of bones
(B) imprints of feathers
(C) the neck structure
(D) skeletons
4. The word they in line 10 refers to
(A) indications
(B) fossils
(C) dinosaurs
(D) characteristics
5. Why does the author mention a crow in line 11?
(A) to indicate the size of Archaeopteryx
(B) To specify the age of the Archaeopteryx fossils
(C) To explain the evolutionary history of Archaeopteryx
(D) To demonstrate the superiority of the theropod to Archaeopteryx
6. It can be inferred from the passage that theropods were
(A) dinosaurs
(B) birds
(C) Archaeopteryx
(D) crows
7. The word constant in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) comfortable
(B) combined
(C) consistent
(D) complementary
8. The author mentions all of the following as examples of complex behavior patterns evolved by
birds EXCEPT
(A) migrating
(B) nesting
(C) singing
(D) running
9. The word attained in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) required
(B) achieved
(C) observed
(D) merited
PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB
英语阅读
篇3：托福阅读如何利用原著提升英文阅读能力
托福阅读提升技巧篇 如何利用原著提升英文阅读能力?
读原著提升托福阅读之 如何找资源
要屯书必须先了解云盘，现在个人可以轻易弄到几万G的免费云盘空间，搜集到的图书、电影、音乐都可以存在里面，建立个人图书资料库。至于怎么找电子书，只要搜索“如何查找电子书”，就可看到牛人写的指南。
这里特别推荐三个网站：mLook, kindleren, KickassTorrents, 试试用这三个网站找“2014亚马逊年度最佳图书榜(英文)”上的图书，你就知道它们有多牛。当然最简单的方法是认识一些资源帝，比如Mr. 原子弹T，他把自己的几万本英文原版书从云盘里好友分享给你，你只要转存一下就OK了。
有了几万本英语原版书后，接下来的问题就是如何找出适合自己阅读的书。中学生可以先读读优秀的儿童文学，比如：纽约公共图书馆民意投票选出的“世界100本最棒儿童小说”、历年纽伯瑞儿童大奖(Newbery)获奖作品。不要小看这些儿童文学，高中生未必能完全读懂。有一定水平的可以找《纽约时报》畅销书，或者根据各大网站的年度推荐书单找自己感兴趣的书读。
读原著提升托福阅读之 如何读
要读电子书必须有好的阅读器，kindle、电脑、手机是必备的工具，善用它们可以让你事半功倍。
兵器谱上排第一的当然就是kindle,不知道什么是kindle的自觉面壁2小时再搜索去。kindle的好处是：墨水屏不伤眼，携带方便，单词解释即点即现。 用电脑读电子书推荐安装calibre和有道词典，calibre可以读出mobi和epub格式的电子书，有道词典可以在calibre里面划词即查，联网的电脑可以在网络上帮你查出生僻的词和短语。 手机安装了“静读天下”和“深蓝词典”基本就可当kindle用(只是没有墨水屏)，深蓝词典安装后，在网上搜“深蓝词典常用词库”，下载需要的词典放入到深蓝的Dicts文件夹中。
读原著提升托福阅读之 如何记
开始读英语原版书后，每天都会接触海量的生词，以一天300计算，一年会碰到10万左右的单词，如果你的记忆力强悍无比，一年后你脑里就有10万个单词在叮当作响。
可是大多数人没有超人的记忆力，遗忘是逃不了的宿命，是我们学英文最大的敌人。如何战胜这个敌人是一个很深的课题，这一年我用自己做了实验。小黑板、口袋记忆本、有道根据遗忘曲线设定复习提醒的电子单词本是我的三大法宝。一句话归纳，其实记单词和泡妞一样，就是要创造条件让自己经常地看到它(她)。
读原著提升托福阅读之 题外话
越早养成英语阅读的习惯，你的英语能力就越高。所谓养成英语阅读的习惯就是每天都会抽时间读英语原版书，不读不爽啊。 但是，我们读英语原版书不是为了应试，而是为了把我们自己和Loser们区别开来，让自己玉树临风，有形而上的视野、开阔的胸襟和高蹈的生命质量。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year — 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.
The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs — even without technological improvements — had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the uppers of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful shoe boss and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.
For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.
1. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America
(B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers
(C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America
(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods
2. The word boosted in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) ensured
(B) raised
(C) arranged
(D) discouraged
3. The word scope in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) value
(B) popularity
(C) extent
(D) diversity
4. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how
(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system
(B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output
(C) rural workers responded to shoe bosses
(D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes
5. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820's
and 1830's EXCEPT
(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs
(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers
(C) a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production
(D) a decrease in the price of shoes
6. All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT
(A) It involved stages of production.
(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.
(C) It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.
(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.
7. The word prolific in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) efficient
(B) productive
(C) self-employed
(D) progressive
8. According to the passage , how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built by
Oliver Evans?
(A) They were located away from large cities.
(B) They used new technology to produce power.
(C) They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.
(D) They combined technology with the outwork system.
9. The word it in line 25 refers to
(A) water power
(B) machinery
(C) grain
(D) mill
10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory
machinery?
(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.
(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.
(C) The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.
(D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.
11. The word eager in line 30 is closest in meaning to
(A) wealthy
(B) knowledgeable
(C) regular
(D) enthusiastic
PASSAGE 94 DBCAB CBBCA D
托福阅读真题原题+题目
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of natural leaders. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to get things done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The problems faced by leaders
(B) How leadership differs in small and large groups
(C) How social groups determine who will lead them
(D) The role of leaders in social groups
2. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT
(A) recruitment
(B) formal election process
(C) specific leadership training
(D) traditional cultural patterns
3. In mentioning natural leaders in line 9, the author is making the point that
(A) few people qualify as natural leaders
(B) there is no proof that natural leaders exist
(C) natural leaders' are easily accepted by the members of a social group
(D) natural leaders share a similar set of characteristics
4. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
(A) A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in
another group.
(B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
(C) A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
(D) Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
5. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on
(A) ensuring harmonious relationships
(B) sharing responsibility with group members
(C) identifying new leaders
(D) achieving a goal
6. The word collective in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) necessary
(B) typical
(C) group
(D) particular
7. The word them in line 19 refers to
(A) expressive leaders
(B) goals of the group
(C) group members
(D) tension and conflict
8. A secondary relationship mentioned in line 22 between a leader and the members of a group
could best be characterized as
(A) distant
(B) enthusiastic
(C) unreliable
(D) personal
9. The word resolve in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) avoid repeating
(B) talk about
(C) avoid thinking about
(D) find a solution for
10. Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in term of
(A) examples that illustrate a problem
(B) cause and effect analysis
(C) narration of events
(D) comparison and contrast
PASSAGE 48 DCBAD CCADD
篇4：5个方法教你提升托福阅读能力
5个方法教你提升托福阅读能力
1. 略读，速度是关键
略读时抓出文章的主题、时间、任务等重要信息，能够迅速掌握文章的大意和段落大意。然后再阅读问题，根据问题迅速定位答案所在段落进行精读。
快速阅读每篇文章，理解文章的主题和结构。重点读第一段的前两三句及其他段的第一句。注意篇中经常出现的关键词和词组。
快速解答问题，如果无法即刻选出正确答案，使用排除法排除你认为错误的答案。排除法可大大提高你答对的机会。新托福考试对于错误答案不倒扣分。
考试中要仔细监测计算机屏幕上的所剩时间，不要在一个问题上花很长时间。阅读考试在规定的时间内允许你返回前一个问题进行修改。
此外，考前要通过模拟考试来熟悉鼠标的点击和拖拽功能以及新托福的机考屏幕, 要学会对 Next, Back及Review等这些操作词的熟练运用。
2. 阅读时随手记笔记
阅读时将每一段文章大意用1-3个词标记出来。对于长篇幅的文章就可以在略读一遍之后迅速掌握文章整体大意，实际上这也是构建基本大纲的过程。这个过程对于提高做题速度和正确率都有很大帮助。
3. 充分利用上下文语境
在考试过程中，我们通常不会也不可能认识所有的单词或看懂所有的句子，遇到这种情况，不要惊慌，学会从上下文已知信息中构建完整的文章结构，对句意进行合理推测。
4. 学会猜题
对于托福考试而言，错题也是不扣分的，考试的时候留白也是很不明智的。
5. 大量阅读报刊文章，扩大词汇量
大量阅读是准备托福考试最简单最有效的方式。无论是什么主题、什么题材都可以作为补充的阅读素材。多多阅读书、报纸、杂志、网站文章可以提高阅读能力、扩充知识面。
3月9日托福听力考试真题及答案
Conversation
1. 一个男生去问老师project的主题，他修了两门，想用一篇文章。他的电脑编程能力很强，还卖钱了，最后老师同意了。
2. 女生错过音乐会的班车，因为去错误的地方等车。
3. 有关音乐，男生爸爸妈妈都是学音乐的，妈妈跟他说了件事，教授是认同的。
4. 学生问自己没有收到邮件是不是没被在canteen的暑假工作录取(这时候老师赶着回家避免晚高峰所以很急(后面有问老师刚开始的态度) 然后提出能不能换一种工作方式? 老师说那这样别的正式录取的人会怎么想呢 最后建议他外面找工作 可以列一个可以去申请的list申请可以写她的名字。
5. 女孩想卖她的作品，但是学校的贩卖不对学生开放，之后professor建议2种方式：
(1)是寄卖还是什么那个缺点是有手续费什么的，得到的钱太少，必须出高价;
(2)是到市场上，问题是太远，解决方案professor说是有学校bus在那，而且可以获得全部的钱。
6. 女生选了建筑专业，因为一个老师讲的很好，讨论一个她发现的特别的建筑，类似于装配式建筑，好处很多：1省钱，省空间;2对于投资者来说减少交税;3 air beam的作用，提到floating building。可以用到自己的prioject里面。
7. 女生选的夏季课不上了，以为会自动退费，结果没有，于是去找工作人员。然后女生又说想要找个兼职，想做assistant，但工作人员已经满了，结束工作在那可以提供的只有ssa，女生觉得太低级，不愿意做。
Lecture
1. 天文课，关于Vesta.
2. 有关简奥斯汀，他没有傲慢与偏见的作者出名，因为她翻印了两版，给了四次钱，但是她一生都没有靠书挣钱。
3. 有关婴儿辩色和认大小的，用婴儿的目光停留在事物上的时间判断他们是否有辨别的能力。当然，婴儿的学习是没有目的性的，不像成人。
4. 有关气候。
5. 讲到ITCZ的移动和Titan，讲了水循环就是液化然后形成气体再降雨。一个证据是卫星发现了有黑的spot，而且消失的速度和云消失的速度差不多。第二是ITCZ的位移。重复10月31日
6. 生物节律。
7. 迪士尼早期电影艺术。
203月9日托福口语考试真题及答案
Task 1
期末给老师教学评价的优缺点
Task2
是否更喜欢保留老物品
Task3
学校办就业会，给毕业生更多建议。女生很同意，并提出由于时代发展，也需要更多比较符合潮流的建议
Task4
Sympatric specificaion
Task5
要不要接受一所不熟悉的学校的offer，一是去实地考察，二是网络上搜寻信息
Task6
厂商如何留住回头客，一是给更多优惠，二是开发相关产品
2019年3月9日托福阅读考试真题及答案
Passage One
学科分类：气象类
题目：Early life forms and Earth's atmosphere
内容回忆： 早期细菌进化，为后面地球的发展和复杂有机体的发展奠定了基础。地球早期没有氧气，有 Methane 和 carbon dioxide，帮助地球 keep warm，那会太阳没有提供足够的热量。对比现在地球的各种气体成分。提到早期动物 confined to ocean 的原因，没有protective layer against UV radiation，海洋中的水可以提供保护。
1.鸟鸣的种类，鸟唱歌的目的什么的，对研究人类的启示
2.欧洲纺织工业的联合兴起
pool
en cloth生产以及对应的三个阶级，暗示工人阶级生活状况差
5.久远时期，人对动植物的驯化
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如何调整托福口语语音语调
托福听力考试生词破解指南
如何提升托福阅读考试的速度
篇5：托福阅读能力是否能在短期内得到提升
托福阅读能力是否能在短期内得到提升?掌握正确方法事半功倍
一. 哪些人能够快速提升托福阅读能力?
我们在前面也提到过，托福阅读是重基础的一科，所以快速提升只适合基础较好但是阅读练习不多的同学。对于英语水平较为一般的学生来说，小站君还是建议大家，最少的准备时间是3-4个月。同时，一本词汇书在几个月内是必不可少的。大家在选择词汇书，大可不必在意，市面上的各类词汇书究竟改选那一本，重要的还是在词汇背诵词汇的坚持。同时，也要对每天做的真题好复习和总结，对于其中的生词做好整理和背诵，为托福阅读打好基础。
二.如何快速提升托福阅读能力
1.全面了解托福阅读题型，掌握做题技巧
托福阅读一共有十种题型，除小结题外基本都属于考查细节的题目。根据题干中的关键词定位是至关重要的一步，然后就是理解。
有考生担心如果词汇量不够应该怎么办，在平时就应该多留心，根据文章记忆单词，并不是每个生词都要去熟悉，比如一些繁琐的专有名词跳过即可。主要记忆的当然是一些动词、名词及形容词，尤其是出现在句子主干中，与解题有关的词汇。其实做阅读最最关键的就是找句子主干，考查的信息基本都在主干中体现了，所以只要弄清楚主干，扫描段落有无连词、信号词等，并浏览每段的主题句。
新托福阅读主旨题又该如何把握呢?主旨题与细节无关，考查的是我们把握全文结构的能力。做题之前需要浏览文章的标题及每段首句，尤其是总分结构的文章。文章的每段会对应出2-3道题，那么题目中对应的部分基本都是段落的核心所在，从这两点就可以很快了解文章的主要内容。所以备考的时候做题少不了，但还要多加注意如何练习快速阅读的能力。
2.快速积累托福阅读文章的背景知识
托福阅读的文章所述内容如果太过陌生，相信你一定会觉得读起来很困难，但如果你对其略知一二，那就一定会有所不同。假如平时看过的某些内容刚好考到相关的，阅读的时候可以半读半猜，也就能理解的八九不离十了。
所以强烈建议大家如果备考时间充足，多扩充自己的知识背景是非常有好处的，这是新托福阅读技巧的一项必杀技。
3.多刷题多练习
作为新托福考试阅读特训，快速突破并不意味着有捷径可以走，要想提高自己的阅读水平，大家一定不能忘记多做题才是最核心的方法，因为无论解题方法多么巧妙，离开了大量的练习就是纸上谈兵。
实例解析托福阅读如何巧猜词义
托福阅读中遇到生词是在所难免的，如果不影响对文章的理解大可不予理会，若在平时练习中也大可查阅字典理解文章并且扩充我们的词汇量，但若在考场我们就需要用猜词的方法，下面为大家介绍几种准确性高的，并且适用于托福阅读考试的方法。
一、利用上下文线索猜测词义
1、根据同义、反义关系猜词
Today' s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.
A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy
traditional与liberal意思相反，故选B。
2、根据句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测词义
Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing
together with them or laughed at them.
A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated
根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”，故选D。
二、利用构词法猜测词义(利用前、后缀及合成词猜词义)
1、用前、后缀猜测词义
英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义，把握住这一点，可起到以不变应万变的效果。
1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.
overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有“超过、过于”之意，overwork意思是“工作过多，劳累过度”。再如，overburden负担过重，overcharge要价过高，overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有：
mis-错，误：misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当
mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路
under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估
anti-反对：antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂
下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词：
1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)
2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志，再如realize, modernize)
2、利用合成词猜测词义。
Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.
根据短语构成及上下文意思看，此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发)，set out-outset(名词起始)，come in-income(名词收入) 。
托福阅读中的9个高难度句子解读
托福阅读中也会出现一些考研大家的托福阅读难句，遇到这些句子的时候，要在平时新托福阅读中注意积累，觉得用得到的要记下来，以下总结的托福阅读中的9个高难度句，希望对大家的托福阅读考试有帮助。
1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。
2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。
3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调-从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果-的乐器。
4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说电影从来就不是没有声音的。
5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。
6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.
更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。
托福阅读背景资料 美国情侣为何不结婚
托幅阅读资料之双语阅读。为了方便广大考生更好的复习，小编整理了一些双语阅读资料，希望对同学们的托福 阅读有所帮助。下面一起来看看：
Fear of the trauma of divorce is stopping many young couples from walking down the aisle， a university report has found.
一项大学研究发现，许多美国年轻情侣不结婚是因为怕遭受离婚的创伤。
With the share of married adults at an all-time low in the United States， the latest research by demographers at Cornell University and the University of Central Oklahoma unveils clues why couples don‘t get married - they fear divorce.
眼下美国已婚人士的比例降到了史上最低点，康奈尔大学和中央俄克拉荷马大学的人口统计学家做的最新研究揭示了为什么美国情侣们不结婚——他们怕离婚。
Among cohabitating couples， more than two-thirds of the study’s respondents admitted to concerns about dealing with the social， legal， emotional and economic consequences of a possible divorce.
接受调查的同居情侣有超过三分之二的人承认自己担心如果离婚将要应对社会、法律、情感和经济等一系列后果。
The study， “The Specter of Divorce： Views from Working and Middle-Class Cohabitors，” is published in the journal Family Relations and is co-authored by Sharon Sassler， Cornell professor of policy analysis and management， and Dela Kusi-Appouh， a Cornell doctoral student in the field of development sociology.
这一研究名为《离婚的阴霾：工人阶层和中产阶层同居者看婚姻》，发表在《家庭关系》杂志上，由康奈尔大学的政策分析与管理学教授莎伦 萨斯勒和发展社会学方向的博士生德拉 库西-阿坡共同撰写。
Roughly two out of three - 67 percent -of the study‘s respondents shared their worries about divorce.
约三分之二(67%)的被调查者吐露了他们对于离婚的担忧。
Despite the concerns， middle-class subjects spoke more favorably about tying the knot and viewed cohabitation as a natural stepping stone to marriage compared to their working-class counterparts.
尽管年轻人怕离婚，但中产阶层的年轻人相对于工人阶层的年轻人还是比较赞成结婚的，他们把同居视为自然地走向婚姻的垫脚石。
Lower-income women， in particular， disproportionately expressed doubts about the “trap” of marriage， fearing that it could be hard to exit if things go wrong or it would lead to additional domestic responsibilities but few benefits.
担忧婚姻会成为“牢笼”的低收入女性比重尤为突出，她们害怕如果婚姻不如意将难以持续，或认为结婚会带来额外的家庭负担而却没多少好处。
The study also found working-class cohabitating couples were more apt to view marriage as “just a piece of paper，” nearly identical to their existing relationship.
研究还发现，工人阶层的同居情侣更倾向于认为婚姻“只是一张纸”，和他们现有的关系几乎没什么两样。
They were twice as likely to admit fears about being stuck in marriage with no way out once they were relying on their partners’ share of income to get by.
他们承认自己害怕一旦要依靠另一半的收入过日子便无法从婚姻牢笼中逃脱，有这种想法的工人阶层年轻人是中产阶层年轻人的两倍。
The authors hope that their findings could help premarital counselors to better tailor their lessons to assuage widespread fears of divorce and to target the specific needs of various socioeconomic classes.
篇6：提升托福阅读能力加快做题速度
托福阅读提高方法：提升阅读能力加快做题速度!
一. 提高托福阅读能力：跳读和扫读法
很多同学都习惯于先看题，然后根据题目找答案，即便如此我们要也要提高阅读能力，否则无法在有限时间内找到正确答案。而提升阅读能力的两种方法则是跳读和扫读。练就这样的快速阅读方法可以帮助我们快读定位信息。比如，阅读中前三个题是根据阅读文章第一段出的，我们可以利用跳读法迅速把握整体段意，然后根据每道题使用扫读法去定位段落中题目对应的信息，这样才能快速做对题。
这两种阅读方法需要大家在平时多加练习，练习跳读法的时候，建议找一篇文章，限定时间快读读文章，将注意力集中在每段的首句和末句，快读把握段落主旨大意，计时结束后，在纸上写下你所理解的文章大意，然后等到文章读完以后再做对比。扫读法可以通过做题来练习，看到一道题目后找到题目的关键信息(比如时间，人名或地点)，然后快速扫读文章段落，找到对应信息，再在你定位的区域寻找题目答案。
二. 托福阅读快速做题法
1. 先易后难
托福阅读和其他版块不同，做完题目以后仍然可以返回修改，所以做题的时候挑拣容易的题做，比如，你的词汇题做的很好，那就先做词汇题再做其他题目。容易的题目做完以后，再用剩余的时间去研究难题，此时相对来说做题时间已经比较宽裕。
2. 实在不会的题不用纠结太久
很多同学在做阅读题目的时候容易被一道题卡住，不停地在文章中找答案，不知不觉几分钟就过去了，结果浪费了很多时间到导致后面的题没有时间做……每一篇阅读只有20分钟，所以每道题做题时间建议保持不超过2分钟。如果平时做题总容易忽略时间，建议大家在考试的时候注意屏幕上的倒计时，如果花了一分钟仍然没有弄懂问题，那就直接蒙一个或者先空着去做其他的题。如果后面题目做的顺利，我们会有时间回头来做这道题，如果后面题目不顺利，那说明我们也不应该在这道题上浪费很多时间。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.
The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King's 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century.
In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.
1. The word standard in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) practical
(B) customary
(C) possible
(D) unusual
2. The King's 24 Violins is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate
(A) how the violin became a renowned instrument
(B) the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras
(C) the superiority of French violins
(D) why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty
3. What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?
(A) The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.
(B) The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the
world.
(C) The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.
(D) The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same since the 1600's.
4. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in line 19 as examples of composers whose music
(A) inspired more people to play the violin
(B) had to be adapted to the violin
(C) demanded more sophisticated violins
(D) could be played only by their students
5. The word they in line 22 refers to
(A) Civaldi and Tartini
(B) thinner strings and a higher string tension
(C) small changes
(D) internal structure and fingerboard
6. The word strain in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) struggle
(B) strength
(C) strategy
(D) stress
7. The word Accordingly in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) However
(B) Consequently
(C) Nevertheless
(D) Ultimately
8. According to the passage , early violins were different from modern violins in that early violins
(A) were heavier
(B) broke down more easily
(C) produced softer tones
(D) were easier to play
9. According to the passage , which of the following contributes to a dull sound being produced
by a violin?
(A) A long fingerboard
(B) A small body
(C) High string tension
(D) Thick strings
10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) resonator (line 2)
(B) solo (line 7)
(C) left-hand technique (line 25)
(D) fingering patterns (lines 24-25)
11. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to the ability to play modern
violin music EXCEPT
(A) more complicated techniques for the left hand
(B) different ways to use the fingers to play very high notes
(C) use of rare wood for the fingerboard and neck
(D) minor alterations to the structure of the instrumentANSWER KEYS
PASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C
★ 能力提升计划
★ 托福口语提升攻略
★ 专业能力提升计划
如何全方位提升你的托福阅读能力（整理6篇）
