“浮光♢”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了7篇托福阅读满分前辈备考提升经验，下面小编为大家整理后的托福阅读满分前辈备考提升经验，欢迎阅读与借鉴!
- 目录
篇1：托福阅读满分前辈备考提升经验
托福阅读满分前辈分享备考提升经验 拿满30分从训练阅读技巧开始
托福阅读满分需要从文章入手
很多人备考托福阅读，更多时候都把精力放在阅读题型和解题技巧上，而对文章只是当成一个获取必要信息的源头，这其实是有偏颇的。考生如何读好文章，怎样看懂文章，这其中有许多窍门需要大家在备考中掌握学习。
1. 读文章顺序
首先是阅读文章的顺序，因为传统的阅读解题习惯，很多同学都会选择先看完全文再做题的做法。但这种做法在托福阅读中其实不太行得通。原因很简单，托福阅读文章的篇幅相对其考试时间限制来说其实是有点超标的，只有少数阅读速度极快理解能力过人短期记忆优秀的考生能够确保读完文章再做题并保证时间和解题正确率。对大部分考生来说，目前阅读部分的考试时间并不足以支持大家用这种传统方式来做题。真正适合考生的做法是直接边读文章边看题目。而托福阅读考试本身的流程设计也比较支持这种做法，题目考到那一段文章就会自动拉到哪里，如果是涉及到原文的关键内容还会有明显的标黑，这对于边读文章边做题的顺序来说都是非常方便有利的。
2. 了解文章结构
即使是按照边读文章边做题目的方式，也有很多同学觉得时间紧张。这是因为大家对文章内容读得太细所致。正确的阅读托福文章的顺序应该是先看文章每个段落的首句，因为按照老外的写作习惯段落第一句基本上都是主题句中心句，之后的部分则是对中心主题的展开。而考生比较头疼的长难句往往都集中在段落中心句之后的部分里，所以如果单从理解文章大意的角度来说，直接看完中心句就已经足够了。这种做法也能减少读长难句造成的时间消耗，提升考生的阅读解题速度。
3. 避免过度提速
有些时候为了避免阅读时间不够用，部分考生可能会下意识地强迫自己提升阅读速度，而这种强行加速的做法会带来比较严重的后遗症，那就是虽然看过了，但因为阅读不完全没有彻底理解消化，导致考生对文章内容没有足够深刻的印象，也就是看完以后根本没记住到底文章说了什么。想要避免这种情况，除了保持相对稳定的阅读速度外，另一种方法是在读完每一段文章内容之后，不要立即开始看一段内容，而是先暂停一下现在脑海里对刚才读过的内容做一个简单的总结归纳，比如这段主要讲了什么，有哪些例子论据，包含了什么关键词等等。通过这种好似喝完一口红酒以后品一下味道的做法，考生对文章的印象才会真正保留下来，帮助大家加深对文章的理解，更为顺利地解题。
总而言之，托福阅读想要拿到高分满分，考生在读文章环节也需要做足够的训练掌握必要的技巧才行，否则只是关注在解题上而忽略了对阅读文章的训练，想要拿到阅读30分还是很困难的。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：恐龙大规模灭绝事件
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world. (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreideieit).
词汇讲解：
abbreviation /?'briv?'e??n/ n. 简略，缩短
derive /d?'ra?v/ v. 获得，得到;源自，源于
结构划分：
Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago (as part of a mass extinction) (known as the K-T event),(because it is associated with a geological signature) (known as the K-T boundary), (usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world). (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, (derived from the German nameKreideieit)).
深度分析：
这个句子的主干就是：
Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago
修饰一：(as part of a mass extinction) ，介词短语
中文：成为大灭绝事件的一部分
修饰二：(known as the K-T event) ，非谓语动词
中文：称之为K-T事件
修饰三：(because it is associated with a geological signature) ，从句
中文：因为它与地质学上的标签有联系
修饰四：(known as the K-T boundary) ，非谓语动词
中文：称为之K-T边缘
修饰五：(usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world) ，同位语
中文：K-T边界通常是一块在世界各地都能找到的薄薄的沉积带
修饰六：(derived from the German name Kreideieit)，非谓语动词
中文：源自德国名字kreidezeit
参考翻译：
大约在6500万年前，恐龙迅速地灭绝，成为K-T大规模灭绝事件的一部分，被称作K-T是因为它与地质学上的标签K-T边界有关，K-T边界通常是一块在世界各地都能找到的薄薄的沉积带。(K在惯例上是白垩纪Cretaceous的缩写，源自德国名字kreidezeit)
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：哺乳动物的竞争
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs--except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence.
词汇讲解：
allegedly/?'led?idli/ adv.据称，据传闻
结构划分：
Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, (which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs)--except (that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120million years of coexistence.)
深度分析：
这个句子的主干就是：
Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals
修饰一：(which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs)，从句
中文：据说它们吃掉了所有的恐龙蛋
修饰二：(that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence.) ，从句
注意这个从句里面还有一个从句：
(that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence)
中文：哺乳动物和恐龙同时出现在约190万年前的晚三叠世，没理由认为哺乳动物在和恐龙共同生活了120万年之后，忽然爱吃恐龙蛋了。
参考翻译：
其他科学家将(恐龙的)灭绝归咎于哺乳动物的竞争，据说它们吃掉了所有的恐龙蛋——只是，哺乳动物和恐龙同时出现在约190万年前的晚三叠世，没理由认为哺乳动物在和恐龙共同生活了120万年之后，忽然爱吃恐龙蛋了。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：妇女和社会雇佣体系
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
If the exclusion from public employments decreed against women leads to a greater sum of mutual happiness for the two sexes, then this becomes a law that all Societies have been compelled to acknowledge and sanction.
——United States Bill of Rights, 1791
词汇讲解：
exclusion= n.排除
decree= v.颁布，规定
mutual= a. 共同的
compel= v.强迫，规定
acknowledge= v.承认
sanction= v.批准
句子分析：
【主干】
then this becomes a law.
【成分分析】
If the exclusion leads to a greater sum of mutual happiness for the two sexes, 状语从句
from public employments 介词短语，修饰exclusion
decreed against women 定语，修饰exclusion
that all Societies have been compelled to acknowledge and sanction. 定语从句，修饰a law
参考翻译：
如果妇女被排除在社会雇佣体系之外，能够带来全人类更大的幸福，那么这就成为了全社会必须承认和认同的律法。
篇2：托福阅读听力双满分备考经验
阅读：30分、听力：30分、口语：22分、写作：28分。
看样子，尽管托福考试成绩相当的高，而且还是首次参加托福考试，但中国考生的通病托福口语也着实成绩不理想，如果这时该同学申请的学校托福口语成绩要求23+的话，那么该同学尽管这次托福考试110分，也是还要继续刷分的。
下面小编通过托福阅读、听力、口语和写作4个部分来为大家讲解一下托福首战110分的经验分享，大家一起来看看吧。
托福阅读备考
托福阅读考试和以往托福考试有些许的不同，之前的托福考试是第一篇文章单独记时，后面的2篇文章总计时间是40分钟，虽然总时间没有变，但是被划分成了2个部分。考生认为最大的难点有2个：一是第一篇阅读时难以进入状态，二是机考生不能对文章中的重点信息进行标记。考生刷了全套的官方真题Official50套题，但其实做题可以说并不是很精细，考生认为托福阅读想要取得高分，要追求精做而不是数量，盲目的刷题对水平的提升作用是不大的。另外托福阅读考试当中一个很重要的因素是勇气，这来源于你练习时的状态以及参加培训班老师的打气。故而考生在这个部分成绩十分理想，满分的收获。
篇3：托福阅读听力双满分备考经验
考生认为托福听力考试最大的就是要有自信，如果你在托福考试当中，你的自信不够，就很难在托福听力考试当中获得突破。小编认为个人的努力是分不开的，这也是最主要的一部分，平时如果你报了托福培训班的话，那么老师教的方法也不容忽视的，因为即然老师跟你讲的这些方法都是通过实践证明的方法，其实老师也是根据你的自身情况来为你制定教学的。考生在备考时用的最多的就是五步精听法，效果是非常不错的，以至于最后考试托福听力方面也是满分。
托福口语备考
托福口语考试可能是本次考生托福考试最大的败笔，一个是因为自己基础并不是太好，二个是自己对于各种托福口语的训练方法没有掌握其核心，考了22分完全靠的是自己的英语底子。所以这部分也没有好的分享，就建议大家要大大的投放时间和精力去练习。
托福写作备考
托福写作最主要的就是考生要思路清晰，这样你的文章才能够写得出逻辑，获得高分也是非常简单的。平时可以拿一些真题来练习，并且对照着满分范文，看看别人用了哪些素材，自己可以借鉴，只要自己的思路明确了，再加上这些素材，你的托福作文就完美了。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird's annual life cycle. Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird's feather inevitably wears out. All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their useful life. Two distinct processes are involved in molting. The first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. The second is when a new feather grows in its place. When each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt can be said to be complete. This, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen: incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.
Molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately one-third of its body weight. It is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems listless and unwell. But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration. Generally, molt occurs at the time of least stress on the bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful. This is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the exuberant choruses of spring.
Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.
1. The passage mainly discusses how
(A) birds prepare for breeding
(B) bird feathers differ from species
(C) birds shed and replace their feathers
(D) birds are affected by seasonal changes
2. The word Notwithstanding in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) despite
(B) because of
(C) instead of
(D) regarding
3. The word intricate in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) regular
(B) complex
(C) interesting
(D) important
4. The word random in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) unfortunate
(B) unusual
(C) unobservable
(D) unpredictable
5. The word optimal in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) slow
(B) frequent
(C) best
(D) early
6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason that songbirds molt in the late summer?
(A) Fewer predators are in the woods.
(B) The weathers are still warm.
(C) The songbirds have finished breeding.
(D) Food is still available.
7. Some birds that are molting maintain balance during flight by
(A) constantly preening and caring for their remaining feathers
(B) dropping flight feathers on both sides at the same time
(C) adjusting the angle of their flight to compensate for lost feathers
(D) only losing one-third of their feathers
8. The word Others in line 21 refers to
(A) ducks
(B) sides
(C) species
(D) flight feathers
9. The author discusses ducks in order to provide an example of birds that
(A) grow replacement feathers that are very long
(B) shed all their wing feathers at one time
(C) keep their innermost feathers
(D) shed their outermost feathers first
10. It can be inferred from the discussion about ducks that the molting of their flight feathers
takes
(A) a year
(B) a season
(C) several months
(D) a few weeks
PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD
托福阅读真题原题+题目
No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common, one of the most obvious of which is a coma. A coma looks like a misty, patch of light with one or more tails often streaming from it in the direction away from the sun.
At the heart of a comet's coma lies a nucleus of solid material, typically no more than 10 kilometers across. The visible coma is a huge cloud of gas and dust that has escaped from the nucleus, which then surrounds like an extended atmosphere. The coma can extend as far as a million kilometers outward from the nucleus. Around the coma there is often an even larger invisible envelope of hydrogen gas.
The most graphic proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by the European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley's Comet. It turned out to be a bit like a very dark asteroid, measuring 16 by 8 kilometers. Ices have evaporated from its outer layers to leave a crust of nearly black dust all over the surface. Bright jets of gas from evaporating ice burst out on the side facing the Sun, where the surface gets heated up, carrying dust with them. This is how the coma and the tails are created.
Comets grow tails only when they get warm enough for ice and dust to boil off. As a comet's orbit brings it closer to the sun, first the coma grows, then two distinct tails usually form. One, the less common kind, contains electrically charged (i.e., ionized) atoms of gas, which are blown off directly in the direction away from the Sun by the magnetic field of the solar wind. The other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back by the pressure of the sunlight itself. Unlike the ion tail, which is straight, the dust tail becomes curved as the particles follow their own orbits around the Sun.
1. The passage focuses on comets primarily in terms of their
(A) orbital patterns
(B) coma and tails
(C) brightness
(D) size
2. The word identical in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) equally fast
(B) exactly alike
(C) near each other
(D) invisible
3. The word heart in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) center
(B) edge
(C) tail
(D) beginning
4. Why does the author mention the Giotto probe in paragraph 3?
(A) It had a relatively small and inconspicuous nucleus.
(B) It was very similar to an asteroid.
(C) It was covered with an unusual black dust.
(D) It provided visual evidence of the makeup of a comet's nucleus.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the nucleus of a comet is made up of
(A) dust and gas
(B) ice and dust
(C) hydrogen gas
(D) electrically charged atoms
6. The word graphic in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) mathematical
(B) popular
(C) unusual
(D) vivid
7. Which of the following occurred as the ices from Halley's Comet evaporated?
(A) Black dust was left on the comet's surface.
(B) The nucleus of the comet expanded.
(C) The tail of the comet straightened out.
(D) Jets of gas caused the comet to increase its speed.
8. All of the following statements about the tails of comets are true EXCEPT:
(A) They can contain electrically charged or neutral particles.
(B) They can be formed only when there is sufficient heat.
(C) They are formed before the coma expands.
(D) They always point in the direction away from the Sun.
9. The word distinct in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) visible
(B) gaseous
(C) separate
(D) new
10. Compared to the tail of electrically charged atoms, the tail of neutral dust particles is
relatively
(A) long
(B) curved
(C) unpredictable
(D) bright
PASSAGE 65 BBADB DACCB
篇4：托福阅读满分考生阅读提升正确率经验
托福阅读满分考生阅读提升正确率经验分享
托福阅读提升正确率初期备考心得
在备考初期，要做的第一件事就是背单词。单词就是阅读文章这栋大厦的砖瓦，没有单词量，大厦建不好的。我一开始也是背《21天搞定托福单词》，后来发现老背都背不住，后来我就开始背四级单词，把四级单词熟悉到95%左右的时候我就开始再背托福，发现轻松很多。所以我建议不管六级分数有多高的，还是背背四级的单词。 当词汇量积攒到了一定程度的时候，就可以开始做题了。做题首先需要了解题型。强烈建议看OG!了解完题型之后就得开始做题了。
托福阅读提升正确率如何兼顾速度?
我们通常会遇到一个问题，求速度还是求正确率?
我的意见就是没有正确率做再快也没用。来分析一下为什么速度不快而且还做错?刚开始做可能一篇需要花30分钟甚至更长，那是因为我们对于单词反应能力不快和对句子结构不明确造成的。单词问题很好解决就是背，语法呢?我觉得中国考生最厉害的估计是语法了吧，但是为什么还是会对句子结构不明确呢?因为我们都是对语法有个认识，而不知道怎么去用。而托福阅读正好是考我们怎么去运用语法，所以照成很多细节题会出错。这个问题我相信大部分同学和我一样都遇到过。我就开始抓自己的语法了。我用的是《张道真实用英语语法》这本书，网上貌似有PDF版的下载，有需要可以去下载看看。我不是从第一页看到最后一页的看这本语法书，我是把它当成字典来用。就是只要在阅读中遇到不明白的句子，我就用这本书去查这句语法是怎么回事。积累多了阅读速度立马快了起来。这时候有同学会觉得好麻烦，那真的如果想拿高分的话，就得查啊!还有就是碰见一些专业词汇不认识怎么办的问题，我的经验就是查出来背下，这样下次遇到同一话题的题目看得懂了。这样我们就解决了速度问题。
正确率怎么提高呢?逐渐对语法的熟悉和单词的熟悉，来提高对选项的认识了。我的方法就是做完题目之后分析自己选错的选项设置和为什么做错了。然后我再分析做对的题的错误选项为什么是错的。这样做多了就会有一个自己做题的感觉了。希望有兴趣攻克阅读的同学可以试一试，我觉得效果很好。
托福阅读备考如何使用官方真题Official教材?
做完题是不是就把官方真题Official丢一边了呢?我觉得有点浪费了。我把官方真题Official阅读10-24做了三遍，然后把自己错的多的文章翻译成中文。这样再遇到同一个话题的文章的时候，思路就很清晰了。有的人问我做过一次答案不就记住了么?真心觉得是我记性不好，第二遍做还是会做错，一样记不住答案。不知道其他做了多遍官方真题Official的同学有没有这个感觉。还有，不用每篇都是翻译，翻译10篇左右自己不熟悉，错的多的话题就OK了。
托福阅读最后一题怎么答
托福阅读考试难吗?如何在托福阅读的考试中获得满分呢?当你能把托福阅读考试中的所有题目都做对的时候，你真的有把握把最后一题也做对吗?这时候就需要你能掌握一些方法，托福阅读最后一题方法，分享给大家。
1. 找出每个段落的中心句，划分段落内部的层次，如分类/并列递进/对比转折等;
2. 区分主旨和细节。所谓主旨，就是被别的句子来支持解释的，也即众星拱月般的”老大”;所谓细节，就是去跟随“老大”的句子，证明“老大”说的都是对的。
3. 如果某段没有主旨句，则需自己进行总结，此时无需向小学语文课老师要求的那样，非要说出一个完整而优美的“标答”，只需用提取关键词，表示出核心观点即可，建议简洁明了，关键词包含核心概念和关键动作/状态即可。
4. 文章结构自己分析过一遍之后，找出正确选项与各段段落大意的对应关系。记住：正确的三个选项之所以正确，一定是与原文的某些个段落的段落大意有对应关系。
5. 错误的选项，错误逻辑基本上也可以归类为这几类：原文没有提到，原文提到了但是与原文矛盾，与原文对应内容正确但是属于细节而非主要观点。这三类错误隐蔽性属于逐级增强，同学们需要仔细去与文章核对。
托福阅读考试如何抓紧时间
托福阅读时间：
15 分钟一篇，一篇 13/14 道题。(官方要求是 20 分钟一篇)
13 道题中除了 4 道词汇题(30‘’)1 道多选题(1’30‘’)之外，其他题目基本(1‘)一般是在第三段/第四段，大概第 8 题/第 9 题的样子，是一段会出 2 道理解题的段落。题目编排，近几年的 TPO 一般第一篇第二篇文章偏难，生词多，第三篇简单难度类似早期 TPO。
在题目上一般是(细节 词汇，细节 作用， 细节 词汇， 细节 词汇 改写， 细节 词汇， 黑点 大意)规律就是每一段都会出细节题(In paragraph n...)再加一道其他题，早期一段只有一道题的情况几乎不存在了。
简单的文章可能会出比较难的大意题，尤其是对比型的简单文章。用上面的标准控制时间，用下面的方法去读的话，20 分钟一般都是够用的。
我的阅读障碍：
速度：大概 150-170 字，生词量一般而且前后不出现感觉自相矛盾需要停下来想的情况下。
选项：词汇量一般，有时词汇题的相似词汇不造句都感觉不出区别。
新托福阅读真题训练技巧：
1，粗看下文章的段数，对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有 5 段，那长段肯定是 3 道题)粗看每段第一句话，对文章的整体意思心中有数。
2，每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读)
托福阅读背景素材：富人将变成新人类
The rich are set to become God-like cyborgs in what could be the 'biggest evolution in biology' since life emerged.
富人们将变成会成为上帝般的电子人，这将可能是人类有史以来“在生物方面最大的进化”。
This is according to Yuval Noah Harari, a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, who believes the radical shift will take place in the next 200 years.
这是来自耶路撒冷希伯来大学(Hebrew University of Jerusalem)的教授尤尔瓦?诺亚?哈拉里(Yuval Noah Harari)的预言，他相信这种巨变会在未来2内发生。
Using biotechnology and genetic engineering, Professor Harari claims the wealthy will transform into a new type of divine, immortal human with complete power over life and death.
哈拉里说，富人们使用生物技术和基因工程技术，能够转化成新人类——神圣，永恒，对生与死有完全的掌控权。
He argues that humans are unable to resist the temptation to 'upgrade' themselves, according to a report by Sarah Knapton in the Telegraph.
萨拉?卡普顿(Sarah Knapton)在《电讯报》(Telegraph)的报道称，哈拉里提出，人类无法拒绝“升级”自身的诱惑。
'We are programmed to be dissatisfied,' said Professor Harari, during a recent speech at the Hay literary festival in Wales.
哈拉里教授最近在威尔士干草文学节发表演说，称，“我们已被设定为不满足现状。”
'Even when humans gain pleasure and achievements it is not enough. They want more and more.
“即使人类获得了快乐和成就，仍然感到不满足。他们想要更多。”
'I think it is likely in the next 200 years or so homo sapiens will upgrade themselves into some idea of a divine being, either through biological manipulation or genetic engineering or by the creation of cyborgs, part organic part non-organic.
“我认为在接下来的约200年里，现代人很可能会通过使用生物操控或基因工程，或通过创造半有机半无机的电子人，使自身升级为神人。”
'It will be the greatest evolution in biology since the appearance of life. Nothing really has changed in four billion years biologically speaking.
“这将是自人类生命诞生以来，在生物方面最大的进化。从生物学上来讲，400亿年来，人类的身体构造并没有真正发生变化。
'But we will be as different from today's humans as chimps are now from us.'
“就像猩猩已经离我们很遥远了，我们也将会与今天的人类截然不同。”
The technology to do this, however, will be restricted to the very wealthy, claims Professor Harari.
然而，哈拉里教授称，改造人类这一技术将只属于富人。
Up until now, he says society has been held together by inventing 'fictions', such as religion, money and the idea of fundamental human rights.
他说，在目前为止，社会被创造的“虚幻”团结在一起，如宗教，金钱，人权思想等。
As long as humans believed they relied more and more on these gods they were controllable, he said.
他说，只要人类相信这些，越来越依靠这些“神”，他们就是可控的。
'But what we see in the last few centuries is humans becoming more powerful and they no longer need the crutches of the Gods.'
但是我们在过去几个世纪里所看到的是，人类变得越来越强大，不再需要上帝的拐杖。
He added that the most interesting place in the world from a religious perspective is not the Middle East but Silicon Valley.
他补充道，从宗教的观点来看，世界上最有趣的地方不是中东，而是硅谷。
Here, people are developing what he describes as a 'techno-religion' in which they believe death is just a technological problem.
这里的人们发展出这样一种他称之为“技术宗教”的观念：他们相信死亡只是一个技术问题。
'Now we are saying we do not need God just technology,' he added.
他补充道，“现在我们不需要上帝了，只需要技术。”
Vocabulary
cyborg 电子人
homo sapiens 现代人
3，每读一段整理一次逻辑，A 支持的观点是，A 的观点的问题是 B 的观点是......(记忆法，图像帮助理解，逻辑帮助记忆，生成图像来理解含义，对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法，每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色，这段如果讲倒推如原因，在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆，如果正推将后果等就
篇5：托福阅读满分学霸提升正确率经验
托福阅读30分是怎么考出来的?满分学霸分享提升正确率经验
托福阅读提升正确率初期备考心得
在备考初期，要做的第一件事就是背单词。单词就是阅读文章这栋大厦的砖瓦，没有单词量，大厦建不好的。我一开始也是背《21天搞定托福单词》，后来发现老背都背不住，后来我就开始背四级单词，把四级单词熟悉到95%左右的时候我就开始再背托福，发现轻松很多。所以我建议不管六级分数有多高的，还是背背四级的单词。 当词汇量积攒到了一定程度的时候，就可以开始做题了。做题首先需要了解题型。强烈建议看OG!了解完题型之后就得开始做题了。
托福阅读提升正确率如何兼顾速度?
我们通常会遇到一个问题，求速度还是求正确率?
我的意见就是没有正确率做再快也没用。来分析一下为什么速度不快而且还做错?刚开始做可能一篇需要花30分钟甚至更长，那是因为我们对于单词反应能力不快和对句子结构不明确造成的。单词问题很好解决就是背，语法呢?我觉得中国考生最厉害的估计是语法了吧，但是为什么还是会对句子结构不明确呢?因为我们都是对语法有个认识，而不知道怎么去用。而托福阅读正好是考我们怎么去运用语法，所以照成很多细节题会出错。这个问题我相信大部分同学和我一样都遇到过。我就开始抓自己的语法了。我用的是《张道真实用英语语法》这本书，网上貌似有PDF版的下载，有需要可以去下载看看。我不是从第一页看到最后一页的看这本语法书，我是把它当成字典来用。就是只要在阅读中遇到不明白的句子，我就用这本书去查这句语法是怎么回事。积累多了阅读速度立马快了起来。这时候有同学会觉得好麻烦，那真的如果想拿高分的话，就得查啊!还有就是碰见一些专业词汇不认识怎么办的问题，我的经验就是查出来背下，这样下次遇到同一话题的题目看得懂了。这样我们就解决了速度问题。
正确率怎么提高呢?逐渐对语法的熟悉和单词的熟悉，来提高对选项的认识了。我的方法就是做完题目之后分析自己选错的选项设置和为什么做错了。然后我再分析做对的题的错误选项为什么是错的。这样做多了就会有一个自己做题的感觉了。希望有兴趣攻克阅读的同学可以试一试，我觉得效果很好。
托福阅读备考如何使用官方真题Official教材?
做完题是不是就把官方真题Official丢一边了呢?我觉得有点浪费了。我把官方真题Official阅读10-24做了三遍，然后把自己错的多的文章翻译成中文。这样再遇到同一个话题的文章的时候，思路就很清晰了。有的人问我做过一次答案不就记住了么?真心觉得是我记性不好，第二遍做还是会做错，一样记不住答案。不知道其他做了多遍官方真题Official的同学有没有这个感觉。还有，不用每篇都是翻译，翻译10篇左右自己不熟悉，错的多的话题就OK了。
托福阅读长难句分析：嗅觉交流
The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached. (TPO28, 45)
olfactory /?l'f?kt(?)r?/ adj. 嗅觉的
document /'d?kj?m(?)nt/ vt. 用文件证实或证明(某事)
captive /'k?pt?v/ adj. 被捕获的，被俘虏的
twig /tw?g/ n. 嫩枝
approach /?'pr??t?/ vt. 接近, 靠近
大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解
The importance (of olfactory communication) (using odors to communicate) (in the way of life of deer) was documented (by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago), (which noted)(that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs), (especially as autumn approached). (TPO28, 45)
托福阅读长难句分析：
这个句子的主干就是：
The importance was documented
修饰一：(of olfactory communication)，介词短语
中文：嗅觉交流
修饰二：(using odors to communicate)，非谓语动词
中文：使用气味去交流
修饰三：(in the way of life of deer)，介词短语
中文：在鹿群生活方式中
修饰四：(by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago)，介词短语
中文：一个关于被捕获的成年雄鹿的研究
修饰五：(which noted)，从句
中文：研究提到
修饰六：(that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs)，从句
中文：雄鹿会在树枝和嫩枝上摩擦前额
修饰七：(especially as autumn approached)，从句
中文：尤其当秋天临近时
托福阅读长难句参考翻译：
嗅觉交流(使用气味去交流)在鹿群生活方式中的重要性，被几十年前一个关于被捕获的成年雄鹿的研究证实，这个研究提到：尤其当秋天临近时，雄鹿会在树枝和嫩枝上摩擦前额。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是介词短语、从句和非谓语动词，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
托福阅读长难句分析：释放水动能
They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. (TPO29, 48)
blade /ble?d/ n. (刀﹑ 剑﹑ 凿等的)刃;(划水桨﹑ 螺旋桨﹑ 锹﹑ 铲﹑ 板球击球板等的)扁宽平面部分
kinetic /k?'net?k/ adj. 运动的，运动引起的
大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解
They revealed output powers (ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60) (for the largest wheels) and confirmed that (for maximum efficiency), the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, (having given up almost all of its kinetic energy).(TPO29, 48)
托福阅读长难句分析：
这个句子主干就是：
They revealed output powers and confirmed that
宾语从句的主干：the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed
中文：水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过，并以最小的速度流走
修饰一：(ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60)，非谓语动词
中文：输出功率范围是从1马力到水轮可能输出的60马力
修饰二：(for the largest wheels)，介词短语
中文：对于水轮
修饰三：(for maximum efficiency)，介词短语
中文：为了达到效率
修饰四：(having given up almost all of its kinetic energy)，非谓语动词
中文：释放水的几乎所有动能
托福阅读长难句参考翻译：
它们(调查)显示输出功率范围是从1马力到水轮可能输出的60马力;它们也确定了要达到效率，水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过，并以最小的速度流走，释放水的几乎所有动能。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是介词短语、非谓语动词、从句，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
托福考试阅读资料模拟试题及答案
The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members' paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The society's activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the “Industry of All Nations” section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.
The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconer's studio, where it broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson, published in 1802 and by the 1850's long out of print.
In 1866 the National Academy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York City founded The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.
1. This passage is mainly about
(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800's
(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800's
(C) a famous exhibition of watercolor paintings in New York City in the mid-1800's
(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800's
2. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because
(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society
(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City
(C) John Falconer established his studio for watercolor painters
(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published
3. The word “securingV得到，获得” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) locking
(B) creating
(C) constructing
(D) acquiring
4. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting in Watercolor EXCEPT:
(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.
(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society
(C) The society exhibited only the paintings of its members.
(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.
5. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting in Watercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?
(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.
(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.
(C) It was the first important exhibition of the society's work.
(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.
6. The word “it” in line 15 refers to
(A) time
(B) group
(C) building
(D) studio
7. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850's?
(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.
(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition space.
(C) The Artists Fund Society helped them to form The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.
(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds of artists.
8. Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it
(A) received an important reward
(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting
(C) was much better than an earlier published fundamental of instruction
(D) attracted the interest of art collectors
9. The word “considerable” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) sensitive
(B) great
(C) thoughtful
(D) planned
10. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?
(A) Elements of Graphic Art was republished.
(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.
(C) The neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City was built.
(D) The National Academy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.
11. The word “prominent” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) wealthy
(B) local
(C) famous
(D) organized
答案：
BADCC BACBD C
篇6：托福阅读备考：托福阅读速度如何提升
很多同学阅读分数提不上去的一大原因就是因为阅读速度太慢。托福阅读篇幅较长，内容偏学术，如果阅读速度提不上去，肯定会影响阅读成绩。那么我们应该如何提升阅读速度呢?
托福阅读备考：托福阅读速度如何提升?
影响托福阅读速度的因素有很多，比如阅读文章不理解，很多词汇不认识，文章内容太枯燥，长难句太多……想要提升托福阅读速度就要从根本上解决这些问题。托福阅读考试时间非常紧张，平均每道题的做题时间仅有不到2分钟。所以快速阅读能力在托福考试中非常重要，希望大家能重视起来。
一. 阅读文章读不懂，如何提升阅读速度
托福阅读文章还是有一定难度的，很多同学初次接触托福都觉得托福文章读不懂或者需要花费很久才能弄懂意思。那么读不懂文章如何提升阅读速度呢?从根本上讲，阅读读不懂是因为词汇量和语法基础太差。所以建议先背托福词汇，看一遍基础语法知识。词汇是阅读的根基，没有词汇量做基础，阅读速度是不可能有很大提升的。托福阅读要求大家有很快的阅读速度，如果一篇阅读中生词太多，就算快速读完也不知道文章的意思。除了背单词之外，还要掌握基本的语法知识，英语句子结构与中文很不相同，掌握语法知识有助于大家理解文章中的长难句。所以总的来说，文章读不懂要先将基本功练扎实。
二. 题目做太慢，如何提升做题速度
有的同学表示，阅读文章能读懂，但就是题目做的太慢，所以做阅读总是超时。题目做的慢，其实是因为缺乏做题技巧，不能快速在原文中定位题目位置。阅读打好基础以后，要学习一些做题的技巧，比如小结题应该通读文章段落找答案，推理题要根据文章意思推理得出，词汇题要将选项带入原句看是否通顺……做题技巧是提升阅读做题速度的高效方法。托福阅读题目是按顺序出题，基本上按照文章的文章结构对应题目，大家在做题的时候要快速定位题目位置，结合上下文快速选出答案。托福阅读题目中很多选项似是而非非常具有迷惑性，一定要提高辨别能力，选择最佳选项。
三. 课外练习很重要
托福阅读速度考验大家的英语基本功，提升阅读速度也需要大家在利用空暇时间多练习。多刷题是有帮助的，除了刷题之外，大家还要多去阅读英文报刊杂志。很多同学看到一篇冗长的托福阅读时，心里的压力感倍增，感觉似乎“不可能完成”。大家平时在课余时间多读英文报刊杂志，就会习惯英语的长篇文章，能减少心理上的压力感，也能提升自己的阅读速度。而且大家在阅读英文报刊杂志的过程中还能积累生词，扩充知识面，可谓一举多得，何乐而不为。
托福阅读素材：伊斯兰国的古董交易
A “terrorist startup with a clearly defined business model” is how religious historian Karen Armstrong describes Islamic State. The radical Islamist group is the world’s richest terrorist organisation – those who have seen the group’s grotesque propaganda videos may notice fleets of brand-new 4x4s its members drive.
But where does the money come from? Analysis suggests donations, smuggled oil (up to $1.645m a day), kidnapping (at least $20m last year), people trafficking, extortion, robbery and last – but not least – the sale of antiquities. It’s a lucrative source of income – for example, the sale of looted items from al-Nabuk, west of Damascus, is reported to have earned IS $36m.
IS operates in the richest archaeological arena in the world, the cradle of civilisation. While ancient sites at Nimrud, Nineveh and Hatra are being destroyed, a stream of artefacts suspected to come from such places has appeared on the black market. IS either uses so-called ‘bulldozer archaeology’ (unearthing sites using any equipment available which is extraordinarily destructive), or employs locals to dig up sites and tombs. The group then takes a tax, approved by Sharia law, based on the value of any treasure taken. No-one knows what has come out of the ground and such loot is impossible to identify later.
Do not be fooled by the video of IS in Mosul Museum smashing ancient Assyrian statues which it claimed were “worthless idols”. IS may have defaced important monuments, which it cannot sell, but evidence suggests it is trading in moveable objects, which it can. In any case, the statues in the museum were plaster copies. “None of the artefacts is an original,” says the head of Iraq's national antiquities department Fawzye al-Mahdi.
”They were copies of the originals in Baghdad Museum made when Iraq was building regional museums“, says Dr Mark Altaweel, of the Institute of Archaeology at University College London. But large-scale looting has been taking place in Mosul for at least 25 years, with Western demand very high, he adds.
The smaller, the better
Arthur Brand, of Amsterdam-based Artiaz, one of a growing number of firms which tries to locate stolen art, has dubbed the illicit trade ”blood antiques“. While antiques are usually less transportable than blood diamonds, they are potentially far more valuable.
There are numerous reports of antiques from Syria and Iraq circulating in the European black market. Reportedly, Scotland Yard has four investigations in progress related to Syrian antiques – but without much greater financial help, closing down the networks that move the loot around the world seems an impossible task.
”The looters tap into well-established old networks using smuggling routes that often go through Turkey and Lebanon,“ says Dr Altaweel.
Among items in demand are ancient cuneiform tablets, cylinder seals, jars, coins, glass and particularly mosaics, which can be easily broken up and transported. The smaller and easier to conceal and transport an object is, the more valuable it could be.
Christopher Marinello, a spokesman for London-based Art Recovery Group, which advises buyers on due diligence, says there has been intense speculation about the value of looted art. ”There are a lot of figures floating around”, he says. “Theoretically, tainted objects are worth a fraction of their true value but it all depends on practicality. A large object that is not legitimate may be worth only 10-15% of its true value in the black market but smaller, more easily transported pieces can be worth a much greater percentage.”
Smaller, more easily transported pieces can fetch much more on the black market than large artefacts (Credit: Getty)
IS is not the first terrorist organisation to use blood antiques for funding. In 1974, the IRA stole old master paintings, including Vermeer's Lady Writing a Letter with her Maid, from a house in County Wicklow. The works were then valued at $12m.
Smash and grab
Very few of the thousands of artefacts looted in Syria and Iraq will ever see the light of day. They will disappear into private collections and vaults largely in Europe and America – where there is specific demand for pre-Islamic items – and in Japan and Australia. If items are recovered it usually takes years for investigators to secure convictions.
Last month, the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) displayed some 60 artefacts that had been recovered, including a magnificent head of the Assyrian King Sargon II, valued at $1.2m. Operation Lost Treasure (a name suggestive of a Hollywood film) dates back to 2008 when word came of Dubai-based antiques dealer Hassan Fazeli shipping illegal goods to the US.
Turkey was listed as the country of origin and documents declared the value of the Sargon II head as $6,500. Other smuggled items included an Egyptian funerary boat valued at $57,000. Some shipments were directly linked to major museums, galleries and art houses in New York. The investigation was unique in bringing money laundering charges which allowed agents to seize bank accounts containing the proceeds.
However, the items recovered by ICE date back to the Iraq war. Knowing that the war would inflict terrible damage, archaeologists, museum directors and other members of the art world met with Pentagon officials in 2003 to convince them to protect the archeological sites. The initiative failed. Instead, US forces notoriously turned Babylon into what was dubbed 'the Hanging Gardens of Halliburton', building a camp on the precious archaeological site.
This ancient Sumerian statue is among thousands of ancient looted treasures stolen from the National Museum in Baghdad in 2003 (Credit: AFP/Getty Images)
The Pentagon meeting also failed to prevent the looting of the National Museum in Baghdad. On the contrary, looting was encouraged under the logic that the collections would be safer elsewhere. As Ashton Hawkings of the American Council for Cultural Property said: “the legitimate dispersal of cultural material through the market” was the best way to protect treasures.
It was effectively an invitation to loot. More than 15,000 objects, including jewellery, ceramics, and sculptures, were stolen from the museum. The most famous pieces stolen were the 5,000-year-old Warka vase (later recovered in 14 pieces) and the Lyre of Ur, the world's most ancient musical instrument, likewise found badly damaged.
Hundreds have never been found and five centuries of Ottoman records were lost, as well as works by Picasso and Miró, which were destroyed by fire. One estimate of the loss attributable to art theft in Iraq is $10bn.
The sliced head of a bull stolen from an archaeological site in Nineva, Iraq came the National Museum in Baghdad after it was confiscated from thieves (Credit: AFP/Getty Images)
Looted artefacts pass through many hands before emerging in on the market and may not appear for decades. Lynda Albertson, president of the Association for Research of Crimes against Art, says it is impossible to quantify how much money IS makes on the black market because it may take years for a looted item to appear there. For example, Cambodian antiquities from Angkor Wat turned up at auction 40 years after the end of the civil war.
Collectors willing to buy art without a clear provenance bear a huge responsibility for the destruction of heritage sites across the world, but it has become a very dangerous game. The well-known Turkish and Beirut smugglers who probably moved the Sargon II head have gone further underground and are extremely suspicious of buyers. Not only could they face exposure and loss, if objects are known to have been obtained from IS, they could even be charged with aiding terrorism – arguably the most powerful deterrent yet.
参考译文
宗教历史学家 凯伦·阿姆斯特朗 这样描述伊斯兰国：一个靠商业成长起来的恐怖组织。这个激进的伊斯兰团队是全球最富有的恐怖组织，那些看过这个组织诡异的宣传视频的人可能会注意到它的成员们所驾驶的全新的4X4编队。
但是他们的钱从哪里来呢?有分析认为资金来源于捐赠，偷运石油(每天可收获164.5万)，绑架(去年至少收获2千万)，非法交易，敲诈，抢劫，最后还有一个很重要的经济来源——古董交易。这是非常丰厚的经济来源，比如，从大马士革西部al-Nabuk抢来的东西据称是卖到了三千六百万。
伊斯兰国活动在世界上考古资源最为丰富的地区，这些地区是文明的摇篮。当尼姆伍德，尼尼微和哈特拉的古代遗址都被毁坏的时候，黑市里随即出现了一批文物，人们怀疑这些物品就是来自上述遗址中。伊斯兰国要么使用所谓的“推土考古”(用有巨大破坏力的设备来发掘遗址)，要么雇用当地人来挖遗址或陵墓。然后这个组织开始了被伊斯兰教法所认同的征税，税收依宝物的价值来定。没有人知道从地里挖出来的是什么，这些赃物以后也不可能被鉴别出来。
别被伊斯兰国在摩苏尔博物馆毁坏古代亚述王国雕像的视频所迷惑，认为这些雕塑是没用的神像。伊斯兰国可能已损坏了有重要意义的纪念碑的外观，这些东西太重无法出售。但是有证据显示，他们在售卖易于搬动的物品。但不管怎么说，这些在博物馆的雕像是石灰复制品。“所有这些东西都不是真的，”伊拉克国家文物局的局长说到。
当伊拉克在建造地区的博物馆时，他们把巴格达博物馆的物品复制了过来“，来自伦敦大学考古系的马克·奥特韦尔博士说。但是在摩苏尔的大规模抢夺已有25年，在欧洲很有市场。
越小，越好
越来越多的公司试图寻找被偷走的艺术品，来自阿姆斯特丹的亚瑟·布兰德就是其中一个，他把这场违法的交易称作”血腥古董“。古董相比血钻(非洲钻石交易残忍血腥，所以被称作血钻)来说，不易运输，所以他们更加值钱。
有大量报道称来自叙利亚和伊拉克的古董在欧洲黑市上流通。据报道，苏格兰法庭有四场正在进行中的调查，都和叙利亚古董藏品有关，但是没有更多的经济支援，想要关闭脏品交易网络是不可能的。
抢夺者可以轻松地进入发展成熟的交易网络，偷运路线通常是穿过土耳其和黎巴嫩。奥特韦尔博士说。
这些物品有古代楔形文字板，滚筒印，罐子，钱币，玻璃制品，还有很火的马赛克镶嵌工艺，他们都很容易被损坏，却也很容易运输。越小，越容易隐藏和运输的东西就越值钱。
来自伦敦的文物追寻小组主张买家多多调查价格，他们的发言人 克里斯托佛·马里内略 说到，市场对于掠夺品的价值有激烈的争辩。”这价格是漂浮不定的“，他说，”理论上来讲，有污点的东西只值它真正价值的一小部分，但这些都要看实际情况。非法的大件物品在黑市上可能只值它真正价值的10-15%，但是更小的，跟容易运输的可以值更多。
伊斯兰国不是第一个用血腥古董来支撑他们的恐怖组织，在1974年，爱尔兰共和军偷走大师级作品，包括维米尔的油画作品写信的夫人和她的女仆，这件作品的估价为1200万美元。
毁坏、掠夺
在叙利亚和伊拉克抢夺的文物中，几乎很少会重见天日。他们会消失，大部分会在欧洲，美洲这些对前伊斯兰时代有特殊癖好的地方成为私人藏品，或储存在地下室中，还有些会流入日本和澳洲。如果藏品被重新找回，调查员会花上好几年的时间才有确定的定罪。
上个月，美国移民和海关执法局(ICE)重新找到了大约60件文物，包括制作精美的亚述王 萨尔贡二世的头像，估价值120万美元。这使失落的宝藏(让人想起一部好莱坞电影)调查追溯到了，当时有消息称迪拜的文物贸易商 哈桑 运输非法货物前往美国。
土耳其被列为文物的来源国，文件宣称萨尔贡二世的头像价值6500美元。其他的偷运的文物包括埃及的价值57000美元的葬船。一些货物直接被运送至纽约主要的博物馆，美术馆和艺术工作室。
然而，这些被ICE重新找到的文物要追溯到伊拉克战争时期。考虑到战争会对文物造成严重的损坏，考古学家，博物馆馆长和藏品界其他人士在与五角大楼的官员会晤，想要说服他们保护这些考古遗址。但谈判工作失败了。美国武装竟无耻地在珍贵的考古遗址上建造了一个营地，并把它称作 哈里伯顿的空中花园。
五角大楼没能成功阻止巴格达国家博物馆被掠夺，相反的是，他们还鼓励这种行为，认为这些文物在其他地方会更加安全。正如来自美国文化产权理事会的 阿什顿·霍金斯说：“文物在市场的合法流通是保护这些文物的最好方法。”
这对洗劫敞开了大门，超过15000件东西从博物馆被偷走，其中最出名的是有50历史的乌鲁克祭祀瓶(后来被发现时是14块碎片)，还有乌尔琴，世界上最古老的乐器，同样，被发现时，损坏严重。
其余上百件再也没被找到过，还有记载奥斯曼帝国五百年历史的资料丢失了，也有毕加索和米罗的作品被毁于火灾。由这些伊拉克强盗所造成的损失估计达到一百亿。
这些文物辗转多次后才出现在市场上，可能会花上数十年时间。文物犯罪调查协会的主席 琳达·艾伯森说伊斯兰国在黑市上造成的经济活动难以估量，因为让这些文物重新出现在公众的视野中会花上好几年的时间。比如，柬埔寨吴哥窟的文物在国家内战结束40年之后才出现在拍卖会上。
买下这些来源不明的文物的收藏家对破坏世界文化遗产都应承担巨大责任，但是这已经成为了一种非常危险的游戏。土耳其和贝鲁特出名的偷运者(可能是他们偷运了萨尔贡二世的头像)行踪已经非常隐秘了，他们对买家也极其不信任。如果这些文物是从伊斯兰国手中拿到的，他们不仅会被揭发和蒙受损失，还会面临支援恐怖主义的指控，这可以说是对文物非法交易的最有力的打击。
托福阅读素材：中英文的有趣差别
语言是相通的，但往往学得好中文的人，英语却不见得好。相比中文，英语逻辑几乎是“理科”式的。中文强调意合，也就是意思上的连接，在写作时可以天马行空;而英文强调形合，也就是形式上首先遵循严格的规范，句子和句子要有严密的逻辑联系。所以，中国人学英文需兼顾其理科、文科属性;充分理解语法规则，大量阅读，两者缺一不可。
在教学中我曾发现一个很有意思的规律：那些中文写作 (尤其是抒情类散文) 好的学生，往往在英文写作中犯逻辑不清的错误。他们写的文章常常句和句之间缺乏清晰的逻辑和连接，文章的汉语化思维痕迹非常明显。
另外，我发现自己很多时候更乐于阅读英文和用英文写作，尤其是在理解具有复杂逻辑关系的问题时。相信这样的感觉很多英语熟练到一定程度的国人也有。上述的现象，反映出本文想讨论的第一个论点：相对中文，英文算是一门理科。
所谓理科，我们指某门学科内部存在自洽周全的逻辑体系。对于一门语言来说，这个逻辑体系首先是语法。就语法体系而言，这个世界上恐怕没有什么语言比中文与英文更不同的。
一个很有意思的证据是，李光耀先生在新加坡努力推行了中英文双语教育后发出慨叹：要把中英文都学到母语的程度几乎是不可能的。这一点在海外华人家庭里也很常见：美籍华人家庭的第二代孩子中，很少有能同时以母语的熟练程度掌握中英文的书面语言。
但同样有意思的是，一些来自欧洲的移民家庭，例如父亲是德国人，母亲是法国人，孩子出生并成长在美国，这样的孩子往往能以母语的熟练程度掌握英语、法语和德语这三种不同的书面语言。这期间的原因值得玩味。
仔细思考中文的表述习惯，你会发现中文和英语有很大的差异。我们以前曾谈过英文中有动词时态和单复数的概念，名词有性的概念。但这实际上还不是中英语法最核心的差异。
中英文在语法上最大的差距在于：中文强调意合，也就是意思上的连接，而不强调形式的连接，因此在写作时可以天马行空，肆意挥洒;而英文强调形合，也就是形式上首先遵循严格的规范，句子和句子要有严密的逻辑联系。我们试举一例来说明中文和英文在表述意群时的差异。
“只有四婶，因为后来雇佣的女工，大抵非懒即馋，或者懒而馋，左右不如意，所以也还提起祥林嫂。”(摘自鲁迅《祝福》)
原文只有一句话，但有两层意思，而且两层意思之间是因果关系。译者将原文拆成两句话，“四婶是唯一还提起祥林嫂的人, 是因为…”, 所以翻译成下文。
“My aunt was the only one who still spoke of Xianglin’s wife, because most of the maids hired afterwards turned out either lazy or greedy and none of them amounted to satisfaction.”
但翻译成这样，我们便会发现这个逻辑其实有问题：为什么其他的女工懒惰了就一定会导致只有四婶才会提到祥林嫂呢 ?是不是说其他的女工懒到不愿意提祥林嫂? 如果是那样，那馋嘴又是什么逻辑呢?
这样的文章，虽然是文学巨匠鲁迅所写，但给西方人看，他们必然会提出这样的疑问来。说实话，我也有同样的疑问。
再举一例，“他不干，我干”，就这没么一句话，至少可以有四种理解：
1、假设关系：(如果)他不干，(那么)我(来)干。
2、因果关系：(因为)他不干，(所以)我(才)干。
3、转折关系：他不干，(但是)我干。
4、让步关系：(即使)他不干，我(也)干。
在此我们大抵可以看得出，中文的表述隐去了许多逻辑关系，而且这些隐去的逻辑关系其实不太经得起推敲。上述两例都还是现代汉语。
要知道，现代汉语还是五四运动时一些接受了西学影响的先驱们将汉语进行了现代化并融入了西洋语系的很多特征后形成的语言。
所以，我们能想象我们祖先使用的古汉语，没有标点，不拘泥于有主谓，更别提连词，那种肆意挥洒、飘逸灵动的感觉了。
例如，《诗经·郑风·子衿》里说“青青子衿，悠悠我心”，咱们先不说这个意境英文可否表述，这其中的逻辑关系已经完全是超出英语语法的能力范畴了，因为这两句话中间压根就没啥明确的逻辑关联。
所以，我一直以为，中文是一门相当写意的语言。说得好听点，诗意、飘逸、灵动。说得难听点，随意、混乱，不够严谨。
例如，有这样一篇心灵鸡汤式文章：“教育走得太快，灵魂跟不上”，标题就是中文的拿手好戏。其中有句话“教育非他，乃心灵的转向”，我对此琢磨了许久也没有弄明白转向的意思是什么。是从愚昧向启蒙转向?还是从功利向淡泊转向?从文章的内容看似乎都不是。
对于中西语言的差异，著名语言学家王力先生曾经说：
“西洋语的结构好像连环，虽则环与环都联络起来，毕竟有联络的痕迹;中国语结构好像无缝天衣，只是一块一块的拼凑，凑起来还不让它有痕迹;西洋语法有很多呆板的要求，如每一个clause里必须有一个主语，而中国语法只以达意为主，如初系的目的语可兼次席的主语，又如相关的两件事可以硬凑在一起，不用任何的connective word。”
这样的评价，其中有没有民族主义意味和夜郎自大的心态，各位自行判断。
语言是一个民族最重要的文化标记，是文化的载体。语言的发展和演化是一个民族的思维方式的结果，但又反过来影响这个民族的思维方式。中文的特点反映了华人几千年的重意、重神、重风骨、重玄虚的传统哲学和美学思想影响，而英语的特点则反映出西方人重视逻辑，重实证的思维方式。
也许，这样的差异能否解释东西方文明在进入文艺复兴后南辕北辙的发展方向呢?
洋洋千言，旨在把中文和英文在行文组织这个最底层上的差异讲清讲透。在这一点上，中英文的差距是如此之大，以致于学好英语必须要彻底抛弃汉语思维才可以。
但这一点对于德国人学法语和英语就不适用。因为整个西方语言都遵循大致相同的语法规则。这样，也许我们更容易理解为什么马克思能学好那么多们语言了。对西洋人而言，学习一门外语无需太多思维的转换，因而难度也低了许多。
所以，我们中国人在学习英语时，一定注意英语相对于汉语的数学属性。弄通弄透其中的语法规是必须的，死记硬背是没有用的。记住，对于母语是中文的英语学习者而言，英语有些类似计算机编程C语言：他们都遵循严格的形式逻辑。
那么，英语就等同于数学吗?当然不是。它还是一门语言。凡是语言都有约定俗成的灵活性，都遵循熟能生巧的规律。
所以，当我们开始学习英语时，我们需要借助理性来搞清某个语法或文法，但在熟练以后我们的人脑就自然具备了一种近似于直觉的处理能力去轻松应对这些规则。
就像我们的人脑可以迅速地判断某一张脸型是美还是丑，而不用去分析计算眼睛的间距和嘴巴大小之间的比例等问题。
从这个层面上说，语言相对于数学而言又是一门文科。学好它需要经历一个大量的操练应用并内化的过程。而完成这个过程最好的办法就是大量的阅读。在阅读中，英文的语法和组织方式被反复地呈现和被解析，久而久之，这些规律就逐渐融入了我们的直觉中了。
所以，中国人要学好英文，必须要兼顾其理科属性和文科属性。充分理解语法规则，大量阅读，两者缺一不可。至于他们之间的先后顺序，我们的经验是：因人而异。
但有一点肯定的：没有语法基础的大量阅读难以施行，基本无效。而这个语法体系如何建立呢?我们的经验是，按照中国学校教科书的语法体系无法做到高屋建瓴式的领悟，学生们往往是只能建立一些支离破碎的块状知识，并且常常只见树木，不见森林。
篇7：托福阅读高分备考经验
托福阅读高分备考经验
托福阅读满分学霸备考经验：提前积累词汇
如果新托福阅读基础一般的同学，想要参加托福考试，最好提前准备起来。一本好的词汇书是必不可少的。其实背哪一本词汇书不是重点所在，重要的是能够持之以恒，每天对所背的词汇进行复习和总结。
因为你在做托福考试词汇题时如果能遇到你熟悉的词，可以节省你回到文章中去看上下文猜词的时间。虽然不能保证背到就一定能考到，但是单词可以帮助你更好的理解文章。
托福阅读满分学霸备考经验：把握文章结构
接下来大家要从理解文章的结构开始理解新托福阅读文章。我们要明白，托福考试的阅读文章都是北美校园基础课程的文章，基本没有做过改动。所以文章的结构就是完全按照美式作文的五段法，我们的考生只要用这样的方式去分析每一篇文章，就会发现他们的结构是大同小异的。
托福阅读满分学霸备考经验：积累背景知识
托福阅读技巧中要积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要，因此我们在做新托福阅读的题目的同时，也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物，原版杂志。譬如，国家地理，自然，今日美国等一些著名的原版杂志，这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识，同时也可以补充我们在词汇量上的不足。
托福阅读满分学霸备考经验：做多模考练习
在新托福阅读考试复习的最后阶段，做做模拟练习题是必不可少的。如果有条件的话，最好做一下模考软件。因为这样可以模仿新托福机考的真实场景。
托福阅读材料之预报地震
(一)
Earthquakes are a common geological phenomenon; they happen all over the world every single day. However, most of the earthquakes are too weak for humans to feel. Since the dawn of time, man has sought to forecast earthquakes due to the possibility of their devastating effects. Even though earthquakes cannot be forecasted or predicted with 100 percent certainty, there are some things that you can do to help forecast earthquakes.
Look at geologic maps to find the locations of past earthquakes. Maps showing the locations of past earthquakes are available from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). By looking at these maps, you can see where earthquakes may be likely to occur again based on where they have occurred in the past.
Obtain information on when earthquakes have occurred in the past. In some locations that have experienced multiple earthquakes in the past, there may be some periodicity or pattern to when those earthquakes occurred. Knowing this periodicity can help you forecast when an earthquake may occur in the future. The USGS also has information on when earthquakes have occurred.
(二)
Examine seismograms, tracings or recordings of seismic activity at a particular location. If you see an increase in seismic activity on a seismogram, a large earthquake may soon follow.
Observe rocks in various areas. Sometimes, rocks will contain layers of disturbed sediments that indicate ancient, severe earthquakes. Knowing the locations of these past severe earthquakes can indicate that future severe earthquakes may occur in these same areas.
Take note of foreshocks. Sometimes large earthquakes are preceeded by smaller earthquakes known as foreshocks. If small earthquakes are occuring in a particular area over a particular period of time, then a larger, more severe earthquake may be forecasted for that area.
Look at the behavior of animals. Although highly controversial, some animals, such as dogs and cats, may change their behavior patterns prior to an earthquake.
Think about tidal forces. Tidal forces as predictors of future earthquakes is an unproven theory. The phenomenon, known as syzygy, says that tidal patterns can be used to forecast earthquakes, especially those involving oceanic crust.
托福阅读之答题方法集锦
一、各种阅读文章结构的处理
1.N1,n2,n3…..
处理方法：找一个认识的词来读
2. N1 of n2 of n3
处理方法：核心词n1
3. N1 or n2;n1 and n2
处理方法：找一个认识的词来读
4. A such as B,C,D
处理方法：找一个认识的词来读
5. In addition to…,…./It is not just…,… Rather than…,….
处理方法：找一个认识的词来读
6. More…than…
处理方法：than之后不读
7. As well as…=and
8. S,…,VO…; SV,…,O处理方法：两个逗号中间不读
9. That的处理方法：
N+that +V… that后不读
V+that…读that后面的
二、读句子主干 主语，谓语，宾语及名词性从句。
这些成分是能表达一个句子的主要意思的最主要的部分，所以在不需要特殊关注的时候，大家就可以把注意力放在这些成分上。而且通过这些成分的分析，基本上文章的意思就可以连起来了。
三、意群 若后一句话进一步解释前一句则不读。
想要在解答托福阅读文章后面的题目中有更多的优势，大家就需要在备考的过程中更加的放宽思路，从更多的角度进行准备。综合使用不同的方法可以让大家的备考更加的具有时效性。
托福
★ 托福阅读备考原则
★ 托福新人经验
★ 托福三站经验
★ 雅思考试备考经验
托福阅读满分前辈备考提升经验（精选7篇）
