“无敌暴龙剑士”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了8篇托福阅读推理题如何提升正确率,下面是小编帮大家整理后的托福阅读推理题如何提升正确率,希望对大家带来帮助,欢迎大家分享。
- 目录
篇1:托福阅读推理题如何提升正确率
托福阅读推理题如何提升正确率
托福阅读推理题解题思路分析
从题型构成上来看,托福阅读10大题型中的推理题其实很像是细节题,似乎都是需要考生返回原文来寻找具体信息并加以解题的。而这两种题型的不同之处在于细节题能够在原文中找到对应选项的细节,最多进行一些简单的表述形式变化,但含义却保持一致,可以说相对简单。
而推理题则需要大家在找到原文的基础上再做进一步的逻辑推理分析,正确选项代表的含义要靠大家自己思索出来,无法在原文中直接找到对应内容。换句话说,大家需要根据文中的相关依据再往前做简单推理才能得出答案。大家不要小看这一步推理的过程,很多同学偏偏就是不知道该怎么去进一步思考推理。
做好推理题需要类比逻辑思维
既然提到了逻辑思维分析推理,接下来小编就来为大家介绍一下托福推理题中比较常用的类比逻辑思维方式。这种思维模式很简单,也就是文章中提到两个事物,互为比较对象,而这两个事物具有一些相同的特点特征,因此可以根据A事物具有的特征来推理出B事物也具备相同的特征。
举个简单的例子,像小刘一样,小王也喜欢养猫。那么从这句话里,我们就可以通过类比思维来推断出,小刘喜欢养猫。大家是不是觉得这也太容易了,不要小看这种推理思维,下面给大家两道来自托福官方真题中的阅读逻辑题做参考分析。
推理题类比思维解题技巧实例讲解
实例1:
When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.
What can be inferred about whales from this paragraph?
A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.
B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.
C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.
D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.
思路分析:
先来看一道简单一点的逻辑题,这段文字讲了某种海龟的特点,其中提到了鲸鱼,问题就是能够从这段文字中推理出什么和鲸鱼有关的信息。根据infer这个关键词,可以看出这是一道较为明显的逻辑推理题。
这段文字一共就两句话,第一句话就类似上面举的简单例子里的“像小刘一样”的这个部分,直接把类比双方海龟和鲸鱼提了出来。然后第二句话则说明了海龟具体具有的特点。那么根据类比逻辑,鲸鱼应该具有的也是第二句话中的这个特点,接下来大家只要从选项里找到和第二句话内容相近的部分就可以了,也就是海龟具有的应对寒冷的独特能力鲸鱼也有,所以选B。
实例2:
Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.
What can be inferred from this paragraph about the trumpeting of bull elk?
A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.
B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.
C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.
D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.
思路分析:
接下来再来看这道更有难度的推理题,这道题目的类比逻辑结构和上面正好相反,先说了A事物的一个特点,然后再说B事物也有类似特点。对应到原文中应该就是文章的最后一句给出的提示,也就是buck rub散发出的olfactory signal和bull elk trumpeting发出的auditory signal有相同的作用。那么接下来大家就要去找出buck rub的olfactory signal有什么功效然后和选项对照一下就能得出正确答案了。
具体到文章里,buck rub的作用就是sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species和indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity,而trumpeting by bull elk应该也具备类似功效,也就是选项A了。
总结以上两个例子可以看出,托福阅读中的逻辑题虽然需要考生进行自主思考,但这种推理思考的难度其实也并不算高,大家不用想得太多太复杂,只需要稍稍进行简单的逻辑推理自然就能找到正确答案了。小编希望大家能够通过上面的例子了解应对托福阅读逻辑题的正确和实用思路,更好地解答阅读逻辑题拿到考试高分。
托福阅读的法宝
词汇
与旧托福相比,新托福的阅读考试尽管有很大改变,但大多都是形式主义,考生只要词汇基础扎实,一样可取得理想成绩。而且一般托福的词汇比较多的出现首先是在阅读里, 如果考生能够一眼看过去就知道这个词什么意思,那么在阅读考试的主动权也就掌握在自己手里了,而现行托福阅读题对词汇量的要求约为8000左右,因此考生一定要配备应试新托福阅读第一兵器——词汇,要坚持把单词书完整“啃”下并彻底消化,打好词汇量基础。当然要把一整本词汇书“啃”下并消化,除了勤劳,还要注意单词的记忆技巧,不能光靠“蛮力”,那样容易产生疲倦感和厌恶感,反而产生负面效果。单词的记忆技巧主要有以下几种:
谐音记忆 如:lethal可记成“离骚”
联想记忆 如:battlefield(战场)可以联想为“打仗battle的场所field当然就是战场啦”。
比较记忆 如:形近单词ethnical和ethical相比,ethnical比ethical多个字母n,这种情况下我们可以把ethnical中的n想成nation,“种族ethnical中包含了一个民族”。
发音记忆 如:exacerbate的音标为[eks'?s?(:)be?t],遵循了发音规律,考生掌握了该单词字母组合的发音规律,边读边背,就可以很轻松的记住它了。
词群记忆 如:在背foremost一词时,考生应同时想托福阅读中foremost的解释“leading”一词。
拆分记忆 如:interchangeable可以拆为前缀inter- 、词根change ,后缀-able 。
滚动记忆 如:如果背单词表,在第一天背了10个单词,那么第二天在背新的10个单词之前必须先复习第一天背过的10个单词;第三天在背新的10个单词前先复习前两天背过的20个单词,以此类推,另外考生在背单词的过程中需要通过不断做题来复习阅读高频词,因为既然是阅读高频词,肯定在阅读的文章中是反复出现的。
语法
除了词汇量较大以外,对很多考生来说,句子长并且结构复杂也是新托福阅读的障碍之一。
面对长难句,考生要想能够迅速确定答案就必须能够做到长句短读,快速把握句子主干和重点,因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点。而要把握难句的主干和重点,先要弄清它们的类型,也就意味考生在准备新托福考试时必须配备第二大兵器——语法。
主语从句
定语(包含后置定语与定语从句)
托福阅读词汇题如何解答
Tip 1: 单词记忆
单词记忆主要就是背单词。背单词是很多同学觉得非常痛苦的事情,经常会有学生来问药怎么背,背了一些又马上忘了另外一些。所以关于如何去背单词,在这里有几点建议:
1、利用零散的时间背单词。利用零散的时间背单词可以使用单词卡片。不过,为了保证效率,首先要确定哪些单词需要记忆。理论上,单词量越多越好。实际上,如果一味贪多,结果容易打疲劳战,而且效率低。所以,只记那些常考的核心词汇,而对于那些不太常用的学科名词、物质名词一般加以忽略。
2、进行高频率的重复,建议把重复的周期控制在7天以内。具体说来,就是每天背100个单词,将过一遍这些单词的时间控制在半个小时以内,每天过4遍,第二天再过一遍前一天的。如果程度不是很好的同学可以压缩到50个左右,但尽量不要低于50个。单词材料可以找一些相关的新托福阅读词汇书,或者是以往考过的词汇题内容。
3、把背单词和阅读相结合。广泛的阅读也是增加词汇量的一种方法,并且能够在阅读中加强对已经背过的单词的记忆。当一篇文章的生词量在5%左右的时候,这些生词的词义是可推的。所以我们在选择阅读材料的时候,应尽量将单词量控制在10%左右。单词太多,看不懂文章,太少又起不到提高的作用。相关材料可以上一些网站看,例如economist, national geographic等等。
Tip 2: 词根词缀
有了一定的单词基础,那么通过词根词缀去猜单词也不成问题了。而且除了单词有同义词,词根词缀也有同义关系。例如都是表达否定的同义前缀就有in-,un, non-,dis-等等,表示否定的后缀有-less,所以当看到题目中的单词有这类的否定含义,那么就可以去找选择项中也有否定前缀和后缀的词,也许就是正确选项,因为都是具有否定关系的。例如incalculable和unmeasured就是一组同义词。所以对于一些常见词缀词根是需要考生记忆的。具体有哪些可以参见一些英语字典的附录。
Tip 3: 逻辑关系
逻辑关系主要是看上下文及背景内容。比较常见的逻辑关系是并列,转折,因果,递进等,所以考生要特别注意记忆逻辑关系连接词。例如这句话The heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising form cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation, depriving some areas of rain while drenching others.这句话中出现一个逻辑关系连接词while,这个词是表示一种转折,意思是然而,所以drenching和之前的动作depriving构成了反义关系,depriving意思是剥夺,所以drenching可以猜测其意可能与剥夺相反,前文为剥夺了一些地方的雨,那么相反就是给予另一些地方更多的雨,所以可以看到选择项中C. Thoroughly wetting就是表达了多雨这个意思。而drenching本意就是湿透的意思。
Tip 4:代入验证
由于新托福的题目都是单选题,所以范围已经缩小到四选一,尤其是对词汇题来说,有一种方法就是将选项中的词放入到原文中去阅读,看意思与上下文是否合拍通顺,如文章中选择的单词前后有介词,就更能显出代入验证的好处。例如有这样一句话:When hoisted up in the sky, the microscopic particles act as... 选择项则为A. Lifted B. Grouped C. returned D. pointed, 四个选项代入后,发现只有A选项能和后面的介词UP连接通顺,所以答案就是A选项,表示升起的意思。
托福阅读
篇2:托福阅读高频推理题提升正确率应对技巧
托福阅读高频推理题提升正确率应对技巧分享
托福阅读推理题介绍
推断题就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中,但是没有直接加以说明,需要考生从已知中推出。推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG, 在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中,每篇会有0-2道这类问题,一次考试总共有3-4道推理题。
托福阅读推理题题型分类:有共性推理题和无共性推理题
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位,然后进行推理。一般来说,大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题,也就是题干中无线索,一般使用排除法,即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位,通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点,采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
托福阅读推理题三大解题思路分享
1、一般对比推理:根据两个事情的对比特征,问其中一个事物的特征,只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理:在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 :一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比,两者之间存在着互补性关系,也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之,相同。这个比较抽象,我们来看一个例子:
例如:Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出:非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降,所以(B)为正确答案。
托福阅读推理题解题注意要点
1.日期和数字
2.关键词: 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词:may, can , could…;表示过去的:used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的: not only ,not exclusively等。
总之,文中的关键词,观点,逻辑和平时的基本常识是解决这类问题的关键。
中国托福考生不服阅读分数集体下降
作为没有感情的“高分机器”,在很多美国学生阅读分数下降的情况下, 亚裔学生成功稳住了自己的成绩。
这种情况也能折射到托福上。对于中国小伙伴而言,阅读是保分的重要单项,毕竟不用听也不用念,安静看文章就可以了。但不容乐观的是,目前的托福阅读难度在增加,而且加试的频率和范围相比改革前更高、更快、更强,一部分考生的阅读分数也因此受到了影响。
当初TPO发布的新样题就显示出很多阅读题型的变动,而在实际考试中,阅读还有一些“意味不明”的改变。
题型变化
阅读的改革重点是题目数量的减少,题目类型上没什么变动,同时每个题型的考查思路也相对固定。其中细节题、词汇题、句子简化和插入题这种从文章中可以直接获得信息的题型是比较简单的,真正有难度的是推断句意、总结题、目的作用题这种需要梳理结构逻辑的题型。
虽然总体考的还是那些类型,但是由于题目数量减少,某些题型的比重就受到了影响。很多认真刷TPO的小伙伴能感觉出来,TPO的阅读比实际考试好做多了!在私下练习时很多题根据题干就能直接定位到段落中的个别句子。但真上考场之后,问题基本上都要结合文章主旨去思考,不联系上下文根本没法定位。
落实到题型上,就是句子插入题和总结题需要小伙伴们继续重视。单词题和细节题相比之前减少了,因此对于考前突击得分不要抱太大希望。当然,细节题虽然减少了但抗不住底子厚,所以备考时还是要格外关注。
另外,不管什么题型,选项的迷惑性都加大了,非常干扰考生的正确判断。尤其是总结题,以前分清细节和整体、主旨和片面基本就能得到答案,而现在有很多选项都会牵扯中心词汇,让人难以分辨。
考察重点变化
阅读说白了就是读文章,但是托福阅读的句子难度远远高于平时生活中见到的句子。对于语法的考查更加错综复杂,而且非常注重逻辑。一句话中蕴含很多语法要点,因此很多小伙伴读起来“似懂非懂”,单词拆开都明白,凑一起就不知所云了。
阅读主要考什么?ETS表示:阅读考的是词汇和语法、文章的主要观点和重要信息、观点之间的相对重要程度、观点之间的关系、文章的组织结构。
在最新的能力描述中,ETS还特别强调了一点:Follow a paragraph-length argument involving speculation, qualification, counter-evidence, and subtle rhetorical shifts.
能够把握段落长度的包含推测、限定、反面证据以及微妙修辞变化的论证。
备考建议
在备考前期,句子简化、单词题这种信息比较明确的题目是最容易下手的。而在做这类题目时,不可避免的要靠背单词来夯实基础。如果是长期备考,单词就要慢慢积累,短期内想突击,则必须侧重托福会考查的词汇。
因此,在背单词时,建议大家找一本托福词汇书来刷,或者APP打卡什么的搞起来。别管现在能考多少分,强化单词准没错。公众号后台消息框发送“领书”,免费领高分杀托选手的备考资料哦~
此外,小伙伴们可以去找历年考过的单词题(平时我们整理的最新考情大家也不要忽略单词题!)一方面,这些单词都是ETS认为考生应该掌握的,是典型的托福词汇。另一方面,阅读文章重复使用的机率真的太高了,即便到时候考试遇到的不是真题,刷到原文也是值得庆幸的。
基础打好之后,就要攻克逻辑问题了。官方建议考生找准阅读文章的几点:标题和每一段的topic statement、主要观点的例子、出现的概念性生词、句间关系。因此日常备考时,小伙伴们可以根据这个套路去分析文本。
在前文我们也说过,当下的托福阅读选项越发具有迷惑性,所以很多小伙伴一顿分析之后还是不能确定最终选谁,“排除法”就成了最常用的办法。怎么排除迷惑选项呢?
陈述事实的题目中,与原文相符却没有回答问题的选项最具迷惑性。
句子简化题中,把重点信息甚至主旨删减掉的选项最具迷惑性。
目的作用的题目中,具体陈述的事实而非陈述的目的,这种选项最具迷惑性。
推断题中,直接套用原文的选项最具迷惑性(因为推断是凭原文得结论)。
总结题中,说细节的选项或者单方面态度的论述最具迷惑性。
虽然排除法很好用,但它并不是万能的。因为在排除的过程中势必要逐个分析选项,所以无形中增加了阅读量和分析的时间。做题最根本的还是要立足原文,边读文章边思考这段话的重点,把选择题当成问答题,只找一个正确答案。
五条实用的托福阅读指代题口诀
见到代词找指代,指代通常在前方
这句话是代词指代题的总则,考生务必牢记:代词永远出现在原词之后,原词永远出现在代词之前。根据这条原则考生可以快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇,锁定正确答案。
主代主,宾代宾,所有格,就近找
代词指代的语法规则非常严格,因此考生要优先考虑代词在句中充当的成分:主语、宾语、还是所有格代词,然后在前句中快速寻找对应的语法成分就可以轻松解题。仅依靠这条规律就可以解决大部分代词指代类题目,例如:When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these “living flowers”, they are stung and eaten.
题目中代词“they”在主句中充当主语成分,考生迅速定位前方从句中的主语“small fish”,题目就迎刃而解。
又例如所有格代词(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近该代词的核心名词:Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.
题目中的所有格代词“their”之前有两个名词“florists”和“flowers”,语法基础薄弱的考生要花些时间才能弄清楚所谓“他(它)们的”究竟是谁们的?事实上根据“就近原则”,在距离代词最近的地方找到符合句中语意的核心名词,就可以锁定答案。而上述句中距离“their”最近的名词时“flowers”,因此正确答案就是它。
平行结构有搭配,多重指代层层推
所谓平行结构实质就是分层次描述,阅读部分经常出现“not only..., but also...”,“one..., the other...”,“some..., others...”等固定搭配对两层或多层语意进行描写,通过对这种常见结构的把握,考生就可以快速锁定答案。例如:Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable.
虽然上述语句语法结构和语意都较为复杂,但不难看出题目中“many people..., others...”是固定搭配,因此“others”做为代词所指代的名词必定是前文中的“many people”,正确答案应为“adults”。
此外,为了增加难度,对于代词指代的考察也经常在定位方面设置障碍,既通过一层推理很难锁定目标词汇。因此考生需要多一点耐心和多一份细心,在前文内容中层层回溯,逐一定位,抽丝剥茧,最终必然能够顺利解题。例如:The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.
单数复数都对应,主动被动要分清
代词指代题中有一些常见陷阱,例如同时出现大量名词,有单数、有复数、有可数名词、也有不可数名词,让考生雾里看花;或是将前文中的主动句改写成后文的被动句,颠三倒四,让考生头晕脑胀。po解这种陷阱的手法其实很简单,无论怎样变化,代词指代总有一定之规,例如:
In the past, biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-free plant. Today, however, they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.
本题中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主语带主语”原则。代词出现的语句是被动句,因此“they”不再指代前文主语,而是指代前文中的宾语。那么“they”指代“mushrooms and other fungi”还是“non-free plant”呢?考生不必感动彷徨无助,口诀中已经明确指出,代词的单复数必然与原词单复数一致,因此正确答案只能是“mushrooms and other fungi”。
定位排除和代入,验证语意要记牢
总而言之,代词指代题的解题步骤清晰明了:第一步定位文中代词,用上述方法搜索原词;第二步分析选项,排除位置和语意不符的词汇;第三步带入原句中简单翻译,进行验证。
考生务必注意,验证是十分必要的一步,也是保证冲刺满分的不二法门。一旦遇到拿不准的题目,只要花几秒钟时间将代词指代的成分带入原句中验证一下,真伪立辨,保证万无一失。
以上就是托福阅读快速解决指代题的5条实用口诀分享,总是在指代题上花费太多时间拖累整体答题节奏的同学赶紧来学习一下吧。
托福阅读文章太复杂看不懂怎么办 抓住逻辑信号词照样做题
1.托福阅读逻辑信号词:同类信息
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.
“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此,阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括:
and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example
2.托福阅读逻辑信号词:转折关系
I'd like to go but I'm too busy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述,它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时,碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度,以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有:
although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet
3.托福阅读逻辑信号词:因果关系
As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有:
for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently
4.托福阅读逻辑信号词:论述顺序
Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.
抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序,也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括:
first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally
5.托福阅读逻辑信号词:提示结论
In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时,应格外留心注意,它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有:
as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word
以上就是托福阅读中用来判断句子段落逻辑关系的5大类信号词汇总,希望大家能够对这些常见词汇有所了解,提升对托福阅读文章的理解速度和掌握深度。
篇3:托福阅读难点题型如何提升正确率
托福阅读难点题型如何提升正确率?2个方法针对性解题
托福阅读难点题型解题思路:多选题关键在于题干
托福阅读每篇文章最后一道题一般都是多选题,多选题分两类,一类叫图表题,给你一个图表,让你6选3。第二类叫文章内容小节题,先给你一句话,这句话就是这篇文章的中心思想,请问下面哪几个选项中反映了这篇文章的中心思想。这样的话,这个题目是我们的第二个问法,这是阅读中我们最常见的两种多选题,这种题同学们不要有畏惧心理,因为这类题目分值也比较高,一般是2分或3分。我们即使答错一个空,3分题还会拿到两分。
托福阅读难点题型解题思路:插入题重在考察句子间关系
在托福阅读中有那么一个段落,其中有4个框,代表你在题干中的那句话可以放到这个位置来。做题的方法是:第一步一定要优先阅读题干中要被插入到原文的那句话。第二步找要被插入原文那句话当中的关键字和要点。因为我们知道,如果要把一句话插入到原文当中,这句话肯定和原文有很强的关联性。
然后我们找的是要被插入原文那句话中的关联词,这有很多,比方说一旦看到“因为”,前面讲的就可能是原因,因为这个结果后面有一个情况;再比如你看到THIS,通常表示结果。那么正确选项在第一个空和第二个空的可能性不是很大,在第三个空和第四个空的可能性比较大,因为它表示结果,基本都在比较靠后的位置;比如我们看到in contrast,跟前面正好是相反的,所以说这些关键词特别重要,从一定意义上来讲是我们做这种题型成败的关键。
我们要找逻辑关系,你要插入这句话,跟前面或者后面的话肯定有一种逻辑关系在里面,到底前后是转折还是递进还是表示结果还是什么样的关系,这是我们的情况。一般来说,多数中国同学做这个题还是比较出错的的,小编建议大家在备考的时候大量练习此类题目的做法。
托福阅读考试练习题目解析:地球大气的形成
assage 3
托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析
适中
托福阅读学科分类:天文地质类
托福阅读考试练习题目:the formation of earth atmosphere
版本一:
1.地球形成的时候是H和HE 为什么和现在不同?
2.hold gas的主要原因是gravity和escape velocity,所以那两种很轻的气体就跑了。
3.火山爆发导致二氧化碳出现,其溶于水作为降雨进入到海洋以及是有机生物体的碳元素的来源。
4.氮气因为很少溶于水所以在大气中含量较高,是现在大气的主要气体。
版本二:
初始大气由于地球重力很弱留不住,氧气等被某彗星碰撞,加速超越逃离速度后飞出地球。后来火山喷发物主要构成了大气,一开始是水蒸气,后来是水和二氧化碳有机体,海洋有机物,细菌转化为有机物,所以减少了,现在大气的主要成分是氮气。
托福阅读词汇题:
1. predominantly - mainly
2. Augment - supplement
3. account for - explanation
4. constitutes - makes up
Predominantly = mainly
Augment = supplement
Account for = explanation
Constitute = make up
Vast = extensive
Drawback = disadvantage
Sequentially = one after another
Just = fair
Inhospitable = unfavorable
Subsequent = continually
Overestimate = may be higher
evershifting
托福阅读考试练习题目解析:摄影行业发展
Passage Two
学科分类:艺术/历史
题目:Photography and pictorial Weeklies
文章共四段,讲了摄影行业的发展过程,首先讲述了18世纪盛行的是metal plate printing,规模大,后来发展为electrotype。摄影形势及人物特点也有所变化,比较夸张的漫画形式(富有幽默感)的人物更倾向于像more serious and more formality方向发展。
托福阅读考试词汇题:
1. plentiful = numerous
2. emergence = rise
3. routinely = regularly
4. distinctive=attractive
托福考试阅读技巧:高端英文
有些同学已经将单词背的滚瓜烂熟,句子结构也已略通门道,但在阅读英文长篇文章后,不知道作者的“重点在哪里”,或者刚读完,就忘记作者“写的是什么”的同学。因此,在准备进一步提高阅读速度及水平之前,请首先保证自己的背词次数和拆句能力过关。而且要在做题(改错)时积累一词多义或者特殊句式,提升自己的理解准确性。
对于已经掌握单词和单句意思的同学,很容易陷入到一个误区里面,那就是过度地揣摩单词和单句,(毕竟好不容易背下了大量单词,解构了很多句子)但没有抓住文章的主要逻辑和目的,也就是光看,没想。
另外,“每个单词都懂但是一句话不懂”和“每个句子都懂但是整篇文章不懂”根本就是两个不同的概念, 前者很大原因在于 单词组合 或习惯用语 不知道,说白了还是单词量短语量不够;后者更多的是没搞清楚文章逻辑。
可行的解决方法:
1.首先搞清楚英文材料的类型:
大家经常会读到,或者考到的都是“学术说明文”“议论文”或者“小说”这一类的。
2.学会正确的阅读方法:
不同的文章有不同的阅读方法,绝大多数好的英文文章逻辑性都很清晰,对于TOEFL 和 GRE这两种考试而言,除了搞清楚文章每句话的意思之外,还要搞清楚“为什么这句话在这里”,作者写这句话的目的是 “表达一个观点”,“证明一个观点”,“阐述事实”,“提出问题”, “提出解决方案”还是什么别的。 学术文章什么的格式都应该很固定的。总之就是多思考为什么。对于小说而言,不要过分注重情节发展,一个资深的阅读者应当注重由小说的情节体现出的人物性格以及情感,这些也经常是考点所在。
3.记笔记,做整理,搞输出
在阅读说明文、议论文时要一边看一边记:
主旨句(一般为首句):即 “这一段讲了什么” ,需要精读。
解释或举例部分:一般扫读即可,但当主旨句难以理解时,要精读。
比较部分:即“这一段比较了X.X和YY”,要注意作者希望体现比较主体的什么特征。
最高级及强调句:即“这一段表明X.X很NB” 之类的。
转折词:当遇到转折词时要格外注意,作者希望强调的是后面的内容。
在做题时,可以用题目来定位阅读的位置,然后使用上述方法进行阅读。在做题后,如果能够结合笔记,向别人复述一下文章的主要内容,效果最好,毕竟能讲明白了基本就算看明白了。
最后,同学们可以尝试着模仿学术文章的结构来创作文章。写一篇文章的时候会思考文章的组织,结构,逻辑关系什么的。想的多了,看别人文章的时候就会经常会心一笑,”原来这么一大段纯粹就是来凑字数的,skip之”。
三大托福考试阅读技巧
1、掐时间、整套做题
每篇文章不超过20分钟、一次性三篇一起来;不要一篇恒久远,也不能一次就一篇。以免考试的时候体力不支和时间不够。
2、不翻译的精读,分析文章逻辑
做完题目对完答案之后,第一步:扫生词。找出(尤其是做TPO的时候)不会的单词,当然特偏门的专业名词可以放一放,记下来背下来。第二步:找出不理解的长难句,拆解之、分析之。第三步:仔细阅读文章,找到逻辑关键词、关键句,划分文章、段落间的关系和结构。
3、善待错题
做题对答案不是终点,把文章中的生词摘出来也不是终点,一定要注重分析错题这个步骤,了解你的易错题目类型以便你专项练习;了解正确选项正确在哪儿、错误选项错误在哪儿,以便我们避开错误选项里的陷阱,成功提分;还能够了解题目答案定位何处,认识到怎么定位才是对的……
托福阅读技巧很重要,但是平时也要注意自己对托福阅读背景知识的输入,多看一些《经纪学人》等信息量较大的外刊,帮助我们高效的提高托福阅读的水平。
篇4:托福阅读提升正确率解题方法
托福阅读做题总是出错?这3种提升正确率解题方法了解一下
重视阅读词汇一词多义问题
熟悉托福考试的同学都知道,托福阅读试题中的词汇题经常会出现一些难度比较大的词汇,因此在做词汇题时,许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关,认识单词能做对,不认识单词就会做错。事实上,很多人存在的问题反而是那些认识的单词经常做错,不认识的单词反而能做对。究其原因,做不认识单词时,考生往往会仔细研读词汇题的上下文,力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时,大家就更容易忽略上下文的重要性,往往是装模作样的看一下上下文,便匆匆做出抉择。所以,做好词汇题关键在于端正态度,对于生词本就应该引起重视,而对于熟词也绝不能放松大意。
看文章要带着问题边看边找答案
在考试的时候,很多考生一拿到试卷便直接翻看后面的题目,自己揣测题意。在这种方法相当于瞎子摸象,对文章只有局部而主观的认知,整个文章的概念是根本无法获得的。以自己的思想去猜测文章大意,很多时候会偏离主旨。所以,这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。建议大家先看过题目不要看选项,然后带着题目看文章,看完后再解题,这样才是比较符合考试要求的阅读做题顺序方法。
阅读文章避免过于精读保证速度
有些同学与上述情况则相反,过度地依赖文章,在看到试卷之后,一字不将文章精读一遍再做题。如果你的阅读速度超群,或者这篇文章你很熟悉,那这样做未尝不可。但是一般来说,仔细精读文章会导致做题时间严重不足。要知道,阅读理解测试的不止是理解,更是速度。
透析托福“结构化阅读”丨在积累词汇和语法知识的基础上,如何提升阅读能力?
- 1 -结构化阅读
顾名思义,结构化阅读即从托福阅读结构出发,从整体着眼纵观全文,不再为小词小句伤脑,而是把握全文的框架,这样有利于形成思维预判,增强学生做题信心。
我们先来一起探寻托福阅读本身的奥秘,(如上图所示),托福文章由初级的词汇题到总结题,信息归纳题等10 个不同的题型其实正是对应了从单词、句子、段落到篇章不同级别的难度要求,对学生的能力要求也是逐级递增的。学习了托福阅读本身的出题特点后可以鲜明的推断出其结构性强,学术型强的特点。结构化的文章凸显了可预测的特点,而学术表达的需求正是通过文章结构衍生出的。结合 TPO 阅读真题对比分析后大致可以将托福阅读文章分成六大基本类别:研究描述类、研究叙述类、对比类、现象解释类、问题解决类以及观点论证类。具体的 TPO 对应分类如下:
① 研究描述:研究对象 → 方面1 / 方面2
TPO 09 - Reflection in Teaching
TPO 11 - Ancient Egyptian Sculpture
TPO 14 - Children and Advertising
TPO 15 - A Warm Blooded Turtle
TPO 22 - Spartina
TPO 26 - Energy and the Industrial Revolution
TPO 29 - Characteristics of Roman Pottery
TPO 30 - Role of Play in Development
TPO 33 - Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth Century
TPO 43 - The Empire of Alexander the Great
TPO 45 - Wind pollination
TPO 47 - Roman Cultural Influence on Britain
② 研究叙述:研究对象 阶段1 → 阶段2
TPO 02 - Early Cinema
TPO 06 - Powering the Industrial Revolution
TPO 09 - The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii
TPO 12 - Transition to Sound in Film
TPO 16 - Development of the Periodic Table
TPO 19 - Succession Climax and Ecosystems
TPO 29 - The History of Waterpower
TPO 34 - Islamic Art and the Book
TPO 34 - The Development of Steam Power
TPO 40 - Ancient Athens
TPO 46 - The Origins of Writing
③ 对比分类:研究对象 → 分类1 / 分类2
TPO 04 - Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
TPO 07 - Ancient Rome and Greece
TPO 12 - Water in the Desert
TPO 13 - Types of Social Groups
TPO 16 - Planets in Our Solar System
TPO 17 - Animal Signals in the Rain Forest
TPO 17 - Symbiotic Relationships
TPO 20 - Fossil Preservation
TPO 28 - Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes
TPO 32 - Plant Colonization
TPO 42 - Callisto and Ganymede
TPO 45 - Feeding Strategies in the Ocean
④ 现象解释:研究对象 → 解释1 / 解释2
TPO 02 - Desert Formation
TPO 05 - The Cambrian Explosion
TPO 06 - Infantile Amnesia
TPO 08 - The Rise of Teotihuacán
TPO 10 - Variations in the Climate
TPO 10 - Seventeenth - Century European Economic Growth
TPO 18 - Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia
TPO 18 - Lightning
TPO 20 - Westward Migration
TPO 21 - Autobiographical Memory
TPO 24 - Moving into Pueblos
TPO 29 – Competition
TPO 31 - Savanna Formation
TPO 32 - Siam 1851–1910
TPO 40 - Latitude and Biodiversity
TPO 42 - Explaining Dinosaur Extinction
TPO 48 - Chinese Population Growth
TPO 48 - Climate and Urban Development
⑤ 问题解决:解决困难 → 方法1 / 方法2
TPO 04 - Petroleum Resources
TPO 13 - Methods of Studying Infant Perception
⑥ 观点论证:观点看法 → 证据1 / 证据2
TPO 01 - The Origins of Theater
TPO 02 - The Origins of Cetaceans
TPO 07 - The Geologic History of the Mediterranean
TPO 09 - Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast
TPO 11 - Begging by Nestlings
TPO 11 - Orientation and Navigation
TPO 12 - Which Hand Did They Use
TPO 14 - Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia
TPO 15 - Mass Extinctions
TPO 21 - The Origins of Agriculture
TPO 26 - Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East
TPO 31 - Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations
TPO 34 - Protection of Plants by Insects
TPO 41 - Trade and Early State Formation
TPO 43 - The Origin of Petroleum
TPO 46 - Ecosystem Diversity and Stability
- 2 -如何实施结构化阅读
初学托福时,同学们一般未见托福阅读却“闻风丧胆”,练了托福真题却“头晕目眩”。当你的基础能力还未达到一定程度时,面对学术性强的文章常常感觉无聊,也无从下手,错误率自然很高。那么从结构化阅读着手,又是如何一步步地帮助学生进步呢?
老师们可以通过类比的方式从熟悉的事物出发,帮助学生了解什么是现象解释类,研究描述类等等。只有对每种类型的基本结构了如指掌,学生才能又快又好的庖丁解“托福阅读”。
以现象解释类文章为例,从“为什么胖”出发,胖有很多种原因:冬天来了,太冷了懒得动;天天吃美食,是典型的吃货;体质原因,遗传等等,其实就是从各个不同方面解释说明胖的原因。谙熟这类结构后再阅读 TPO 分类中的现象解释类文章,浏览一遍就能看透全文脉络,把枝叶都去掉了只留下主干即可。
以 TPO 02 - Desert Formation 为例,这篇是典型的现象解释类,挑选出文章主旨句:
① Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.
② In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions.
③ There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes.
得知沙漠的形成有植被减少、干燥的气候条件和人类活动三大原因。全文去除背景(沙漠已经占据了地球陆地面积约四分之一)、细节和总结(亟需一个严谨而有力的保护政策和植被覆盖计划来保护现有土地)外,留下的三大原因正与前文中分析胖的成因一一对应。另外通过背景知识的补充和对框架的理解后,同学们在做题时可以自己 “预测”原因有哪些,等再看原文发现与自己的猜想“不谋而合”后,那做题的自信心岂不更大?
研究描述类文章多见于针对同一事物的不同方面的研究。好比在选择买哪一款车型时,我们总是会从不同的方面考量:外观上拉风吗?空间大吗?舒适感如何?车性能如何?从不同的角度分析事物即可内化为研究描述类结构,在阅读中也可以发现对应的题型,以 TPO 11 - Ancient Egyptian Sculpture 为例,文章从三个方面来研究古埃及雕像:
① 从外形上都呈现出“正面描绘”的特点:The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning.
② 材质方面,通常是由石头、木材和金属做成的:Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal.
③ 用途:The function of these is quite different.
那么研究叙述类呢?这类结构与研究描述类比较,同样是研究同一事物,区别则是以时间轴为参照来划分该事物,通过时间的演变其呈现出不同的阶段特征,存在一定的延续性,也是不断进化发展的过程。例如,从身边熟悉的的汉字出发,汉字不可能一产生就很完美,就能满足各个时期生产力发展的需要。从古时的甲骨文到小篆、小篆到隶楷、繁体字到简化字,经过不断的自然流变和改革,汉字的演变过程也是随着时代的进步渐渐不断满足人们发展的需要。
了解这类结构后,我们来一起看看 TPO 29 - The History of Waterpower,随着历史的发展,技术的进步,水利的运用方式也在不断革新:
最起初,人们通过自然界的流水用来减轻人力、牧畜的工作负担(Moving water was one of the earliest energy sources to be harnessed to reduce the workload of people and animals.);
接着,人们发现了流水的妙用而制造了水轮用以灌溉(No one knows exactly when the waterwheel was invented, but irrigation systems existed at least 5,000 years ago, and it seems probable that the earliest waterpower device was the noria, a waterwheel that raised water for irrigation in attached jars.);
后来,为满足需求发明了水力磨来研磨谷物(The earliest waterpower mills were probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn, known as Norse or Greek mills, which seem to have appeared during the first or second century B.C.);
单单研磨谷物已不能满足多样的需求,人们利用水力同步发展了采矿、炼铁、造纸以及棉毛纺织工业(Raising water and grinding corn were by no means the only uses of the waterpower mill, and during the following centuries, the applications of waterpower kept pace with the developing technologies of mining, iron working, paper making, and the wool and cotton industries.);
后来十九世纪电力工业的崛起及设施齐备的发电厂的建立,水力发电迅速发展起来(The capacity of individual power stations, many of them hydro plants, rose from a few kilowatts to over a megawatt in less than a decade.)。
由此可见,研究叙述类文章有明显的时间烙印,必定是与当时的社会大背景紧密联系的,如果学生掌握了该类文章,学会结合当时的社会背景深入思考,那么对演变的事物发展自然能做到心中有数,从容答题。
问题解决类, 如题正是对某一现象出现的问题给与一定的应对措施和方法,但笔者通过对 TPO1-48 的整理发现,该结构多糅合在其他结构中,且占比重很少,就不在此详尽讨论。相比之下观点论证类文章分布甚广,通常针对某独特现象的产生众说纷纭,但无论是实验证明或实地考察,真实可靠的证据论证了理论 / 猜想的正确性。现实生活中,身边的父母一直都是“侦探家”,比如学校考试成绩不理想时,孩子并没有告诉父母,反而父母通过一系列“蛛丝马迹”发现了考试的失败真相——孩子的日记;面对成绩询问时孩子遮掩的用词;发现孩子心情不好,父母联系了老师等等。观点论证类文章需要大量的证据证明,如 TPO 02 - The Origins of Cetaceans,科学家们为了研究鲸的起源,通过对“活证据”化石来还原陆栖哺乳动物和海洋鲸类之间的联系,探寻鲸的起源奥秘:
从巴基斯坦北部发掘到了最古老的鲸鱼化石 Pakicetus,科学家发现了其实则为食肉哺乳动物和鲸类动物的过渡型(Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh- eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.);
人们在古地中海残留的沉积物中发现了另一类早期鲸鱼 Basilosaurus,其必定是完全水生的鲸鱼,它们的后肢已经不起任何作用,或者说已经退化(Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.);
后来对目前已经灭绝的鲸鱼 Ambulocetus natans 的发现强有力的证明了陆栖哺乳动物和海洋鲸类的联系(It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.)。
由此,同学们在面对观点论证类文章时需要更多的关注证据本身的细节以及该证据和需要论证的观点之间的内在联系,如同拥有父母敏锐的侦查能力。
又如对比类文章, 同样可以先进行类比学习。从常喝的牛奶和可口可乐对比发现牛奶口感滑润、营养价值高、补充钙又给人以舒适感,而可口可乐则完全相反——辣喉、有害健康、影响钙的吸收而又刺激感满满。通过对二者的对比后熟知了该类结构,再练习TPO 07 - Ancient Rome and Greece 可以得知二者(Ancient Rome 和 Greece)是对比讨论的,前者是天生水手,后者则是陆地强兵;前者是由分散城邦发展起来的,后者是由单个组织发展起来的;前者注重数量,后者注重质量等等,这种类型的文章预判性会更强,只需要得知古罗马的状况,就可以自然而然的对比推测出希腊的情况,省时又省力,可以为接下来的听力、口语和写作节约更多的精力和能量。
值得注意的是,托福阅读文章结构并不都是典型的单一结构,有很多文章都是由几个不同类型的结构糅杂构成的复杂文章,例如 TPO 05 - The Origin of the Pacific Island People 就是由观点论证和对比分类结构结合而成的,该篇一方面介绍了太平洋群岛居民起源的一些古老的理论如 G. Elliot Smith 和 W. J. Perry理论、Thor Heyerdahl 理论和 Heyerdahl 理论等,另一方面对比分类了这些理论,认为“Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.”大家可以先从典型的文章出发,再学习辨认复杂类型的文章,由简单再到复杂,一步一步不断精进。
- 3 -结构化阅读的意义
1. 通过结构化阅读,有助于培养学生的思维模式,能够帮助形成对阅读文章的整体把控感,跳出“只见树木不见森林”的尴尬处境。同时,结构化阅读能帮助学生建立自信心,提升做题的速度。跨过第一个拦路虎之后,同学们可以更加从容地进行听力、口语和写作的考试。
2. 结构化阅读的拓展应用性强。可用在托福口语、听力、写作中,对学生答题很有借鉴意义。例如 TPO1 的口语第一题:Talk about a book you have read that was important to you for some reason. 掌握了结构化阅读的学生可以从不同的方面答题:
套用现象解释结构——这本书对你而言重要性体现在哪些方面?是封面精致、内容吸引人还是老师强烈推荐等。
套用对比类结构——与同龄人常读的情节老套的、令人开心的、有美好结局的娱乐书籍不同,这本书情感跌宕,伤感色彩浓郁,结尾并不美好,反而更令人感同身受,别有一番滋味在心头。
套用研究叙事类结构——小时候看的这本书并没有多大感触,然而随着时间的演变,个人成长心智的不断成熟,在对应的不同阶段对该书又会产生相应的新解释等等,结构化阅读的强大拓展性可见一斑。
最后,希望结构化阅读能真正帮助广大托福学子考出心仪的分数,实现精彩人生!
注:
① 结构化阅读法是高级阅读方法,适用于有一定的词汇,语法基础的学生。
② 由于托福阅读文章多结构复杂,本文精选的部分文章更具典型性,非全套 TPO 分类。
托福阅读找答案费劲?要不要通读全文?
托福阅读题目多,文章长,纠结于看题找答案还是读完全文再做题的不在少数。通读全文真的有用吗?关于是否要通读全文这件事情吧,上海新航道小编有一点建议跟大家分享一下!
对于是否要通读全文,其实答案挺明显的,核心还是能力和分数的匹配。只要你看无老师的回答足够多的话,“匹配”这个词是经常挂在嘴边的,换句话说,也就是不要管别人,就说你,就说你自己,你现在是什么分数、什么水平,以及你想要一个什么样的分数,那么给出的答案完全是不一样的。
如果你就像读任何一篇TPO的文章,都能6-8分钟时间读完,而且,翻译成中文的时候几乎没有什么错误,那么可以很肯定的说,对于你来说是否通读全文,根本就不重要。因为你的能力,已经彻底碾压的这个考试。
这就像是在读故事会,原文这么说:李雨桐在喷薛之谦的时候,取出了好多证据,而且有截图,有照片。题目问:薛之谦被喷的时候有没有实锤呀?你答:有。这就对了!你回答没有,要么你是薛之谦的粉丝,要么你是李雨彤和薛之谦联合炒作团的成员,要么这个题你就理解错了。
你的能力就是这样的,6-8分钟时间读完,而且全都像故事会一样,那么是否通读原文,对于你来说根本就不重要。
至于匹配到楼主的能力,单篇每次大概错2到4题,估计这里也是有一个默认值,也就是,按时20分钟之内做完一篇文章。那么可以说,你的阅读分数大概应该在23分上下。
在你这个分数段之上,对于阅读还没有完全的碾压能力,还无法很稳定的控制,自己想得到的越多分数。
对于这个分数段来说,以及当你很稳定的达到29分之前,你采取的阅读文章的方法,应该是读一段,然后做相应的几题;然后再读一段,然后再做相应的几题;然后再读一段,然后再做相应的几道题。这种层层推进的方式,其实在SAT的阅读当中也应该采取这样的阅读方法,唯一有一点点意外的估计就是雅思考试,雅思的阅读挺邪性!
因为在托福阅读之中,阅读题90%以上的题目的出题顺序,都是跟文章的写作顺序相一致的,有没有例外呢?总是会有的,每篇文章最多有1-2道题,不会多。因此用这一种读一段,然后做相应的几题的方法,其实还是挺稳的。
但是说实话,单纯想依靠阅读文章的方法,而得到更好的分数,这个方向其实是不对的。因为阅读的方法并没有解决你最根本的问题,同时也就是托福考试最想考察的你的能力——理解,托福阅读最核心的想考察的能力,就是你对于文章细节的理解能力,进而由细节再扩展到对于整篇文章的理解。
在这里要特别注意,在托福阅读当中,细节,是重中之重,如果你仔细梳理过托福阅读的题目的话,你会发现在托福阅读之中,70%到80%所考查的题目,其实都是细节题和单词题,只有大概20%多一点,是在考察段落和全文的大意。因此你最核心要提高的能力,就是读懂文章的能力,尤其是读懂文章细节的能力。
如果我们再向前推进一步,请注意,在这里无老师已经在告诉你,怎样提升自己的阅读成绩了。我们如果将这个能力在拆解开的话,也就是将如何提升自己对于细节的理解能力,再进一步拆分开的话。其实我会得到这样几种能力。
第一,单词认不认识。这个单词包括大学四级单词、托福单词和镇魂单词。怎样提升这种能力呢?很简单,去背!
第二,句意逻辑有没有搞懂。句意的逻辑,说出来有点大,其实我们往小了说,往细了说,很简单,不是在一句话,甚至几句话当中,谁是原因,谁是结果?谁主动发出某个动作,谁被动接受某个动作?就这么简单,核心就在这。怎样提升这种能力呢?很简单,就是去分析长难句。
第三,理解原文的能力。这种能力其实是,基于我们对于语言的理解。学英语学多了,你会认为英语的理解就是单词和语法的堆砌,我们从小学英语的时候,家长就告诉我们要去背单词,要去学语法。这个方向其实就错了,语言有很多内容是约定俗成的,是有固定的表达方式的。跟单词和语法是没有关系的,在特定的语境下,单词和语法全对,但你听上去就是不像人话,因为你平时的习惯就不这么说话。
举个例子,同样是一个东西丢了。
北方人会说:在我上学的路上,我的钱包丢了。
南方人会说:在我上学的路上,我的钱包掉了。
在这种语境下,同样对于“丢钱包”这件事情,北方人就会用“丢”这个字,南方人就会用“掉”这个字,其实从单词和语法的角度,两种表达方法全是对的,但是你会发现北方人,就是不理解南方人在说什么。
北方人会单纯的理解为,你南方人的钱包掉在了地上,掉在地上会有啪的一声啊,你听到啪的一声,就知道自己的钱包掉了,然后你去捡起来就好了,这也不是个事儿啊,这就是个小事儿啊,你为什么要跟我说呢?
这里就是典型的,语言其实还有很多约定俗成的语境,和理解,以及表达方式,对于这些内容,只有通过多翻译原文,以及多和正确的中文翻译进行对比,才能得到提升。
是的,在这里你应该很明确的发现了,到这里,无老师都没有跟你提过去做题。
原因很简单,就是因为当无老师把这些能力拆分开之后,你会发现,你能力的提升跟做题一点儿关系都没有。你能力的提升,可以直接等同于你分数的提升。
因此,再向前推导一步,就是你能力的提升,就等同于你分数的提升。但是,你分数的提升,跟你是否做题没有关系,因此很多人总是来问无老师,要做多少题。
答案很明确,除非考前一周冲刺,你可以每天做一套题。除此之外,一周做一套题就够了,目的是来测试你阶段性的提升,以及提升效果。
要不要读全文因人而异,但是“读全文”还有另外一种方法,高效浏览文章,分三步!
1、先看标题,从标题中可以把文章的主题给确定,也能对文章结构进行有效猜测。
托福阅读标题大致分为三种类型。
第一种:“A and B” 型
TPO26 Energy and the Industrial Revolution
TPO5 Minerals and Plants
TPO7 Ancient Rome and Greece
TPO11 Orientation and Navigation
TPO19 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems
只看标题我们可以了解到文章中必定有两个讨论的对象,而且是分类阐述的,因为两个对象的重要性相当,在作者命名标题的时候会把两个对象都放在标题中。
但是两个对象的讨论也不是占用完全相同的篇幅,这就要看标题中的两个对象的具体概念。
这种情况下,小概念会是更主要的讨论对象。
以上面的标题TPO26 Energy and the Industrial Revolution以及TPO7 Ancient Rome and Greece为例,标题中的两个讨论对象是罗马和希腊,是同级的概念,只看标题,我们可以推测文章会是在讲罗马和希腊的关系和对比。真实情况确是如此:文章中围绕着罗马与希腊发展模式的不同以及罗马受到的希腊文明的熏陶来讲。TPO26 Energy and the Industrial Revolution两个对象是能源和工业革命,看概念可以知道能源是小概念,工业革命是大概念,那么推测文章的主要对象是能源。事实上,文章的内容就是在讲工业革命中能源的作用。
第二种: “A ” 型
TPO3 Architecture
TPO4 Petroleum Resources
TPO6 William Smith
TPO10 Chinese Pottery
TPO13 Biological Clocks
这类标题看上去很简单,只涉及一个概念,那么文章必定围绕着这一个对象来讲。但是这点信息好像对我们的帮助不大。还有哪些特点呢?其实,一般情况下,这类文章在行文时文章会分为两部分,文章一开始会给出这一个概念的定义,即“什么是A?”;接下来“A有什么特点?”或者“A的起源”等等。
以TPO3 Architecture为例,文章讨论的对象是建筑,文章第一段也是第一部分讲的是建筑的定义和文化价值;接下来的内容则围绕着建筑的质量、建筑的特点进行。
第三种:“带限定的A” 型
TPO21 The origin of Agriculture
TPO18 The Mystery of Yawning
TPO3 The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems/
TPO8 Extinction of the Dinosaurs
TPO24 Breathing During Sleep
和“A ” 型标题对比,可以看出这种类型的标题对讨论的唯一对象进行了修饰或者称限定。给出大家一个推断的范围。所以对文章的接下来的内容推测也容易的多
比如TPO21 The origin of Agriculture就是在讲农业的起源而不会是农业的其他方面。TPO24 Breathing During Sleep讲睡觉时的呼吸。
这种文章类型会是我们最希望看到的,因为可以直接看出文章讨论的话题。
2、读首段。
托福阅读文章属于议论文或者说明文,多采用总分(总)文章结构,利用首段往往可以概括出全文主旨。在阅读首段时,注意内容中如果出现however,while,but等转折逻辑指示词,往往后面的内容就是重点!
3、读每段的中心句。
学生面对一个托福阅读段落,肯定一开始很难确定主题句,有的段落主题句也并不是明显的某一句话。但是一般情况下,托福阅读段落主题句会是前1-2句,或者是最后一句,要注意的是每个段落大致采取Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度的结构,这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构,考生通过这种结构抓住文章的各个段落主旨,便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。
篇5:托福阅读满分考生阅读提升正确率经验
托福阅读满分考生阅读提升正确率经验分享
托福阅读提升正确率初期备考心得
在备考初期,要做的第一件事就是背单词。单词就是阅读文章这栋大厦的砖瓦,没有单词量,大厦建不好的。我一开始也是背《21天搞定托福单词》,后来发现老背都背不住,后来我就开始背四级单词,把四级单词熟悉到95%左右的时候我就开始再背托福,发现轻松很多。所以我建议不管六级分数有多高的,还是背背四级的单词。 当词汇量积攒到了一定程度的时候,就可以开始做题了。做题首先需要了解题型。强烈建议看OG!了解完题型之后就得开始做题了。
托福阅读提升正确率如何兼顾速度?
我们通常会遇到一个问题,求速度还是求正确率?
我的意见就是没有正确率做再快也没用。来分析一下为什么速度不快而且还做错?刚开始做可能一篇需要花30分钟甚至更长,那是因为我们对于单词反应能力不快和对句子结构不明确造成的。单词问题很好解决就是背,语法呢?我觉得中国考生最厉害的估计是语法了吧,但是为什么还是会对句子结构不明确呢?因为我们都是对语法有个认识,而不知道怎么去用。而托福阅读正好是考我们怎么去运用语法,所以照成很多细节题会出错。这个问题我相信大部分同学和我一样都遇到过。我就开始抓自己的语法了。我用的是《张道真实用英语语法》这本书,网上貌似有PDF版的下载,有需要可以去下载看看。我不是从第一页看到最后一页的看这本语法书,我是把它当成字典来用。就是只要在阅读中遇到不明白的句子,我就用这本书去查这句语法是怎么回事。积累多了阅读速度立马快了起来。这时候有同学会觉得好麻烦,那真的如果想拿高分的话,就得查啊!还有就是碰见一些专业词汇不认识怎么办的问题,我的经验就是查出来背下,这样下次遇到同一话题的题目看得懂了。这样我们就解决了速度问题。
正确率怎么提高呢?逐渐对语法的熟悉和单词的熟悉,来提高对选项的认识了。我的方法就是做完题目之后分析自己选错的选项设置和为什么做错了。然后我再分析做对的题的错误选项为什么是错的。这样做多了就会有一个自己做题的感觉了。希望有兴趣攻克阅读的同学可以试一试,我觉得效果很好。
托福阅读备考如何使用官方真题Official教材?
做完题是不是就把官方真题Official丢一边了呢?我觉得有点浪费了。我把官方真题Official阅读10-24做了三遍,然后把自己错的多的文章翻译成中文。这样再遇到同一个话题的文章的时候,思路就很清晰了。有的人问我做过一次答案不就记住了么?真心觉得是我记性不好,第二遍做还是会做错,一样记不住答案。不知道其他做了多遍官方真题Official的同学有没有这个感觉。还有,不用每篇都是翻译,翻译10篇左右自己不熟悉,错的多的话题就OK了。
托福阅读最后一题怎么答
托福阅读考试难吗?如何在托福阅读的考试中获得满分呢?当你能把托福阅读考试中的所有题目都做对的时候,你真的有把握把最后一题也做对吗?这时候就需要你能掌握一些方法,托福阅读最后一题方法,分享给大家。
1. 找出每个段落的中心句,划分段落内部的层次,如分类/并列递进/对比转折等;
2. 区分主旨和细节。所谓主旨,就是被别的句子来支持解释的,也即众星拱月般的”老大”;所谓细节,就是去跟随“老大”的句子,证明“老大”说的都是对的。
3. 如果某段没有主旨句,则需自己进行总结,此时无需向小学语文课老师要求的那样,非要说出一个完整而优美的“标答”,只需用提取关键词,表示出核心观点即可,建议简洁明了,关键词包含核心概念和关键动作/状态即可。
4. 文章结构自己分析过一遍之后,找出正确选项与各段段落大意的对应关系。记住:正确的三个选项之所以正确,一定是与原文的某些个段落的段落大意有对应关系。
5. 错误的选项,错误逻辑基本上也可以归类为这几类:原文没有提到,原文提到了但是与原文矛盾,与原文对应内容正确但是属于细节而非主要观点。这三类错误隐蔽性属于逐级增强,同学们需要仔细去与文章核对。
托福阅读考试如何抓紧时间
托福阅读时间:
15 分钟一篇,一篇 13/14 道题。(官方要求是 20 分钟一篇)
13 道题中除了 4 道词汇题(30‘’)1 道多选题(1’30‘’)之外,其他题目基本(1‘)一般是在第三段/第四段,大概第 8 题/第 9 题的样子,是一段会出 2 道理解题的段落。题目编排,近几年的 TPO 一般第一篇第二篇文章偏难,生词多,第三篇简单难度类似早期 TPO。
在题目上一般是(细节 词汇,细节 作用, 细节 词汇, 细节 词汇 改写, 细节 词汇, 黑点 大意)规律就是每一段都会出细节题(In paragraph n...)再加一道其他题,早期一段只有一道题的情况几乎不存在了。
简单的文章可能会出比较难的大意题,尤其是对比型的简单文章。用上面的标准控制时间,用下面的方法去读的话,20 分钟一般都是够用的。
我的阅读障碍:
速度:大概 150-170 字,生词量一般而且前后不出现感觉自相矛盾需要停下来想的情况下。
选项:词汇量一般,有时词汇题的相似词汇不造句都感觉不出区别。
新托福阅读真题训练技巧:
1,粗看下文章的段数,对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有 5 段,那长段肯定是 3 道题)粗看每段第一句话,对文章的整体意思心中有数。
2,每段段首变成中文理解,以迅速的进入状态,并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题,这段的段首也要读)
托福阅读背景素材:富人将变成新人类
The rich are set to become God-like cyborgs in what could be the 'biggest evolution in biology' since life emerged.
富人们将变成会成为上帝般的电子人,这将可能是人类有史以来“在生物方面最大的进化”。
This is according to Yuval Noah Harari, a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, who believes the radical shift will take place in the next 200 years.
这是来自耶路撒冷希伯来大学(Hebrew University of Jerusalem)的教授尤尔瓦?诺亚?哈拉里(Yuval Noah Harari)的预言,他相信这种巨变会在未来2内发生。
Using biotechnology and genetic engineering, Professor Harari claims the wealthy will transform into a new type of divine, immortal human with complete power over life and death.
哈拉里说,富人们使用生物技术和基因工程技术,能够转化成新人类——神圣,永恒,对生与死有完全的掌控权。
He argues that humans are unable to resist the temptation to 'upgrade' themselves, according to a report by Sarah Knapton in the Telegraph.
萨拉?卡普顿(Sarah Knapton)在《电讯报》(Telegraph)的报道称,哈拉里提出,人类无法拒绝“升级”自身的诱惑。
'We are programmed to be dissatisfied,' said Professor Harari, during a recent speech at the Hay literary festival in Wales.
哈拉里教授最近在威尔士干草文学节发表演说,称,“我们已被设定为不满足现状。”
'Even when humans gain pleasure and achievements it is not enough. They want more and more.
“即使人类获得了快乐和成就,仍然感到不满足。他们想要更多。”
'I think it is likely in the next 200 years or so homo sapiens will upgrade themselves into some idea of a divine being, either through biological manipulation or genetic engineering or by the creation of cyborgs, part organic part non-organic.
“我认为在接下来的约200年里,现代人很可能会通过使用生物操控或基因工程,或通过创造半有机半无机的电子人,使自身升级为神人。”
'It will be the greatest evolution in biology since the appearance of life. Nothing really has changed in four billion years biologically speaking.
“这将是自人类生命诞生以来,在生物方面最大的进化。从生物学上来讲,400亿年来,人类的身体构造并没有真正发生变化。
'But we will be as different from today's humans as chimps are now from us.'
“就像猩猩已经离我们很遥远了,我们也将会与今天的人类截然不同。”
The technology to do this, however, will be restricted to the very wealthy, claims Professor Harari.
然而,哈拉里教授称,改造人类这一技术将只属于富人。
Up until now, he says society has been held together by inventing 'fictions', such as religion, money and the idea of fundamental human rights.
他说,在目前为止,社会被创造的“虚幻”团结在一起,如宗教,金钱,人权思想等。
As long as humans believed they relied more and more on these gods they were controllable, he said.
他说,只要人类相信这些,越来越依靠这些“神”,他们就是可控的。
'But what we see in the last few centuries is humans becoming more powerful and they no longer need the crutches of the Gods.'
但是我们在过去几个世纪里所看到的是,人类变得越来越强大,不再需要上帝的拐杖。
He added that the most interesting place in the world from a religious perspective is not the Middle East but Silicon Valley.
他补充道,从宗教的观点来看,世界上最有趣的地方不是中东,而是硅谷。
Here, people are developing what he describes as a 'techno-religion' in which they believe death is just a technological problem.
这里的人们发展出这样一种他称之为“技术宗教”的观念:他们相信死亡只是一个技术问题。
'Now we are saying we do not need God just technology,' he added.
他补充道,“现在我们不需要上帝了,只需要技术。”
Vocabulary
cyborg 电子人
homo sapiens 现代人
3,每读一段整理一次逻辑,A 支持的观点是,A 的观点的问题是 B 的观点是......(记忆法,图像帮助理解,逻辑帮助记忆,生成图像来理解含义,对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法,每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色,这段如果讲倒推如原因,在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆,如果正推将后果等就
篇6:托福阅读满分学霸提升正确率经验
托福阅读30分是怎么考出来的?满分学霸分享提升正确率经验
托福阅读提升正确率初期备考心得
在备考初期,要做的第一件事就是背单词。单词就是阅读文章这栋大厦的砖瓦,没有单词量,大厦建不好的。我一开始也是背《21天搞定托福单词》,后来发现老背都背不住,后来我就开始背四级单词,把四级单词熟悉到95%左右的时候我就开始再背托福,发现轻松很多。所以我建议不管六级分数有多高的,还是背背四级的单词。 当词汇量积攒到了一定程度的时候,就可以开始做题了。做题首先需要了解题型。强烈建议看OG!了解完题型之后就得开始做题了。
托福阅读提升正确率如何兼顾速度?
我们通常会遇到一个问题,求速度还是求正确率?
我的意见就是没有正确率做再快也没用。来分析一下为什么速度不快而且还做错?刚开始做可能一篇需要花30分钟甚至更长,那是因为我们对于单词反应能力不快和对句子结构不明确造成的。单词问题很好解决就是背,语法呢?我觉得中国考生最厉害的估计是语法了吧,但是为什么还是会对句子结构不明确呢?因为我们都是对语法有个认识,而不知道怎么去用。而托福阅读正好是考我们怎么去运用语法,所以照成很多细节题会出错。这个问题我相信大部分同学和我一样都遇到过。我就开始抓自己的语法了。我用的是《张道真实用英语语法》这本书,网上貌似有PDF版的下载,有需要可以去下载看看。我不是从第一页看到最后一页的看这本语法书,我是把它当成字典来用。就是只要在阅读中遇到不明白的句子,我就用这本书去查这句语法是怎么回事。积累多了阅读速度立马快了起来。这时候有同学会觉得好麻烦,那真的如果想拿高分的话,就得查啊!还有就是碰见一些专业词汇不认识怎么办的问题,我的经验就是查出来背下,这样下次遇到同一话题的题目看得懂了。这样我们就解决了速度问题。
正确率怎么提高呢?逐渐对语法的熟悉和单词的熟悉,来提高对选项的认识了。我的方法就是做完题目之后分析自己选错的选项设置和为什么做错了。然后我再分析做对的题的错误选项为什么是错的。这样做多了就会有一个自己做题的感觉了。希望有兴趣攻克阅读的同学可以试一试,我觉得效果很好。
托福阅读备考如何使用官方真题Official教材?
做完题是不是就把官方真题Official丢一边了呢?我觉得有点浪费了。我把官方真题Official阅读10-24做了三遍,然后把自己错的多的文章翻译成中文。这样再遇到同一个话题的文章的时候,思路就很清晰了。有的人问我做过一次答案不就记住了么?真心觉得是我记性不好,第二遍做还是会做错,一样记不住答案。不知道其他做了多遍官方真题Official的同学有没有这个感觉。还有,不用每篇都是翻译,翻译10篇左右自己不熟悉,错的多的话题就OK了。
托福阅读长难句分析:嗅觉交流
The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached. (TPO28, 45)
olfactory /?l'f?kt(?)r?/ adj. 嗅觉的
document /'d?kj?m(?)nt/ vt. 用文件证实或证明(某事)
captive /'k?pt?v/ adj. 被捕获的,被俘虏的
twig /tw?g/ n. 嫩枝
approach /?'pr??t?/ vt. 接近, 靠近
大家自己先读,不回读,看一遍是否能理解
The importance (of olfactory communication) (using odors to communicate) (in the way of life of deer) was documented (by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago), (which noted)(that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs), (especially as autumn approached). (TPO28, 45)
托福阅读长难句分析:
这个句子的主干就是:
The importance was documented
修饰一:(of olfactory communication),介词短语
中文:嗅觉交流
修饰二:(using odors to communicate),非谓语动词
中文:使用气味去交流
修饰三:(in the way of life of deer),介词短语
中文:在鹿群生活方式中
修饰四:(by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago),介词短语
中文:一个关于被捕获的成年雄鹿的研究
修饰五:(which noted),从句
中文:研究提到
修饰六:(that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs),从句
中文:雄鹿会在树枝和嫩枝上摩擦前额
修饰七:(especially as autumn approached),从句
中文:尤其当秋天临近时
托福阅读长难句参考翻译:
嗅觉交流(使用气味去交流)在鹿群生活方式中的重要性,被几十年前一个关于被捕获的成年雄鹿的研究证实,这个研究提到:尤其当秋天临近时,雄鹿会在树枝和嫩枝上摩擦前额。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是介词短语、从句和非谓语动词,大家务必想清楚,每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么,才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
托福阅读长难句分析:释放水动能
They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. (TPO29, 48)
blade /ble?d/ n. (刀﹑ 剑﹑ 凿等的)刃;(划水桨﹑ 螺旋桨﹑ 锹﹑ 铲﹑ 板球击球板等的)扁宽平面部分
kinetic /k?'net?k/ adj. 运动的,运动引起的
大家自己先读,不回读,看一遍是否能理解
They revealed output powers (ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60) (for the largest wheels) and confirmed that (for maximum efficiency), the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, (having given up almost all of its kinetic energy).(TPO29, 48)
托福阅读长难句分析:
这个句子主干就是:
They revealed output powers and confirmed that
宾语从句的主干:the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed
中文:水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过,并以最小的速度流走
修饰一:(ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60),非谓语动词
中文:输出功率范围是从1马力到水轮可能输出的60马力
修饰二:(for the largest wheels),介词短语
中文:对于水轮
修饰三:(for maximum efficiency),介词短语
中文:为了达到效率
修饰四:(having given up almost all of its kinetic energy),非谓语动词
中文:释放水的几乎所有动能
托福阅读长难句参考翻译:
它们(调查)显示输出功率范围是从1马力到水轮可能输出的60马力;它们也确定了要达到效率,水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过,并以最小的速度流走,释放水的几乎所有动能。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是介词短语、非谓语动词、从句,大家务必想清楚,每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么,才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
托福考试阅读资料模拟试题及答案
The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members' paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The society's activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the “Industry of All Nations” section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.
The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconer's studio, where it broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson, published in 1802 and by the 1850's long out of print.
In 1866 the National Academy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York City founded The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.
1. This passage is mainly about
(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800's
(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800's
(C) a famous exhibition of watercolor paintings in New York City in the mid-1800's
(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800's
2. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because
(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society
(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City
(C) John Falconer established his studio for watercolor painters
(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published
3. The word “securingV得到,获得” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) locking
(B) creating
(C) constructing
(D) acquiring
4. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting in Watercolor EXCEPT:
(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.
(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society
(C) The society exhibited only the paintings of its members.
(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.
5. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting in Watercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?
(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.
(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.
(C) It was the first important exhibition of the society's work.
(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.
6. The word “it” in line 15 refers to
(A) time
(B) group
(C) building
(D) studio
7. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850's?
(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.
(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition space.
(C) The Artists Fund Society helped them to form The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.
(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds of artists.
8. Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it
(A) received an important reward
(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting
(C) was much better than an earlier published fundamental of instruction
(D) attracted the interest of art collectors
9. The word “considerable” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) sensitive
(B) great
(C) thoughtful
(D) planned
10. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?
(A) Elements of Graphic Art was republished.
(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.
(C) The neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City was built.
(D) The National Academy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.
11. The word “prominent” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) wealthy
(B) local
(C) famous
(D) organized
答案:
BADCC BACBD C
篇7:托福阅读推理题怎么做
托福阅读推理题怎么做?不要放过任何有用信息
推理题分类
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位,然后进行推理。一般来说,大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题,也就是题干中无线索,一般使用排除法,即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位,通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点,采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
推理题解题思路解析
1、一般对比推理:根据两个事情的对比特征,问其中一个事物的特征,只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理:在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 :一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比,两者之间存在着互补性关系,也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之,相同。这个比较抽象,我们来看一个例子:
例如:Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出:非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降,所以(B)为正确答案。
不要放过任何有用信息
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词: 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词:may, can , could…;表示过去的:used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的: not only ,not exclusively等。
综合上文,大家可以看到托福阅读推理题其实主要是通过文中信息来做推断,但是大家在找信息的时候一定要抓住关键信息,争取不要漏掉任何有用信息,这样才能合理推理出题目的答案。
托福阅读做题都有哪些原则
1这每篇文章的题目基本上根据文章布局一步一步向前推进,即使有个别题打乱文章布局,在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。
2做题时,根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域,同时排除相应的选项。
3到难句子时,最直接有效的方式就是对其进行句子结构分析,迅速把握整个句子的意思,不要盯着单个的词不放,不然就会因小失大。
4每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释度、或者是歪曲原文、或者与原文毫不相干。换句话说,命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏,用各种表达形式让考生晕头转向、雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪,找到合符文章意思和题意的选项。
托福阅读推理类题目的解法
托福阅读大家都想能更好地把题目做对,不过托福阅读题型还是很多的,不同的托福阅读题也有着不同的解决办法,具体该如何做呢?下面介绍的就是一种很常见的题目:推理题,希望能给大家一些好的建议。
一、推理题的标志
托福阅读题型中推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词,分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
二、推理题的做法
对于无共性的推理题,也就是托福阅读题干中无线索的,一般使用排除法,即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位,通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题,也就是托福阅读题干中有线索的,可以先圈定题干中的关键词,根据关键词回原文定位,然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路:
1.一般对比推理
ETS设计推理题的手段不多,根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时,只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如:
It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
&<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
&<61;There were great numbers of them.
&<61;They lived in the sea only.
&<61;They did not leave many fossil remains.
根据关键词sea otters定位第四句:However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…,由原文的unlike可知 sea otters 和 pinnipeds 两种动物与 whales 形成对比,而且很难想象原始的 whales 的样子;根据“一般对比推理”思路,可以推出“原始的 sea otters 的样子不难想象”。第一个选项表达了此意,为正确答案。
2.时间对比推理
这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例一:
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
…
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A)families were larger.
(B)population statistics were unreliable.
(C)the population grew steadily.
(D)economic conditions were bad.
工业革命之后与工业革命之前两个时间形成对比。既然工业革命之后西方世界的家庭变小了,那么工业革命之前的家庭一定比较大。因此(A)为正确答案。
例二:
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
(A) They were truly “silent.”
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.
1927年前后形成对比。既然1927年以前的电影只有音乐而没有配音,那么1927年之后的电影一定有。所以(C)为正确答案。
例三:
“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
&<61;They did not smoke when they were burned.
&<61;They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
&<61;They were not available to all.
&<61;They contained sulfuric acid.
问题:关于19世纪以前的蜡烛,从第一段可以推出下列哪一点?
这道题的题干中有“19世纪以前”这一时间,由此可见它属于“时间对比推理”思路。原文首句指出:“…19世纪带来了大量新发现和发明,使蜡烛业发生了革命性的变化,所有人都能用蜡烛照明。” 根据“时间对比推理”思路,由于19世纪以前的情况与19世纪形成对比,而19世纪所有人能用蜡烛照明,那么在19世纪之前,并非所有人都能用上蜡烛。第三个选项 “They were not available to all”表达了这一意思,为正确答案。
3.集合概念推理
集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断,它指的是在一个集合中,包含两个相对的方面,共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加;反之,一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路,可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。
例一:
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.
22.What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
(A) They value folk cultures.
(B) They have no social classes.
(C) They have popular cultures.
(D) They do not value individualism.
原文谈到folk culture 和popular culture两种文化,它们之间形成对比。既然美国和加拿大不再存在folk culture,那么它们就有popular culture。因此(C)为正确答案。
例二:
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出:非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降了。所以(B)为正确答案。
上面针对托福阅读题型中推理类题目的介绍希望能给各位一些好的帮助,托福阅读题众多掌握好方法才是最重要的,托福阅读的成绩关键也是如此。
把握托福阅读需做到过目不忘
所谓外行看热闹,内行看门道。在托福阅读的过程中,大家一定要记住:我们读的是“意思”,而非“语句”,语句只是工具而已。能够透过现象看本质,是我们做到过目不忘的很重要的一个前提。换言之,在读一段之后,我们要能够把握这一段当中有几个重要的信息点。看完一篇文章后,能够记住每一段都主要从哪个方面讲了什么核心意思。
何谓把握段落的信息要点?我们来看一个例子:
The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, however the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.(选自TPO12:Transition to sound in film.)
第一句话说在1920的从无声电影到有声电影的转变到目前为止标志着电影历史上最重要的变革。第二句话说尽管自从那时开始的几十年的高度可视技术在剧院和家庭成像方面的发展,没有任何一项革新能够被当作一个相似的分水岭。第三句话,几乎在每一种语言当中,不论怎样措辞,电影历史上的最基本的区分在于有声电影和无声电影之间。
我们可以清晰看到,这一段虽然有三句话,但是三句话讲的其实是一个意思。就是说从无声到有声电影的这样一个变革很重要…….。所以我们在看完这一段的时候就记住这一个意思就可以了,因为就只有一个核心意思,基于这一段出的题无非是问这个意思,各位孩儿们是不是觉得很神奇?
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is the most significant development in the history of film?
○The technological innovation of sound film during the 1920s
○The development of a technology for translating films into other languages
○The invention of a method for delivering movies to people's homes
○The technological improvements allowing clearer images in films
孩儿们重点体会一下正确选项是如何于原文的要点相对应的,同时还要体会一下出题者在正确选项以及对应信息之间paraphrase的手法。
当然,上边的这一段肯定是比较简单的情况,因为要点比较单一。我们再来看一个例子。
Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. These critics were making a common assumption—that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts (poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings) would invariably occur again. To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.
这一段也是看起来一大堆,但其实思路很简单。第一句说尽管从后来的角度很难想象,一些批判性的观点认为有声电影会是一个从人们视线当中很快消失的技术革新,正如早起的努力一样。第二句说这些批判性观点通常假设ABC等技术不足会一如既往的发生。第三句说尽管他们对于这些技术缺陷的评估是相关的,然后他们忽略了考虑一些电影行业中的新生力量,这些新生力量是不会把no作为一个answer的。
所以这一段的写作思路就是一些批判性的观点是什么,最后指出了这些观点是不正确的。总体上可以概括为两个信息要点,出题也无非是针对这两个信息要点。
According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the technical problems of early sound films?(4)
○Linking images with recorded sound was a larger obstacle than weak sound amplification or fragile sound recordings.
○Sound films in the 1920s were unable to solve the technical flaws found in sound films before the First World War.
○Technical inadequacies occurred less frequently in early sound films than critics suggested.
○Critics assumed that it would be impossible to overcome the technical difficulties experienced with earlier sound films.
童鞋们在今后的阅读当中一定要有意识地主动地去理解和记忆每一段的信息要点,这对你们的解题会有很大的帮助。
篇8:托福阅读推理题解析
托福阅读推理题解析
推理题的标志是在题干中出现infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 这样的词汇,它和细节题属于同源题目,都需要定位并且根据文中信息来选择答案。与细节题不同的是,推理题在找到原文中定位点之后考察的是学生对于文中信息的总结概括,或者反向推理的能力。
推理题的两大分类:有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位,然后进行推理。一般来说,大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题,也就是题干中无线索,一般使用排除法,即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位,通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点,采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
推理题大概有三个解题思路:一般对比推理、时间对比推理、集合概念推理。一般对比推理:根据两个事情的对比特征,问其中一个事物的特征,只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。时间对比推理:在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 :一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比,两者之间存在着互补性关系,也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之,相同。
在这里我们先来看一个例子:
Passage:…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a.They did not smoke when they were burned.
b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c.They were not available to all.
d.They contained sulfuric acid.
正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们:19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命,这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息:19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前,也就是在19世纪以前,照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革,所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明,其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明,这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭,告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期,蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 来提炼 tallow,提炼后的产品就是 stearin,stearin 比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是 rancid,意思是(油脂食物,其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟),这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料,在19世纪以前是没有使用的,这与选项d相反。
解答这里题目时要注意这些关键信息点:日期和数字、关键词: 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词:may, can , could…;表示过去的:used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的: not only ,not exclusively等。
在此,我们在来看一道例题:
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
b.There were great numbers of them.
c. They lived in the sea only.
d.They did not leave many fossil remains.
首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位,题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇,定位到原文的第四句话:“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”,即与sea otters 不一样的是,whales 的陈述是:it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即,不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter 是和鲸鱼相反,所以选择A选项,即不难看出第一头sea otter 长什么样子。所以实际上,这种题目虽然叫做推理题,但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远,基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。
提高托福阅读答对率有技巧
一、新托福阅读的新题型重点考察句子间的关系
在托福阅读中有那么一个段落,其中有4 个框框,他代表你在题干中的那句话可以拖入这个里面来,做题的方法是:第一步一定要优先阅读题干中要被拖入到原文的那句话。第二步找要被代入原文那句话当中的关键字和要点。因为我们知道,如果要把一句话代入到原文当中,这句话肯定和原文有很强的关联性。
然后我们找的是要被代入原文那句话中的关联词,这有很多,比方说一旦看到“因为”,前面讲的就可能是原因,因为这个结果后面有一个情况;再比如你看到THUS,通常表示结果,那么正确选项在第一个空和第二个空的可能性不是很大,在第三个空和第四个空的可能性比较大,因为它表示结果,基本都在比较靠后的位置;比如我们看到in contrast,跟前面正好是相反的,所以说这些关键词特别重要,从一定意义上来讲是我们做这种题型成败的关键。
我们要找逻辑关系,你要代入这句话的话,跟前面或者后面的话肯定有一种逻辑关系在里面,到底前后是转折还是递进还是表示结果还是什么样的关系,这是我们的情况。一般来说,多数中国同学做这个题还是比较容易的,我建议大家在备考的时候大量练习此类题目的做法。
二、多选题的关键在于题干
iBT的听力和阅读的多选题应该如何把握?这也确实是中国同学比较容易错的一个地方,新托福iBT中的多选题是这样的,即一部分题型,每道题当中都有几个选项是正确选项,也就是我们说的多选题。比如说,阅读题最后一道题一般都是多选题,多选题分两类,一类叫图表题,给你一个图表,让你6选3或者 8选4。第二类叫文章内容小节题,文章内容概述题,什么意思呢?先给你一句话,这句话就是这篇文章的中心思想,请问下面哪几个选项中反映了这篇文章的中心思想。
这样的话,这个题目是我们的第二个问法,这是阅读中我们最常见的两种多选题,这种题同学们不要有畏惧心理,因为这类题目分值也比较高,一般是2 分或3分。我们即使答错一个空,3分题还会拿到两分,不会给你扣掉所有的分。
第二,这个问题是基于你之前问题的答案的基础上,当你把之前其他的问题都答完了,你整个的这篇文章读的也很好了,再做这个题的话,基本上问题不大了。只要别错太多,这种题多少都会有分的。第三,这类题目的数量比较少。所以我们做这个题要特别的细心,做这个题的关键在于对这道题题干中的那句话的理解,因为这句话就是文章的概述,基本上下面的答案都是符合这句话的,或和这句话有关联点的,跟这句话扯得太远的一般就是错误选项,所以要求我们特别细心,越细心越好。
托福阅读真题1
In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar to that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an area's marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. People are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmed or removed.
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce. Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after 1978. They range in size from the very small (less than 1 square kilometer) Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management practices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, are offered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species.
Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and other countries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the United States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Caribbean Sea. Others range from the well-known Australian Great Barrier Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come to recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas. whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important role in preserving that diversity. ?
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Differences among marine parks, sanctuaries, and reserves
(B) Various marine conservation programs
(C) International agreements on coastal protection
(D) Similarities between land and sea protected environments
2. The word intent in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) repetition
(B) approval
(C) goal
(D) revision
3. The word administered in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) managed
(B) recognized
(C) opposed
(D) justified
4. The word these in line 11 refers to
(A) sites
(B) candidates
(C) decades
(D) sanctuaries
5. The passage mentions the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (lines 13-14) as an
example of a sanctuary that
(A) is not well know
(B) covers a large area
(C) is smaller than the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary
(D) was not originally proposed for sanctuary status
6. According to the passage , when was the National Marine Sanctuaries Program established?
(A) before 1972
(B) after 1987
(C) one hundred years before national parks were established
(D) one hundred years after Yellowstone National Park was established
7. According to the passage , all of the following are achievements of the National Marine
Sanctuaries Program EXCEPT
(A) the discovery of several new marine organisms
(B) the preservation of connections between individual marine species
(C) the protection of coastal habitats
(D) the establishment of areas where the public can observe marine life
8. The word periphery in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) depth
(B) landmass
(C) warm habitat
(D) outer edge
9. The passage mentions which of the following as a threat to marine areas outside the United
States?
(A) limitations in financial support
(B) the use of marine species as food
(C) variability of the climate
(D) increases in tourism
PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADD
托福阅读真题2
In the early 1800's, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent. People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, ran bakeries, or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family members or apprentices.
Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber — all readily available on the North American continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870's and the First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked important trade centers essential to industrial growth.
Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive.
The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at less expense.
1. What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy
(B) The inventions that transformed life in the nineteenth century
(C) The problems associated with the earliest factories
(D) The difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth century
2. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of artisans who
(A) maintained their businesses at home
(B) were eventually able to use sophisticated technology
(C) produced unusual goods and commodities
(D) would employ only family members
3. The phrase hinged on in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) recovered from
(B) depended on
(C) started on
(D) contributed to
4. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that
occurred in the United States before 1914?
(A) The availability of natural resources found only in the United States
(B) The decrease in number of farms resulting from technological advances
(C) The replacement of canals and railroads by other forms of transportation
(D) The availability of a large immigrant work force
5. The word lured in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracted
(B) assigned
(C) restricted
(D) attached
6. The word Others in line 20 refers to other
(A) adults
(B) promises
(C) goods and services
(D) social opportunities
7. The word expendable in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) nonproductive
(B) unacceptable
(C) nonessential
(D) unprofitable
8. It can be inferred from the passage that industrialization affected farming in that
industrialization
(A) increased the price of farm products
(B) limited the need for new farm machinery
(C) created new and interesting jobs on farms
(D) reduced the number of people willing to do farm work
9. What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming
capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive (lines 23-24)?
(A) Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines.
(B) Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers.
(C) The new inventions were not helpful for all farming activities.
(D) Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.
10. According to the passage , factory workers differed from craft workers in that factory workers
(A) were required to be more creative
(B) worked extensively with raw materials
(C) changed jobs frequently
(D) specialized in one aspect of the finished product only
PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD
托福阅读推理题如何提升正确率(精选8篇)




