托福阅读高频易错话题背景知识补充

时间：2023-04-26 03:39:12 作者：猫头鹰套头毛衣综合材料收藏本文下载本文

【导语】“猫头鹰套头毛衣”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了8篇托福阅读高频易错话题背景知识补充，下面是小编帮大家整理后的托福阅读高频易错话题背景知识补充，希望对大家的学习与工作有所帮助。

目录
第1篇：托福阅读高频易错话题背景知识补充第2篇：托福阅读背景知识材料补充第3篇：托福口语背景知识补充第4篇：托福阅读背景知识第5篇：新托福阅读背景知识第6篇：托福阅读背景知识知多少第7篇：新托福阅读背景知识精选第8篇：新托福阅读背景知识

篇1：托福阅读高频易错话题背景知识补充

托福阅读高频易错话题背景知识补充中世纪农业改革那些事儿

近期托福阅读农业话题出现情况介绍

农业向来是ETS特别喜欢考的一个话题，从农业起源，到具体某个国家或者文明农业发展的状况，从玛雅印加农业到巴厘岛埃及农业，农业的话题充斥着工业革命之前历史时期的各个阶段。纵观最近几场考试：

The Plow and the Horse in Medieval Europe 2019.9.7;

The Medieval Agricultural Revolution 2019.8.25;

New Sources of Power for Agriculture 2019.7.6;

中世纪的农业改革这个话题热度久高不下，接下来小编就跟大家详细聊聊中世纪农业改革那些事。

中世纪工业改革话题背景知识科普分享

中世纪的农业改革重点体现在3个方面：三田制(three-field system)，重型犁(heavy plow)和马在畜力上的使用(plow horse)。

1. three-field system(三田制)

在中世纪之前的罗马时代是二田制，所有的田地一份为二，一半种植(cultivation)，一半休耕(fallow)，但随着时代的发展，人口越来越多，导致食物供不应求，所以这个时期的人们开始使用三田制，将土地一分为三，其中的三分之二用于种植，另外三分之一进行休耕，一方面能够确保粮食的供应，另一方面也保证土地有时机恢复肥沃度。

具体内容如下：

For much of the early Middle Ages, peasants continued the Roman practice of dividing their fields in two leaving one fallow, or uncultivated, for a year, and planting their crops in the other half. Fallow land restored its nutrients, but the practice meant that half the land produced nothing every year. In southern Europe with its drier climate this system of two-field crop rotation continued, but in northern Europe, peasants improved on this system by dividing their land into three parts. One they left fallow, another they planted in the spring, and the third they planted with winter crops. This three-field crop rotation, dependent on more rainfall than southern Europe received, meant that two-thirds instead of one-half of a peasant's land was under production in one year.

2. heavy plow(重型犁)

这个时期的人们把罗马时代的犁(scratch plow)进行了改造，使它更锋利，能够穿透北欧沉重潮湿的泥土，给土地充气，并且将底层的矿物质翻倒地表，有助于庄稼生长，另一方面，重型犁留下犁纹(furrow)，有利于疏通泥土排水，减少洪涝。但新犁很重，需要八匹马/八头牛去拉，个体农民无法负担如此多牲畜，促使农民合作结成马队或者牛队，且为了减少犁地时拐弯，将农田变成长条形(long strips)。

具体内容如下：

A major development in farming was the heavy plow that could cut through the deep, wet, and heavy soils of Northern Europe much better than the light scratch plow. It had three basic parts: the coulter or heavy knife that cut through the soil vertically, the plowshare that cut through the soil horizontally, and the mouldboard, which turned the soil to one side.

There were two advantages to this kind of plow. First, it cut the soil so violently that there was no need for cross plowing as there was with the scratch plow. This saved time, which could be used for, among other things, clearing more land and producing more food. Second, the heavy plow created furrows, little ridges and valleys in each plowed row. In times of drought, water would drain into the valleys and ensure some crops would survive. In times of heavy rains, the crops on top of the ridges would not get flooded out. As a result, peasants could usually look forward to at least some crops to harvest even in bad years. The furrows the heavy plow created also meant that the rich alluvial bottomlands by rivers could be farmed without their frequent floods doing too much damage. The heavy plow also fed into the feedback cycle of more food, population growth, etc.

3. plow horse(马的使用)

马的使用也是这个时期的重点突破，之前不用马是因为套在牛脖子上的collar不适合马，后来人们对这个collar进行改造，研制出了新型马具，使得马可以在耕地上发挥作用。马的工作时间更长，效率更高，促进了农业产出(yield)，且马可以用来运输粮食去更远的地方，推动区域经济的发展。

相应文章如下：

Oxen are slow and unintelligent compared to horses, but peasants could not use horses to pull plows until they devised a different kind of harnessing than the strap that circled an ox's neck. With a harness resting on its shoulders instead of its neck, a horse could be used to plow, and horses could walk more quickly and work longer hours than oxen. They also required less guidance, since they understood verbal signals to turn or to stop. Heavier, wheeled plows pulled by suitably harnessed horses meant that peasants could work more land in a day than ever before. Whether an increase in population across western Europe, but particularly in the north, stimulated innovations or whether such innovations contributed to a rise in population, the cumulative effect of these changes in agriculture was apparent in the tenth century. Conditions in Europe were ripe for an economic and cultural upswing.

这三大改革，大大促进了农业的发展，也使得中世纪进入了它发展的繁盛期，历史上称之为The High Middle Ages。

中世纪农业改革的相关背景知识就介绍到这里，小编希望各位考生能够认真阅读有所收获，并运用到后期的备考甚至是实战的阶段当中。

托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题

Question 31-40

If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation —— conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.

The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.

Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.

A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.

In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.

3l. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The elements of salt

(B) The bodies of water of the world

(D) The salinity of ocean water

32. The word “this” in line 5 refers to

(A) ocean

(B) evaporation

(D) crystals

33. According to the passage, the ocean generally has more salt in

(A) coastal areas

(B) tropical areas

(D) turbulent areas

34. All of the following are processes that decrease salinity EXCEPT

(A) evaporation

(B) precipitation

(D) melting

35. Which of the following statements about the salinity of a body water can best be

inferred from the passage?

(A) The temperature of the water is the most important factor.

(B) The speed with which water moves is directly related to the amount of salt.

(D) Various factors combine to cause variations in the salt content of water.

36. The word “altered” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) determined

(B) changed

(D) needed

37. The world “it” in line 18 refers to

(A) sea ice

(B) salinity

(D) manner

38. Why does the author mention the Weddell Sea?

(A) To show that this body of water has salinity variations

(B) To compare Antarctic waters with Arctic waters

(D) To point out the location of deep waters

39. Which of the following is NOT a result of the formation of ocean ice?

(A) The salt remains in the water.

(B) The surrounding water sinks.

(D) The water becomes denser.

40. What can be inferred about the water near the bottom of oceans?

(A) It is relatively warm.

(B) Its salinity is relatively high.

(D) It evaporates quickly.

托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题

Questions 21-30

Glacier National park in Montana shares boundaries with Canada, an American Indian reservation, and a national forest. Along the North Fork of the Flathead River, the park also borders about 17,000 acres of private lands that are currently used for ranching, timber, and agriculture. This land is an important part of the habitat and migratory routes for several endangered species that frequent the park. These private lands are essentially the only ones available for development in the region.

With encouragement from the park, local landowners initiated a land-use planning effort to guide the future of the North Fork. The park is a partner in an interlocal agreement that calls for resource-managing agencies to work together and with the more than 400 private owners in the area. A draft plan has been prepared, with the objective of maintaining traditional economic uses but limiting new development that would damage park resources. Voluntary action by landowners, in cooperation with the park and the county, is helping to restrict small-lot subdivisions, maintain wildlife corridors, and minimize any harmful impact on the environment.

The willingness of local landowners to participate in this protection effort may have been stimulated by concerns that Congress would impose a legislative solution.

Nevertheless, many local residents want to retain the existing character of the area.

Meetings between park officials and landowners have led to a dramatically improved understanding of all concerns.

21. The passage mainly discusses

(A) the endangered species in Glacier National Park

(B) the protection of lands surrounding Glacier National Park

(D) conservation laws imposed by Congress

22. Why are the private lands surrounding Glacier National Park so important?

(A) They function as a hunting preserve.

(B) They are restricted to government use.

(D) They contain natural habitats of threatened species.

23. The word “ones” in line 6 refers to

(A) private lands

(B) endangered species

(D) ranching, timber, agriculture

24. The word “initiated” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) started

(B) requested

(D) considered

25. The relationship between park officials and neighboring landowners may best be

described as

(A) indifferent

(B) intimate

(D) disappointing

26. It can be inferred from the passage that a major interest of the officials of Glacier

National Park is to

(A) limit land development around the park

(B) establish a new Park in Montana

(D) settle border disputes with Canada

27. In lines 15-16, the author implies that landowners might be responding to environmental

concerns for which of the following reasons?

(A) They wish to stimulate economic growth.

(B) They wish to improve their public image.

(D) They fear federal legislation.

28. The word “stimulated” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) motivated

(B) anticipated

(D) undermined

29. The word “retain” in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) preserve

(B) possess

(D) improve

30. Where in the passage does the author mention the purpose of the plan developed

by local landowners and park officials?

(A) Lines 1-2

(B) Lines 4-6

(D) Lines 15-17

篇2：托福阅读背景知识材料补充

托福阅读背景知识材料补充站着办公的风险你知道吗?

托福阅读背景知识文章：站着办公的风险

A new study says that standing up at your desk doesn’t actually decrease your risk of death-by-office, unless you’re physically active otherwise.

新研究表明：除非经常锻炼，否则站着工作也不会降低猝死风险。

After several studies asserted that sitting at work all day is slowly killing us, researchers at the University of Exeter and University College London took another look at the claims. The Washington Post reports:

此前，已有多项研究表明，久坐会慢慢地致人死亡。但埃克塞特大学和伦敦大学学院的几位研究员却从另一角度进行了研究。华盛顿邮报报道：

Researchers tracked 16 years’ worth of health data from 5,132 people in the Whitehall II study cohort. Participants reported their total time sitting and how long they sat during four different situations: at work, watching television, leisure time and non-television leisure time. Researchers also tracked time spent walking daily and on physical activity.

此次研究的调查对象来自白厅二级定群研究，共5132人。研究人员对他们长达的健康数据进行了跟踪。调查对象需汇报他们坐下的总时长，以及在四种不同场合——工作、看电视、业余活动，以及不看电视的业余活动——分别坐下的时长。研究人员还跟踪调查了他们每日步行和运动的时长。

After controlling for a number of factors, including diet and general health, researchers found the overall mortality risk for these participants wasn’t influenced by how long they sat or by the kind of sitting. And the researchers cautioned that too much emphasis on not sitting shouldn’t take the place of promoting physical activity.

研究人员在控制了包括饮食、整体健康在内的许多变量后，发现：调查对象的总死亡率不受久坐时间和坐姿的影响。研究人员告诫称，人们不应过份强调久坐的风险，而忽视强调运动的重要。

What’s particularly interesting about the study, published in the International Journal of Epidemiology, is that researchers didn’t just focus on sitting during the workday, but factored in all kinds of sitting-specific data as well as rates of physical activity. Their conclusion was that “sitting time was not associated with all-cause mortality risk.” Basically, more elements are in play than just whether you’re sitting down at work, and your levels of physical activity are the greatest health indicator.

这项研究发表在《国际流行病学杂志》上。其中特别有趣的是，研究员没有只研究人们在工作时的久坐情况，还考虑到了各种相关数据和运动频率。其结论是“久坐与全因死亡率无关”。总而言之，影响健康的元素很多，不仅仅在于是否在工作时久坐。最能体现健康状况的是锻炼情况。

So what does this all mean? It appears that the act of working while standing up—which has become a trendy thing to do, especially in tech offices—doesn’t help your health, if you’re not actually exercising otherwise. If you never make it to the gym, you might as well just sit down. This is good news for the makers of treadmill desks, however.

所以这到底意味着什么?现在流行站着办公，科技公司尤为突出。但是如果不锻炼，站着工作也似乎没什么用;如果永远都不去健身，还不如就坐着呢。这对跑步机办公桌的生产商来说，可是个好消息。

The last office where I worked jumped on the standing desk trend hard, installing desks that could be raised for all workers. They also had a treadmill desk, and a bike desk. While the option to stand is certainly nice as a change in the middle of a monotonous workday, this research suggests it’s not the cure-all that adherents would like to claim.

我之前工作的地方勉强跟上了站立式办公桌的潮流，装上了可随意调节高度的桌子。此外，还有一张跑步机办公桌和一张自行车办公桌。当然，在乏味的工作之余能站着工作也是个不错的选择，但研究表明，站着工作并不是所谓的万灵丹。

“Our study overturns current thinking on the health risks of sitting and indicates that the problem lies in the absence of movement rather than the time spent sitting itself,” study author Melvyn Hillsdon of the University of Exeter said in a statement. “Any stationary posture where energy expenditure is low may be detrimental to health, be it sitting or standing.”

“我们的研究推翻了当下人们对久坐危害的认知，并指出危害健康的原因在于缺乏锻炼，而不是久坐，”来自埃克塞特大学的研究作者梅尔文·希尔斯顿在一份声明中说道。“身体静止不动，能量消耗就低，从而危害健康，不管是坐着还是站着都一样。”

The takeaway here is companies that truly want to assist worker health should invest money in options like free exercise classes and gym reimbursements. They should encourage employees to go outside and actually walk around, not simply stand up at their computers. And maybe it means that everyone who insists that standing up is the only way to work can climb down off their high desk.

这表明，真正关心员工健康的公司应该把钱花在购买免费运动课程和报销健身费用上。公司应鼓励员工走出办公室，四处走走，而不是只在电脑前站着工作。或许这意味着那些坚信“站着是唯一解决办法”的人终于能从高高的桌子上爬下来了。

托福阅读素材：如何帮助一个应届生找到工作

You probably know someone who's graduating from college this year. And what would Amazon or Pinterest suggest you give this brave soul who's walking over coals to the hellish world of job searching? A pen. (A nice pen, but a pen.) Or a mug with an inspirational quote printed on it. Or a business card holder.

You know what would be more helpful than those gifts? A job. Preferably a job with a desk, where this graduate can use her pen, drink from her mug and store her business cards.

Luckily, you – yes, you – can help give that greatest gift of all. Here's how to help a newbie job seeker land a job:

1. Start by looking within your company. Don't see any entry-level jobs listed for your company? That may be because those positions often go unlisted and are filled by internal referrals, says Brian Krueger, founder and CEO of CollegeGrad.com, an entry-level job search site, and author of “The College Grad Job Hunter.” That's where you come in, passing the job seeker's résumé to your human resources department. “If they're a good person for your company, go ahead and refer them internally,” he says. “And you may make a nice little employee referral bonus for making that connection.”

Even if there isn't an open and relevant position available for your contact right now, this referral may help both the recent grad and HR department in the future. Keep in mind that entry-level positions often have high turnover, Krueger says. And consider how larger companies sometimes hire numerous entry-level employees at once, and how usually a few of them will back out of the program just before it begins, he adds. Where do you think the HR team will turn in those situations, when they've got to do some speedy hiring? “If you've got an employee referral sitting there, waiting, that person may be given first consideration and very little competition for that entry-level position if and when it comes up,” Krueger says.

2. Reach out to your network. Share the job seeker's résumé with folks outside your company, too. If there's not much crossover between what you do and what the new grad wants to do, remember: “You may have other connections outside of your job type and industry,” Krueger says. Is there anyone in your book club or yoga class who could help? What about neighbors or family members? Shoot them the résumé, and encourage them to pass it along to whomever may be interested.

In fact, that's where things get interesting. “It's not necessarily who you know, it's who they know,” Krueger says. Maybe there's not much cooking among your connections or even your connections' connections. But the more folks forward the referral, the more eyes (and potential employers) will see it. “Networking is a numbers game,” Krueger says, and it's in those third-level contacts and beyond “where the numbers explode.”

Even as the number of professionals who see the résumé grows exponentially, the fact that the process began as a firsthand referral keeps it personal – unlike if the new grad blindly applied to a job online. Krueger says this method is particularly helpful for finding roles in small companies that have few, unadvertised openings. When companies want to fill those positions, “they're looking at that internal pipeline of people they already know,” he says.

3. Invite the grad to shadow you. “Shadowing is a very classic way of mentoring and helping people,” says Dan Schawbel, career and millennial expert and author of “Promote Yourself: The New Rules for Career Success.” After getting permission from your company, “get this student or recent graduate to come in, and show them firsthand what it’s like to work in an office environment in your profession or industry.”

Schawbel points out that shadowing may help the grad determine what he or she wants – or doesn't want – to do. (Those 9 a.m. conference calls aren't very fun, are they?)

To assure the day goes smoothly for both the shadower and the shadowee, check out these four tipsoutlined by Monster.

4. Help with mock interviews. “We train [students] to read things, know things and take the test,” Krueger says. “You can't read interview questions, know the answer and go to the interview. You actually have to practice.” Here's where you, a list of common interview questions and your phone's video feature come in. And you don't have to be a career expert to be helpful.

“All you're doing is asking them the questions and giving them the opportunity to respond,” he says. “The best part of the mock interview is not necessarily your feedback, but the opportunity to see themselves answering interview questions [and] getting that practice to actually do it.”

5. Be a coach. Again, no expertise necessary. “Sometimes the hardest part of job searching is getting started and making that your full-time job until you get a full-time job,” he says. And you can help keep the grad motivated.

Krueger suggests simply listening to the job seeker's plans and goals for the week – say, reaching out to 30 companies and securing three interviews –and then checking in on how they played out. If applicable, talk about how you can help tweak the strategy. For example, if the job seeker contacted those 30 companies and got no bites, brainstorm more effective ways to communicate with potential employers.

“That's different than Mom and Dad saying, 'Do you have a job yet?,'” Krueger says, because you're holding the grad accountable for her own goals. You're just giving a nudge – which is more useful than a pen.

托福阅读素材之“慢艺术”

Slow art is art created or presented in a way that encourages unhurried viewing and deep contemplation; a work of art that unfolds over a long time.

“慢艺术”是为了鼓励人们从容观看和深思而创造或展示的艺术，是让你花长时间去欣赏的一件艺术品。

Famous art critic Robert Hughes wrote that “We have had a gutful of fast art and fast food. What we need more of is slow art: art that holds time as a vase holds water; art that grows out of modes of perception and whose skill and doggedness make you think and feel; art that isn’t merely sensational, that doesn’t get its message across in 10 seconds, that isn’t falsely iconic, that hooks onto something deep-running in our natures.”

著名艺术评论家罗伯特?休斯曾写道：“我们已经受够了快艺术和快餐。我们更需要的是慢艺术：那些能承载时间的艺术，就像花瓶能承载水一样;那些领会了各种感知方式，灵活又固执地让你去思考和感受的艺术;那些不只带来一时震撼，也不会在10秒内迅速传递信息的艺术，这种艺术不是虚假的偶像文化，而是直抵人性深处的真实。”

A number of museums now offer “slow art” tours or days that encourage visitors to take their time. Rather than check master works off a list as if on a scavenger hunt, you can make a sprawling museum digestible and personal by seeking out only those works that dovetail with your interests.

不少博物馆现在都提供“慢艺术”游览项目或鼓励游客从容观赏的“慢艺术日”。你不必像食腐动物狩猎一般把大师杰作飞速地一览而尽，而是可以找出那些对你口味的作品，然后慢慢地去消化吸收，让你的博物馆之旅变得个性化

篇3：托福口语背景知识补充

托福口语背景知识补充这些常见词汇背后的故事你知道吗?

托福口语10个常用俗语词汇典故介绍

1. nerd和jock是美国学生常用的两个俗语。nerd的意思和汉语中的“书呆子”类似。这类人聪明勤奋，但却过于保守严肃，在校园里颇让人瞧不起。 jock则恰恰相反。他们魁梧帅气，很受女孩子们的欢迎，尤其擅长American football和basketball等各种体育运动。当然，校园中也不乏漂亮的girl jocks。

2. egghead这个词在1952年的美国总统大选中被首次使用。当时的竞选双方分别是二战盟军总司令艾森豪威尔和书生气十足的伊利诺伊州州长史蒂文森。史蒂文森精心准备的竞选演讲文字华丽晦涩，只有和他一样的知识分子才会感兴趣。因此对手取笑他说：Sure, all the eggheads love Stevenson. But how many eggheads do you think there are。 egghead的意思，就是指书生气很足的知识分子。

3. hick和city slicker这两个词的意思在各种语言中一定都能找到对应的词，它们分别是城里人和乡下人对对方的贬称。hick的意思是“乡巴佬，土包子，”而 slick字面意思是“圆滑的，油滑的”，因而city slicker也就是乡下人眼中的“城里老油子，打扮光鲜，老于世故却不可信的城里滑头”。

4.turkey(火鸡)，shrimp(虾)和crab(螃蟹)这三种动物在美国人眼中会是什么人呢?turkey是美国人在 Thanksgiving Day和Christmas Day家家都要吃的食物。但是，活的火鸡样子难看，行动又笨拙，所以turkey就用来形容那种愚蠢无用的人。而那种雇用了这些turkey，又不能开除他们的政府或商业机构就被称作turkey farm。shrimp常被用于指代那些个子矮小的人或无足轻重的小人物。请看下面的句子：You may call Napoleon a little shrimp. But for a shrimp, he certainly made the rest of Europe tremble。而crab因为长相丑陋凶恶，常被用来指那些性格暴躁、脾气很坏的人。

5. baby boomer, yuppie(雅皮士)， dink(丁克)，sandwich generation这四个词反映了美国经济和社会变化。二战结束后的二十年内，美国人口激增，那个时期出生的人在美国被称作baby boomers，因为boom有激增、暴涨之意。yuppie(雅皮士)(young urban professionals)是指生活在大城市、受过高等教育、生活富裕的成功职业人士。dinks (double income, no kids)是指那些有很好的工作和收入，但是不要孩子的夫妇。sandwich generation则恰恰相反，他们是既要赡养老人，又要抚养下一代，像三明治一样被夹在中间的经济负担较重的一群人。

6. couch potato和mall rat是两个和美国人生活习惯有关的俗语。couch potato指一有时间就坐在沙发上看电视的人，一声不吭，一动不动，就像一个圆滚滚的土豆。而mall rat当然不会是购物中心的真老鼠，而是指没事儿老喜欢到mall(大商场)里去逛的人。

7. backseat driver, wheeler-dealer, free-wheeler, fifth wheel是四个和汽车有关的常用习语。backseat driver坐在汽车后排，却不停地对前面开车的人指手画脚，因此是指那些自己不在岗位上，但是却喜欢给在位的人提供人家不需要的意见的人。 wheeler-dealer精明能干，是那种善于运用权利和财势在政治或商业活动中为所欲为，独断独行的人。free-wheeler喜欢自由，不受约束，是指那些不愿意遵守自己工作单位的规章制度，想怎么做就怎么做的人。而fifth wheel的意思则很好猜出。一辆汽车只有四只轮子，那么，fifth wheel当然是多余的、不受欢迎的人了。

8. green thumb和all thumbs也是两个很有意思的俗语。green thumb指善于养花种草的人，这些人总是能把花园收拾得绿色怡人，养出来的花草光亮健康，羡煞那些费了很多劲儿，种出来的花草蔬菜却总是半死不活的人。所以，green thumb就是那些很会养花种草的人。如果说一个人是all thumbs会是什么样呢?想想看，拇指虽好，可要是十个指头都长成短短粗粗的拇指，干起活来肯定很难受。因此all thumbs便是形容一个人笨手笨脚。

9.penny-pincher和cheapskate都是指花钱很小心、吝啬的人。penny是一美分，pinch意为“捏”，顾名思义，penny-pincher就是那些连一分钱都要在手里捏得紧紧的、舍不得花出去的人。cheapskate则是万事以省钱为本，越省越好，请客最多带你去MacDonald。这种人往往不受欢迎，尤其令他们的女朋友反感。从这个意义上说，cheapskate比penny-pincher更贬损。

10. spring chicken和lame duck是指春天孵出的小鸡和瘸腿的鸭子吗?当然不是，读一读下面这两句话，猜猜它们的意思吧。(1)The woman said,over forty, so I’m not a spring chicken any more。(2)The governor of our state ended up as a lame duck when he lost the election. He still has six weeks left in office but there’s nothing to do except to pack up his papers。实际上，spring chicken意为“年轻人，缺乏经验的人”，lame duck是指“竞选连任失败、即将卸任的官员”，也用来指“不中用的人”。任何美国官员——从市长、州长、参议员到总统——都有可能因无能而被称为 lame duck。

以上就是托福口语词汇中的10个比较常用的俗语词汇的典故背景介绍。托福口语考察的是大家的表达能力，所以各位同学在练习的时候，需要主动积累和运用一些美国俗语及俚语，这样才能让自己的托福口语说得更地道更有美国味。最后小编预祝大家顺利通过考试拿到理想成绩。

托福口语机经预测

1. Talk about the advantage and disadvantage of being active on social

media.

2. Should students be required to evaluate their professors at the end of

the semester?

3. Your professor asks you to help him with his research project, but on

that day you have promised your sister to attend her birthday party. How will

you choose?

4. Which of the following people can give most useful help in your future

career direction?

1) Teachers

2) Families

3) Friends

5. How should parents teach their kids to work with others?

6. If a foreign teacher comes to your country to teach high school student,

what suggestions will you give him for preparation?

7. Which of the following has the greatest impact on students’ life?

1) electronic books

2) smart phones

3) online courses

8. Suppose your friend is going to a job interview. What suggestions do you

have for him?

9. If your university is going to invite someone to give a speech, who do

you think they should invite? A businessman, a scientist or a politician?

10. Your friend has to work a lot. Please suggest a hobby that can help him

spend his weekend in a more delightful way. Explain why. Please include details

and examples in your explanation.

11. A lot of experienced and inexperienced climb mountains every year,

which one of the following adjectives would you use to describe this experience?

Adventurous, frightening or foolish?

托福口语机经预测

1. If your friend wins an award from his achievement, how would you

celebrate for him?

2. What do you think are the common mistakes when parents raise their

kid?

3. If a foreign teacher comes to your country to teach high school student,

what suggestions will you give him for preparation?

4. If your university is going to invite someone to give a speech, who do

you think they should invite? A businessman, a scientist or a politician?

5. Which of the following attributes would you consider the most valuable

in your roommates?

1) being friendly

2) being quite

3) has a good hygiene habit

6. Which of the following do you think is the most important quality for an

employee?

1) Performance during the interview

2) Previous work experience

3) Education background

7. The university international office is going to hold a social event.

Which one of the following choices do you think is the best?

1) international food fair

2) international music festival

3) international film festival

8. Which of the following three behaviors would you consider the most

negative for kids?

1) Being selfish

2) Saying impolite things

3) Speaking loudly in public

9. Talk about the advantage and disadvantage of being active on social

media.

10. Your degree requires you to take one course, which one would you

choose?

1) Energy and environment

2) Health and nutrition

3) Solar system

托福口语怎样训练表述能力

托福独立口语

根据熟悉的话题进行论述，如描述一个熟悉的地方或谈论一段个人经历;

用简单明了的语言说明一种观点或偏好，并用逻辑的语言对原因进行阐述;

提出一项建议并用合理的解释规劝别人接受这个建议;

罗列出ETS常出现的热门话题，并针对这些话题做出一分钟的回答。用考试的真实境况，选择一道题，准备1分钟后，用自己的语言表达观点和阐述原由，从而达到提高口头表达能力的目的。

托福综合口语

平时的教科书就是不错的教材，对每个章节在结尾处提出的问题给予口头回答;

选读一篇长短适中的文章，提炼出纲领性的要点，在提炼要点的基础上锻炼用口头表述来进行总结;

针对一些相同话题的阅读和听力材料进行有效练习。并针对这些材料做笔记和做以下准备：学会口头提炼和总结这些阅读和听力材料;在此基础上口头表述重要的信息，并解释其中相互之间的关联;针对阅读和听力材料中的观点进行阐述;对其中提出的某个问题，阐述一种解决问题的方案，并给出相对应的理由。

新托福的口语考试采用人机对话的方式，考生无法和真正的考官交流，所以考生的成绩不会受到一些人为主观印象的影响。但对考生来说，完全要靠语言能力去应付，没有肢体语言的辅助，就需要练就一套真功夫。

篇4：托福阅读背景知识

托福阅读背景知识知多少阅读背景知识汇总

一.考古学(archaeology)题材

1.文化(cultural )考古学

形态(physical)考古学(多见)

2.化石(fossil )

化石构成。化石比原物更沉重(矿物质环境)

化石形成原因。坚硬物质，迅速掩埋。

化石与动物的进化关系。

3.人的左右手

使用工具。证据：敲击的划痕;手柄的形状。

牙齿上的划痕。

大脑左右半球的大小差别;趾骨的粗细差别。

作画时人像的方向

4.古代陶瓷的考古。

Clay，model，wheel (转盘)，glaze，kiln

5.古代文字的考古。

二.印第安题材

1.白令海峡移民理论

2.印第安文化

3.印第安宗教观

4.印第安建筑业：大、先进。

5.印第安手工业：好。

6.社会组织结构：严密、分工细、凝聚力强。

7.农业先进：A. irrigation; B. maize，squash，bean，pea。

三.动植物题材(必考)

1.植物学题材(不多见)

地衣、苔、真菌、蘑菇最常见。

树冠上方生物。

植物在生态平衡中的作用。

2.动物学题材(90%以上)

考普通动物为多。最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。

考动物进化(evolution)。

考动物的分类(classification)。

phyla(单数phylum)—门class—纲order—目family—科genus—属species—种carnivore/predator—食肉动物herbivore—食草动物omnivore—杂食动物

动物的生活习性最为多见。

群居(social animal)动物的习性

蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—气味;生活来源;外来物种的有害性。

蜜蜂：群居个性;“8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敌—大黄蜂。

大猩猩：智能：猩际关系

迁徙(migration )

野鸭、大雁：日照长短;辨别方向。

伪装(camouflage)、花拟态(mimicry )

四.美国历史题材

1.美国发展线索

发现美洲阶段

哥伦布(意)，为黄金、茶叶、香料

West/East Indian

影响：世界观变化;国家形势变化;(爱尔兰——土豆饥荒)

英国定居阶段(English settlement )

1607第一个定居点Captain John Smith影响清教徒

1620五月花号

殖民时期(colonial era )

独立战争(American Revolution )

新的国家(new nation)：南北不均衡

南北战争(Civil War )

战后重建。持续近1。

西进运动(Westward movement )

工业化大增长

world war I &; II

2.“大熔炉”：地理位置;民族融合1960’s;文化融合。

3.邮政。小马快递;铁路邮政。

五.地理学题材

1.地理现象、土壤构成、降雪降雨。

2.冰川(glacier)、形成(foundation) à移动冰川(surge glacier )à危险

3.地球构成：地心构成

4.板块构成学说

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.

A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tateham's Great and Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbled that they were all dead.

Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa, they established a regular demand for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.

1. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?

(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?

(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?

(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?

2. The word integral in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) interesting

(B) fundamental

(D) overlooked

3. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following regions?

(A) Central Asia

(B) Western Europe

(D) North America

4. The word flourished in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) were discovered

(B) were marketed

(D) thrived

5. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order to

illustrate how

(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips

(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another

(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another

6. The word grumbled in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) denied

(B) warned

(D) explained

7. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in their

gardens was that tulips

(A) were easy to grow

(B) had become readily available

(D) reminded them of home

8. The word they in line 20 refers to

(A) tulips

(B) plains

(D) plants

9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred in English gardens during

the European settlement of North America?

(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.

(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.

(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.

10. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation of

tulips into North America?

(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.

(B) They often failed to survive the journey.

(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.

PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB

篇5：新托福阅读背景知识

新托福阅读背景知识：19世纪后半叶经济迅速发展

南北战争后，由于南部种植园制度的废除，为资本主义在全国范围的发展创造了条件;造船业和机器制造业迅速发展，横贯大陆的4条铁路建成，西部广大土地的垦殖，边疆的消失，促进了国内统一市场的形成和扩大。在中西部、远西部和南部日益开拓进程中，各地区发展了具有本地特点的工业。外国移民的大量涌入，提供了丰富的劳动力，使北美能够大规模进行农业生产。19世纪后半叶农业机械化迅速发展。从1860-19，耕地面积由4.07亿英亩增加到8.79亿英亩，改良的土地面积扩大了3倍多，小麦和玉米的产量约增加了3倍多。农业中大生产排挤和兼并小生产，在以工业为主的北部，农业日益采用集约耕作，在其他地区，大农场数字逐渐增加，1900年美国农产品总数的一半是由1/6的大农户生产的，形成了美国式农业资本主义发展道路。

19世纪后半叶，科学技术领域有重要发明和突破，其中首推电力的应用;1876年A.G：贝尔发明电话机，1886年T.A.爱迪生制造了电灯，1892年杜里雅兄弟试制成功汽车，19莱特兄弟试制飞机航行成功。电力广泛应用于工业，导致美国经济的全面发展。1880年工业在全国生产总值中的比重已超过农业，工业生产总值由1860年的世界第4位，跃居至1894年的首位。美国成为高度发达的资本主义国家。

第一次世界大战前的内外政策(1889—1914)

1889年美国召开泛美会议，18美西战争爆发，美国击败了西班牙，夺取了加勒比海的古巴和波多黎各、太平洋的关岛及菲律宾群岛，接着合并了夏威夷群岛。1903年美国夺取了巴拿马运河区。在远东，18美国提出对华“门户开放”政策。美国在1904-19日俄战争中支持日本。在日俄战争结束后，美日双方经过谈判，于19签订了罗脱—高平协定。在19总统选举中，民主党总统候选人T.W.威尔逊上台。威尔逊以“新自由”作为号召进行改革，降低关税，建立联邦储备银行制度，通过克莱顿反托拉斯法(1914)，征收累进所得税。该时期美国在对外政策上，对西半球墨西哥、尼加拉瓜等国进行了武装干涉。

第一次世界大战至20世纪代末的美国

第一次世界大战开始后，美国宣布中立，向交战双方提供军火，不久又对协约国进行贷款。1916年，威尔逊当选连任。19，美国在德国潜艇击沉美国船只后，于4月6日对德宣战。大战期间由于国外移民中断，黑人大量北移，并人伍出国作战，开拓了视野。1911月，威尔逊签署对德停战协定。第一次世界大战促进了美国的经济繁荣。战后，美国由欠60亿美元的债务国而成为贷出100亿美元的债权国，美国成为最富有的国家。19共和党W.G.哈定执政，正值美国陷入全面经济萧条。他提出“工业正常化”和”抢救资本主义”政策;1923-1929年世界资本主义进人相对稳定时期。美国国内由于固定资本更新，建筑业兴起，汽车和钢铁工业等扩大以及商品和资本输出激增，1923年美国工商业出现了新高涨。与此同时，美国第2次企业“合并浪潮”(即进一步托拉斯化)，遍及银行业、工业部门，特别是水、电、煤气公用事业，甚至扩展到零售商业部门。共和党人C，柯立芝执政时期是美国经济繁荣时期。私人垄断资本大为发展。但由于国内新兴工业畸形发展与生产过剩，使国民经济各部门比例严重失调，生产和消费脱节，农业长期陷于慢性危机，1929年10月美国首先爆发经济危机，随后资本主义各国陆续陷入1929-1933年世界性经济危机。

新托福阅读背景知识：大萧条

20世纪30年代的美国

民主党人F.D.罗斯福1933年就任第32届总统。罗斯福政府实行了由国家对经济进行广泛干预、调节的“新政”，整顿金融，复兴工农业，举办救济事业等，挽救了美国的严重经济危机，并加强了国家垄断资本主义。1933年11月，美国与苏联建交，对拉丁美洲采取“睦邻政策”。1937年新的经济危机再度出现。次年，罗斯福采用扩大赤字开支的办法，使这次危机有所缓解;第二次世界大战爆发后，美国重振军备，才使经济得到恢复，走向繁荣。

新政(New Deal)

睦邻政策 (Good Neighbor Policy)

第二次世界大战期间的美国

1939年9月德国进攻波兰，第二次世界大战全面爆发。罗斯福于1941年3月签署《租借法》，向与德意日作战的国家提供物资。8月14日，罗斯福与英国首相丘吉尔发表《大西洋宪章》，9月24日苏联政府声明同意其基本原则，接着召开莫斯科三国会议，奠定了美英苏战时合作的基础。12月7日，日本偷袭珍珠港，重创美国太平洋舰队。次日，美英对日宣战。英美在开始时接连败退。1942年5月，美军在中途岛海战中击退日军。同年底至次年初，美国在瓜达尔卡纳尔岛战役中击败日军，美军由守势转为攻势，太平洋战争出现转折。 l942年1月1日，美、英、苏、中等26个国家签署《联合国家宣言》。8月英美联军在北非登陆。1943年2月斯大林格勒战役的胜利，使欧洲反法西斯战争的局势发生根本性变化。同年7月，美英军队在西西里岛登陆。9月在意大利南部登陆。10月意大利投降。1943年 11月，罗斯福、丘吉尔、斯大林举行德黑兰会议。1944年6月，英美等国的联军在法国诺曼底登陆，开辟了欧洲第二战场。4月12日，罗斯福逝世，H.S.杜鲁门继任总统。5月，德国宣布无条件投降。7月，美英苏三国首脑举行波茨坦会议，美英就处理德国、波兰等问题与苏联达成协议。美英中发表了波茨坦公告，要求日本无条件投降。美苏就苏军对日作战取得了一致意见。8月6日，美军在广岛投下策1颗原子弹;8月8日苏联宣布对日作战，9日美军又在长崎投下第2颗原子弹，日本投降，第二次世界大战结束。杜鲁门任命D.麦克阿瑟为盟国驻日最高统帅，美军进驻日本，实现了由美国独家控制日本的局面。

大西洋宪章 (Atlantic Charter)

开罗会议 (Cairo Conference)

德黑兰会议 (Teheran Conference)

雅尔塔会议 (Yalta Conference)

波茨坦会议 (Potsdam Conference)

第二次世界大战后的美国

第二次世界大战中，由于扩军参战，并大量供应盟国军火物资，美国成为盟国的兵工厂，出现了战时经济繁荣，国家垄断资本有更大发展。美国利用参战的机会，控制了世界许多重要战略据点，建立了军事基地;杜鲁门政府对外推行冷战政策，提出杜鲁门主义，制订马歇尔计划，筹划成立了北大西洋公约组织。

在内政方面，杜鲁门提出“公平施政”纲领，但收效甚微。1950年6月，朝鲜战争爆发。1952年共和党人D.D.艾森豪威尔以结束朝鲜战争的许诺当选为美国总统。1953年7月签定了朝鲜停战协定。第二页继续...

艾森豪威尔政府在1953-1954年经济危机的侵袭下，为缓和国内外紧张形势，在内政外交方面作了调整，扩大了社会保险法的实施范围，加强科研工作的国家化，进一步发展宇航事业。1955年7月美、英、法、苏四国首脑会议召开，国际形势有所缓和。1957年苏联成功地发射第1颗人造地球卫星，向美国尖端科学领先地位进行挑战。1958年，美国发射人造地球卫星，从而使美苏军备竞赛进入宇宙空间竞争。1969年7月20日，美国宇宙飞船“阿波罗—11”号登月舱在月球着陆。

在第二次世界大战及朝鲜战争期间，由于有黑人参加作战，军队中取消了种族隔离制度，这一事实推动了国内黑人争取民权的斗争。1954年最高法院作出“布朗控诉教育局判决案”，宣布长期统治教育领域的“隔离但平等”原则为违宪。1955年12月，亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利市的黑人在M.L.金的领导下，进行长达381天的抵制乘车方面种族隔离的运动，黑人又在餐馆展开静坐运动，以抗议这方面的种族隔离，民权运动蓬勃兴起。60年代民主党J.F.肯尼迪和L.B.约翰逊相继执政，实行长期财政赤字政策，扩大军费开支，增加福利费用，经济持续上升。同时，由于他们卷入越南战争，支付巨额军费，消耗了美国大量财富，使美国经济实力大为削弱，而联邦德国和日本经济迅速发展，逐渐成为美国的竞争对手。

60年代，由于越南战争不得人心，国内社会动荡不宁。1961年黑人和白人公民共同展开“自由乘客”运动，1963年4月，小马丁·路德·金在伯明翰发动了大规模游行、请愿、静坐和示威运动，8月，25万黑人和白人一起为抗议种族歧视，举行了向华盛顿的进军示威，小马丁路德·金发表了“我有一个梦”的演说。在黑人民权运动的推动下，国会于1964年6月通过民权法。

1969年R.M.尼克松上台后，美国陷入..泥淖不能自拔，经常性的财政赤字和庞大的军费开支，加剧了通货膨胀，处于内外交困境地。1969年起，尼克松以“伙伴关系、实力加谈判”作为美国对外政策的新战略。1972年尼克松总统访华，发表了中美上海公报。1974年8月9日，尼克松因水门事件被迫辞职，副总统G.R.福特即就任第38届总统。1975年5月，正式宣布越南战争结束。

1979年1月1日中美建交公报生效，实现了两国关系正常化。在美苏关系方面，尼克松提出新“和平”战略后，两国加强了对话。1972年5月，尼克松访苏，签署了限制战略武器条约。80年代，美苏军备竞赛从数量方面转向质量方面。1985年以来，美苏经过不断谈判，终于在1988年6月1日，两国领导人在莫斯科交换了中程导弹条约的批准书。美苏关系进一步趋向缓和。

1986年11月，美国爆发了“伊朗门”事件，披露里根政府(成员)绕过国务院并隐瞒国会，于1985年至1986年秘密向伊朗出售武器，以换取美国人质，并将其中所得款项，转移给尼加拉瓜反政府武装。1987年，美国以保护海湾通航的名义，派遣军事力量去海湾，同伊朗多次发生军事冲突。1989年1月布什就任美国第41届总统。

1990年爆发海湾战争。美国出兵伊拉克。迫使其退出科威特。1992年，民主党人克林顿当选总统。其间美国及多国部队多次空袭伊拉克以制止其研制核武器。90年代末，在美国领导下，北约东扩。

初，美国领导北约向南联盟发动空中打击。

在经济方面，1973年“能源危机”后，1974-1975年美国爆发了战后最严重的经济危机;美国经济陷于以“滞胀”为特征的综合并发症中;1980年美国经济严重衰退。1981年里根任总统后，推行高赤字财政政策，用大规模减税和增加国防开支来刺激经济、鼓励投资，同时严格控制货币发行量。1982年美国经济开始复苏，转入低速增长。1987年10月虽发生股市暴跌风潮，美国经济情况仍较平稳，但财政赤字和外贸赤字仍是美国经济的隐忧。进入90年代，美国计算机产业发展迅速，并带动全球的高科技信息产业，开拓了新一代的产业革命!

杜鲁门主义 (Truman Doctrine)

马歇尔计划 (Marshall Plan)

共同安全法 (Mutual Security Acts)

古巴导弹危机 (Cuban Missile Crisis)

尼克松主义 (Nixon Doctrine)

篇6：托福阅读背景知识知多少

托福阅读背景知识知多少阅读背景知识汇总

一.考古学(archaeology)题材

1.文化(cultural )考古学

形态(physical)考古学(多见)

2.化石(fossil )

化石构成。化石比原物更沉重(矿物质环境)

化石形成原因。坚硬物质，迅速掩埋。

化石与动物的进化关系。

3.人的左右手

使用工具。证据：敲击的划痕;手柄的形状。

牙齿上的划痕。

大脑左右半球的大小差别;趾骨的粗细差别。

作画时人像的方向

4.古代陶瓷的考古。

Clay，model，wheel (转盘)，glaze，kiln

5.古代文字的考古。

二.印第安题材

1.白令海峡移民理论

2.印第安文化

3.印第安宗教观

4.印第安建筑业：大、先进。

5.印第安手工业：好。

6.社会组织结构：严密、分工细、凝聚力强。

7.农业先进：A. irrigation; B. maize，squash，bean，pea。

三.动植物题材(必考)

1.植物学题材(不多见)

地衣、苔、真菌、蘑菇最常见。

树冠上方生物。

植物在生态平衡中的作用。

2.动物学题材(90%以上)

考普通动物为多。最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。

考动物进化(evolution)。

考动物的分类(classification)。

phyla(单数phylum)—门class—纲order—目family—科genus—属species—种carnivore/predator—食肉动物herbivore—食草动物omnivore—杂食动物

动物的生活习性最为多见。

群居(social animal)动物的习性

蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—气味;生活来源;外来物种的有害性。

蜜蜂：群居个性;“8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敌—大黄蜂。

大猩猩：智能：猩际关系

迁徙(migration )

野鸭、大雁：日照长短;辨别方向。

伪装(camouflage)、花拟态(mimicry )

四.美国历史题材

1.美国发展线索

发现美洲阶段

哥伦布(意)，为黄金、茶叶、香料

West/East Indian

影响：世界观变化;国家形势变化;(爱尔兰——土豆饥荒)

英国定居阶段(English settlement )

1607第一个定居点Captain John Smith影响清教徒

1620五月花号

殖民时期(colonial era )

独立战争(American Revolution )

新的国家(new nation)：南北不均衡

南北战争(Civil War )

战后重建。持续近1。

西进运动(Westward movement )

工业化大增长

world war I &; II

2.“大熔炉”：地理位置;民族融合1960’s;文化融合。

3.邮政。小马快递;铁路邮政。

五.地理学题材

1.地理现象、土壤构成、降雪降雨。

2.冰川(glacier)、形成(foundation) à移动冰川(surge glacier )à危险

3.地球构成：地心构成

4.板块构成学说

托福阅读有哪些高频词

托福阅读高频词汇有很多，我们把它分类整理，以便于简单记忆：

一、生物类：

迁徙动物migrate

群居动物 social animal

独居动物 solitary solitude One Hundred Years of Solitude

独特性 peculiarity

动物的分类：门 phylum，纲class，目order，科family，属genus，种species

rodent 啮齿类 reptile 爬行动物 amphibian 两栖动物 mammal 哺乳动物

cell—tissue—organ—system

herbivore 食草动物, carnivore 食肉动物, omnivore 杂食动物

predator—prey

adapt to/adjust to

mimicry拟态 camouflage伪装

二、天文学：

天体 astronomical body 宇宙 cosmos, universe

恒星 star 行星 planet 卫星 satellite 小行星 asteroid 彗星 comet 陨石 meteorite

太阳系 solar system

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

分子 molecule 原子 atom 质子 proton 中子 neutron电子 electron

离子 ion 粒子 particle

三、地质学：

地球构成 crust 地壳 mantle 地幔 core 地核

板块构造学说 plate tectonics 大陆漂移学说 continental drift

四、美国历史：

历史太短(美国历史不够，印第安人来凑)

1、殖民时期历史

① Discovery 意大利人哥伦布 Far East寻找香料

② English settlement 16，英国人在弗吉尼亚州建立了第一个殖民地

1620年 May Flower Puritan到达麻省普利茅斯

③ Colonial Era殖民阶段 colony colonist=settler

④ 独立战争 the War of Independence=American Revolution 1776

2、建国之后历史

① The establish of a new nation

② Civil War 1861-1865 Lincoln Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin

③ Western Movement/Western Expansion

④ Industrial growth

五、文学艺术：

1、文学 literature

美国作家 Whitman “Leaves of Grass” Emily Dickinson

流派 naturalism Sister Carrie

Realism Mark Twain

2、美术 Fine Art

只擅长water color 水彩画

3、音乐 Music pop music musical

4、手工艺 pottery

托福阅读长难句的翻译训练

1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.

2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.

3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.

4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.

5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.

6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.

7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character.

8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.

9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.

10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.

1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。

2、但是司机有责任确保14岁以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他们系好了安全带。

3、当然，如果有以下情况你可以不系安全带：你在倒车时，或者你用一种特殊交通工具进行当地的货物运送、收集时，或者你有合法的医学证明你不能系安全带时。

4、注意你如果不这么做(系安全带)的话，你有可能被告上法庭，而且你有可能被处以罚款除非你能证明你有不带安全带的理由。

5、Taiju Matsuzawa 教授想找出为什么日本北部的健康农民在相对年轻的年龄就显得开始失去思考与推理的能力的原因以及怎样才能延缓老化过程。

6、在东京国立大学的同事们的帮助下，他开始对一千来自不同职业的人群进行了大脑体积的测量。

7、计算机技术帮助研究人员获得人脑前部和侧部的准确体积，这是与人的智能和情绪有关的部分，而且也决定人的性格特点。

8、有的人(大脑)前部和侧部的收缩——随着细胞的死亡——在三十多岁时就能被观察到了，但是也有些人直到六七岁依然不明显。

9、研究结果表明在农村的人大脑收缩基本上比城市里的人要早。

10、在政府部门从事简单重复工作的白领也像农场工人、公共汽车司机和商店职员一样大脑细胞容易收缩。

篇7：新托福阅读背景知识精选

玛雅象形文字之谜

任何一个古代文明都有自己的文字体系，文字是文明形成的标志。然而，玛雅的象形文字对于现代人说来真是一部天书，它的谜底直到今天仍未解开。

20世纪50年代前，有学者虽然找到了读懂玛雅文字的突破口，但他们始终认为，玛雅象形文字只是宗教符咒、历法记号，既无词组联合也无标音功能，更非反映社会政治与文化生活的各个方面，因此难以真正的理解。20世纪50年代后，人们才逐渐抛弃这些看法，力求从社会、政治角度和玛雅文字可能有的较发达的功能与结构的角度去了解、研究它。

事实上，玛雅象形文字的发展水平与中国的象形文字很相近，只是符号的组合远较汉字复杂，块体不像汉字要求方正而是以近似圆形或椭圆为主。字符的线条也不像汉字的笔画那样规整竖直，更多地依随图形起伏变化、圆通流畅。由于这些特点，玛雅象形文字尽管初看之下觉得奇怪复杂，但实际上却是很美丽的艺术品，凝聚了无数代玛雅艺术家和匠师们的心血。

玛雅象形文字来自奥尔美加。奥尔美加文化确立的象形笔法与方圆结合的块体，以及圆点和直线组成的数字写法，是玛雅象形文字赖以发展起来的基础。不过，玛雅人很快就超过了自己的老师，在前古典期的玛雅纪念碑和其他文物上，象形文字的铭刻与书写就已逐渐占据主要地位，字体更趋规范、完整、美丽，字符的数量也不断增加。到古典初期，文字符号数以百计，纪念碑铭文的刻制更为常见，庙宇和坟墓的墙壁上也有刻下的或书写的铭文。

玛雅象形文字中刻画动物形象的图样往往很能传神，既生动而又鲜明，反映了玛雅艺术家和文字学家的功底。而画得这样生动、细致的图样，只能在纪念碑和神庙建筑的铭文上刻写，因为这些地方的铭文字体一般都有五寸见方，大的可达一尺甚至两尺，这样大的篇幅用来画这些精美的图形自然是得心应手。

把形象化的图形和图案化的简体符号结合在一起，就构成了那些正规的、方中有圆、方圆结合的玛雅象形文字，它们就是我们在玛雅纪念碑上经常看到的或短或长的铭文中的字体。

当时的玛雅社会已出现了纸张和成书抄本，再加上玉器、陶器和日常用品中皆普遍有文字书写的情况，可见象形文字尽管比较艰深，却已成为玛雅社会中不可或缺的信息工具，它的复杂美丽与它的广泛使用都成为玛雅文化生活中的一大特色。这正是玛雅人对世界文明最伟大的贡献之一。

篇8：新托福阅读背景知识

讨论“五月花号”，先谈谈事件发生的背景，不仅很有必要，而且很有意义。它可以让我们看清事件的本质，了解人类历史上的专制、暴政的荒谬及其对渴望自由的人类精神的无奈。这不仅是北美移民昭示天下的真理，它也证明了这个星球上人类渴望自由的力量。

“五月花号”事件发生的背景简略说分两个方面，一个是精神方面的，即发生于十六世纪初的宗教改革。它由德国神学博士、神父马丁·路德于1517年10月31日发难。这一天，路德神父在维登堡教堂张贴反对罗马教廷和教皇的《九十五条论纲》，引发了一场震撼整个欧洲的宗教革命。马丁·路德的宗教改革不是要废除宗教，而是要改革__。他认为，人类靠信仰得救，这叫做“因信称义”。根据这一原则，信徒不需要在与上帝之间有个教皇，也不需要那么多仪式，更不需要买赎罪符。这样，教士也没理由享受特权，所有信徒平等。他提出世俗权力归君主，因为“君权是上帝委派”。这种主张显然表达了资产阶级要求建立近代民族国家的愿望。根据马丁·路德的宗教观建立的教会被称为新教。

在马丁·路德发起宗教改革的同时，另一个宗教改革的中心在瑞士出现。其领导人物为乌尔利希·慈温利。此人宣传宗教改革的思想，在时间上不晚于马丁·路德，观点比路德更激进。但是，他去世早，身后名声不如路德大。慈温利原是瑞士天主教会的神父。他1516年开始宣传宗教改革思想，1519年在苏黎世大教堂传教，反对教皇在瑞士出售赎罪券。1522年慈温利与教皇公开决裂。1523年至1524年1月，他三次参加苏黎世宗教问题大辩论，获得苏黎世州政府的支持。慈温利反对依赖君主、诸侯，反对天主教的教阶制、偶像崇拜、繁文缛节，要求解散修道院。他主张的新教会实行共和制。1531年，慈温利在与天主教支持的奥地利政府军作战中阵亡。在慈温利死后不久，有一个名叫约翰·加尔文的法国新教徒，因受法国政府迫害流亡到瑞士。1536年，加尔文发表《__信仰典范》。加尔文与路德一样，主张“信仰得救”，建立清廉的教会。但他与慈温利一样，比路德更激进，主张按共和制的原则建立教会。他用五年时间的努力成为日内瓦教会的领袖，把日内瓦变成一个政教合一的神权国家。在日内瓦，加尔文实行严厉的统治。在取消一切浮华宗教仪式的同时，取缔了赌博，也禁止所有的文艺娱乐活动，乃至思想自由。因此，曾引发一场卡斯特利奥反抗加尔文的悲壮斗争。关于这一事件，著名作家斯·茨威格曾写过一本小册子叫《异端的权利》，提出了一个重要命题：宗教宽容、思想宽容问题。不过，加尔文的新教思想推动了尼德兰革命，促成了世界上第一个资产阶级共和国—荷兰共和国的诞生。我花一些时间来介绍宗教改革，主要因为包括美国文明在内的西方近代文明，受宗教改革出现的新教思想影响很大。著名思想家马克斯·韦伯曾为此专门写过一本《新教伦理与资本主义精神》。

欧洲宗教改革思潮传入英国，英国国王亨利八世因与罗马教皇的矛盾，而接受新教思想实行宗教改革。在欧洲，德国、瑞士等国的宗教改革是自下而上推行的。而英国，由于国王与教皇的冲突，使得英国的宗教改革由国家自上而下推行。1533年，英王下令与罗马教廷决裂，禁止英国教会向罗马纳年贡。1534年，英国国会通过“至尊法案”，宣布英王为英国教会最高首脑，将任命教会教职、召集宗教会议的权力转归国王，又把宗教法庭改为国王法庭。改革后的宗教称为英国国教，保留了天主教的主教制度、仪式和重要教义。自亨利八世至爱德华六世统治期间的二十年，由于后来加尔文教的影响，英国国教与天主教更加疏远。但是，继爱德华六世之后上台的玛丽女五是个虔诚的天主教徒。她曾嫁给西班牙国王腓力二世，即位后奉行亲西班牙政策，恢复天主教，迫害新教徒。她掌权五年，烧死三百多个宗教“异端”。等到玛丽女王下台，伊丽莎白女王上台重申宗教改革时，国内已经形成崇奉加尔文教要求彻底改革国教的清教派。英国历史上所谓的“清教徒”，是指要求彻底清除国教中天主教残余的加尔文教徒。这批人至十六世纪末十七世纪初，也即“五月花号”事件发生前夕分成两派：一派是温和派，称长老会派，主张在英国建立加尔文教那样的教会，由长老会管理教会;另一派为更激进的独立派，他们反对教会隶属于国家，要求各教区的教会完全独立，信徒自治管理。“五月花号”中的清教徒主要属于后一派。这一派的自治管理理念，在移民北美后，对英属北美殖民地的政治发展有重大影响。由于清教徒改革国教的主张，否定英王对宗教的掌控权，与英国国王相抵触，所以即使与罗马教廷有冲突的伊丽莎白女王及其后的英国国王，也都对清教徒实行高压政策。在这种情况下，清教徒们一则为了坚持自己的信仰，另则为了躲避国内镇压，纷纷潜逃出境。因为当年荷兰是加尔文教占上风的国家，英国清教徒在出逃北美前，首选地一般都是荷兰。“五月花号”上的清教徒就曾在1607—1608年期间，从英国诺丁汉郡逃往荷兰，在荷兰生活了十一二年。后来这些人才从荷兰潜回英国普利茅斯，再从普利茅斯乘“五月花号”移民北美的。其间的曲折可谓一言难尽。这是“五月花号”事件政治、思想、精神层面的背景。

另一方面，与“五月花号”事件相关联的是空间方面的背景。所谓空间背景，是指“五月花号”乘客出逃的空间条件。空间条件，指逃跑者可以逃跑的地方。如果没有哥伦布于1492—1493年发现新大陆，以及此后一百多年的欧洲向美洲移民，“五月花号”是不可能选择北美作为逃亡地的。正是美洲大陆的发现，为“五月花号”以及其他清教徒坚持自己信仰，躲避宗教迫害，实现自己建设“上帝之城”的梦想提供了实践空间。

前面提到“五月花号”的种.种争议，但是，有一点是不争的事实，即历史上确实发生过这件事。按一般记载，这件事发生在1620年9月6日—11月9日(另说：9月16日—11月19日)，一艘名叫“五月花号”的木帆船，载着一百零一名英国移民从英国普利茅斯出发，横渡大西洋，驶往北美洲今天的马萨诸塞湾。从有关史料看，这批移民以受迫害的英国清教徒为主。这些清教徒属于一个叫莱登弥撒团的成员，后来被称为朝圣者。他们约占“五月花号”全体成员的三分之二。这部分人去北美的目的很明确，是要实现清教徒的理想，建设一个理想国，一个没有君主专制、没有腐败的民治共同体。此外，还有一部分契约奴。契约奴，指无钱前往北美，与一些英国的公司或商人签立契约的人。这些人有穷人或落魄贵族想到北美发财的，也有逃犯。他们签立契约后，由公司或商人为他们支付从英国到北美的旅费，有的还提供途中和抵达目的地一段时间的花销。契约奴抵达目的地后在四至七年内用劳动偿还。在此期间内，契约奴可以被买卖。“五月花号”上的这些人经过六十五天的惊涛骇浪，在海上航行三千英里，抵达北美洲后来被称为科德角的海湾。11月的北半球寒风凛冽。想想这些人为了自由、为了信仰竟然义无反顾地抛弃文明世界，投身荒野，踏上荒无人烟、一无所有的海滩，其悲壮的情景不仅是欧美历史上的骄傲，也应是整个人类文明史上的骄傲。那是人类反抗君主专制、争取信仰自由的壮丽篇章。