托福阅读气象学学科词汇梳理

【导语】“KAKAJORDAN”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了10篇托福阅读气象学学科词汇梳理，下面是小编为大家整理后的托福阅读气象学学科词汇梳理，以供大家参考借鉴!

篇1：托福阅读气象学学科词汇梳理

托福阅读气象学学科词汇梳理

托福阅读长难句：古代印地安文明

The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance,Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C. (TPO8, 62)

pinpoint /p?np??nt/ vt. 准确描述，精准解释

shrine /?ra?n/ n. 圣地，圣坛

millennium /m?'len??m/ n. 一千年

ingenuity /ind??'nu?ti/ n. 发明的才能，设计的才能;巧妙，精巧

foresightedness n.远见，深谋远虑

The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation (in and around the Valley of Mexico) (toward the end of the first millennium B.C.), the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C. (TPO8, 62)

分析：

这个句子看似很长，但其实难度应该不大，我们在实际阅读过程中只要看明白主句即可，后面都是举例子，并列了很多东西。其实就是A, B, C and D这样的结构，在里面加很多介词或非谓语或从句这的修饰成分，就是平行并列结构，以后一定还会碰到这种结构，一旦碰到，其实可以看得很快。

我们说，句子内容是会变的，但是结构不会变，我们分析长难句就是要熟悉常见的句子结构。

稍微注意一下两个稍微长的介词短语结构就好了：

(in and around the Valley of Mexico) ，墨西哥山谷里以及周围

(toward the end of the first millennium B.C.) ，到公元前一千年末期

参考翻译：

其它因素的准确作用则更难精准解释——例如，Teotihuacán作为圣地的宗教意义、在公元前一千年末期墨西哥山谷以及周围的历史情况、Teotihuacán精英的机智和远见以及最后自然灾难的影响像公园前一千年后期的火山爆发。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句：岛的形成

同学们，第十九句来了。

世界本没有长难句，修饰成分多了，便有了长难句。——老邪

阅读速度大部分来于短时间内理解长难句的能力。

大家在看长难句的时候，多思考，一个句子为什么这么长，常见的修饰成分到底有哪些?其实不多，连词、非谓语动词、介词以及同位语或插入语，上过课的同学懂得。

大家别急，把一句一句弄明白，弄懂一个句子胜过模糊看懂十个句子。希望大家认真看我的分析。

今天我们来看这样一个句子：

The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wetsand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels.(TPO8, 45)

onrushing adj. 汹涌的，猛冲的

miniature /'m?n?t??/ adj. 小型的，微型的

outflow n. 流出，外流

我是分界线，大家先自己分析哦。

The onrushing water (arising from these flash floods) likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” ((resembling the miniature versions) (seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide)) ( that have been found on the plains) ( close to the ends of the outflow channels).(TPO8, 45)

老邪分析：

修饰一：(arising from these flash floods)，非谓语动词，修饰water

中文：由这些突如其来的洪水产生

修饰二：(resembling the miniature versions) ，非谓语动词，修饰islands

中文：类似于微型版本

修饰三：(seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) ，非谓语动词，修饰the miniature versions

中文：在低潮时沙滩上湿沙地被看到

修饰四：( that have been found on the plains)，从句，修饰islands

中文：已经在平原上被发现

修饰五：( close to the ends of the outflow channels)，形容词短语，修饰plains

中文：接近出流通道末尾处

参考翻译：

由这些突如其来的洪水产生的汹涌流水也可能形成奇怪的泪滴状“岛”(类似于在低潮时沙滩上湿沙地看到的微型版本)，这些“岛”已经在接近出流通道末尾处的平原上被发现。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句和介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

篇2：托福阅读物理学学科词汇梳理

托福阅读物理学学科词汇梳理

托福阅读长难句：水循环圈

Perhapsthe fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that couldbe collected in a net, a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplanktonthat we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis ofthe role of grazers in subsequent research.

这个句子谓语动词的识别稍有难度。

1. the fact 后描述的部分是这个fact的具体内容，所以the fact后为同位语从句;

2. a practice ...to feed on 作同位语。only algae of a size后出现的that could be collected ina net 对前者解释说明作用，为典型的后者定语从句;

3. 类似的that overlooked the smallerphytoplankton that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on 修饰说明a practice, 即为后者的后者定语从句。其中 that we now know grazersare most likely to feed on 为the smaller phytoplankton 的后者定语从句。仔细分析，we now know 类似插入语，如果在之前加as则更像比较状语从句。当然这个定语从句也可以写成 on which we now knowgrazers are most likely to feed;

4. led to 为整句谓语动词，于是 a de-emphasis 为整句宾语。

整句主干很简单，即Perhaps the fact let to a de-emphasis.但主语后跟了自带一个小级别定语从句的后置定语从句，接着又跟了个自带一个后置定语从句(同样嵌套了自己的定语从句)的同位语，读句子过程中，我们的思路容易被这些非主干成分打断。

例句2

The hydrologic cycle, a major topic inthis science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes,beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form asprecipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally againreturning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation andtranspiration.

1. 大多数同学可以准确识别出全句的主系表结构;

2. a major topic 显然做前面hydrologic cycle 的同位语;

3. the complete cycle of phenomena 是一个标准的“A of B”结构，我们知道，of B修饰/限定/解释/说明 A，主词为A;

4. 看到through which…可知后面是个定语从句;which定语从句里主谓是water passes, 后面跟了beginning, passing和 returning 三组现在分词伴随状语。其中returning 部分稍稍复杂，bymeans of evaporation and transpiration 为这个伴随状语内部的方式状语;

5. 需要注意的是处于句首或句尾的伴随状语，必须和主语一致。本句中beginning, passing和 returning三个动作的发起者都是water. 如果不一致，则应转化为独立主格结构。

整句主干可简化为The circle is the circle, 只是表语后跟了较长的后置定语从句稍稍增加了难度。

托福阅读长难句：云层吸收地面逆辐射

托福长难句拆解实例

对处于托福备考初期的考生来说，影响阅读单科成绩的两大基本功无外乎词汇和语法。

托福考试词汇量一般要求7000-10000不等。短期来看，阅读过程中遇到过多生词造成的卡顿会严重拖慢当时的阅读速度，进而降低解题速度及准确率;长期而言，过多生词会抑制阅读兴趣，导致没有动力去主动积累各类文章泛读量，进而妨碍整体阅读速度的提升。备考初期突击解决托福阅读中生词问题，往往需要集中精力用2个月甚至更长时间。

然而，考生们经常遇到的另一个问题是，尽管一个长句里没有生词，但因包含复杂的结构造成全局理解障碍。其实，我们只要具备基本的高中语法知识，仅需1到2周语法强化拆解训练，即可达到读懂任何没有生词的长难句的水平。

遇到长难句(排除生词的情况)，一遍读不懂时，我们可以先试着找出它的主干。主干相当于句子的骨架，包含要表达的主要信息。句子除主干外，往往含有其它各种成分，这些相当于句子的血肉(通常包含大量附加信息)。拆解长难句，即准确识别句子各个组成部分，理清句子中任何词/词组/从句的语法功能，继而读懂整句。

下面，我们用一个例句演示拆解过程。

Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.

1. 句首的“although”引导让步状语从句，于是“these molecules”属于这个从句。“allow radiation”形成动宾关系，且跟前面的“these molecules”紧邻，那么这三者形成了一个完整的主谓宾结构;

2. “visible wavelengths”被“at”间隔紧随“radiation”后，形成“名词+介词+名词”结构。这种结构中，介词+后面的名词做前名词的后置定语;

3. “where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated” 在句中做定语从句，修饰离它最近的名词(一般情况下定语从句修饰离它最近的名词，但反例也很多，我们可借助句意辅助判断)“visible wavelengths”;

4. 把上面的定语，定语从句忽略掉，可以看出“although”后面简化后即“these molecules allow radiation to pass through”。不定式“to pass through”在这个让步状语从句中做小一级别的目的状语。

5. 让步状语从句之后，“they absorb”明显成为主语的主谓，其中“they”指代复数名词“molecules”;

6. “absorb”的宾语相对隐蔽。仔细看我们会发现“radiated from the Earth’s surface”为典型的过去分词短语做名词“emissions”后置定语;而前面的“the longer-wavelength, infrared”则做“emissions”的前置定语。这时可以看出“emissions”是主句宾语;

7. 最后一个逗号后的名词“radiation”后紧跟了以“that”为标志的后置定语从句，于是我们可以把它看成词组。进一步细查otherwise我们会看到这些“radiation”就是前面出现的“emissions”, 它或者“be absorbed by ‘these molecules’ ”或者“be transmitted back into space”。于是 “radiation”一直到结尾做“emissions”的同位语。

篇3：托福阅读地质学学科词汇梳理

托福阅读地质学学科词汇梳理

托福阅读背景知识汇总之表现派

表现派 (Expressionism)

野兽派之后, 法国有毕加索为首的立体主义, 几乎在同时的德国则有表现派(Expressionism)兴起. 19, 表现派的画家们首次在德国的德勒斯城组织团体“桥派”. 19, 康丁斯基(Sassily Kandinsky)和马尔克(Franz Marc)在德国慕尼黑地区组织“黑骑士”的美术团体, 标榜表现主义从事绘画创作. 依年代来看, 正值第一次世界大战后期, 表现派的画家们看见战争的残酷, 一切的一切被战争摧毁. 因此, 他们开始批判的角度来探讨物体的本质, 否认眼睛所看到物体的姿态, 而注重物体在眼中所表现出来的样子. 因为每个不同的人所看见的物体会有不同的体认, 自然每个人所描述及表现的方法也不同, 所以表现派是极端主观的个人主义, 他们写意而不写实, 象征而不表象. 表现派与野兽派一样注重使用鲜艳的色彩, 当然与野兽们不同的是他们绝对不会让你轻易了解, 因为每个人不会对同一件物体有完全一样的看法, 你不是他. 虽然表现派没有如野兽派与表现派出现特别了不起的人物, 但他们对二十世纪中期以后的现代抽象主义(Non-figurative Art)具有深刻的影响. 对不起, 因为现代的抽象主义, 你更看不懂.

托福阅读背景知识汇总之立体派

立体派 (Cubism)

野兽派在马蒂斯的带领之下, 横冲直撞的在欧洲激出了巨大的火花. 但野兽派的时间却不长, 大约十年后, 西班牙诞生的毕加索(Pablo Picasso)所创的立体派(Cubism)出现了. 从此, 野兽派之后, 立体派成为最具影响力及革命性的画派之一, 世界从此看起来也不再一样了. 毕加索这位现代艺术最重要的宗师, 他出现的前, 后百年的西方艺术各流派, 不是不是被他所吸收, 就是被他所影响. 今天所要介绍的就是他-所创造出来的-立体派. 立体派的绘画理论是塞尚(Paul Cezanne)所说的:“自然的一切, 都可以从球形, 圆锥形, 圆筒形去求得”. 科学理论即是物理学的:“物体的演化都是从原本物体的边与角简化而来的”. 立体派的画家们把他们所画的物体打破成许多不同的小平面, 在同时表现出物体不同的外观. 基于以上观点, 立体派的画家开始重视直线, 忽视曲线, 运用基本形体开始几何学上的构图. 19, 马蒂斯看到这些奇妙的绘画说:这应该叫做立体派了“. 立体派从此打响了名号. 立体派受黑人雕刻及东方绘画的影响, 他们强调画中要把物体的长, 宽, 高, 深度在同时表现出来. 他们不在由平面看物体而是由四面八方的观察, 然后将物体打破支解, 再由画家的主观意识将碎片整理凑合, 完成一个完整的艺术.

篇4：托福阅读数学学科词汇梳理

托福阅读数学学科词汇梳理

托福阅读长难句：雕塑的姿势

Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain,baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks. (TPO11,49)

appropriate /?'pr??pr??t/ adj. 适当的，合适的

squat /skw?t/ v. 蹲，伏下身子

我是分界线，大家先自己速读哦。

(Unlike formal statues) (that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling), these figures depict a wide range of actions, (such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music,) and they are shown in appropriate poses, (bending and squatting)(as they carry out their tasks). (TPO11,49)

分析：

这个句子的主干就是：these figures depict a wide range of actions and they are shown in appropriate poses

修饰一：(Unlike formal statues) ，介词短语

中文：不像正式的雕塑

修饰二：(that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling) ，从句，修饰statues

中文：这些雕塑局限于站、坐或者跪的静态姿势

修饰三：(such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music,) ，介词短语

中文：例如磨谷物、烤面包、制壶或者奏乐

修饰四：(bending and squatting) ，非谓语动词

中文：弯腰或蹲下来

修饰五：(as they carry out their tasks) ，从句

中文：当他们做工作时

参考翻译：

不像正式的雕塑，他们局限于站、坐或者跪的静态姿势，而这些图像则描绘了各种行为，例如磨谷物、烤面包、制壶或者奏乐，他们以适当姿势呈现，当他们做工作时弯腰或蹲下。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、非谓语动词和介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句：成功的欺骗者

The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging——such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories——but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another. (TPO11, 45)

我是分界线，大家先自己速读哦。

The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs (of exaggerated begging)——(such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories)——but rather in the damage (that any successful cheater would do to its siblings), (which share genes with one another).(TPO11, 45)

分析：

这个句子主干是：The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs but rather in the damage，大家要注意这里的not…but结构，不是…而是

修饰一：(of exaggerated begging) ，介词短语，修饰costs

中文：夸张的乞讨

修饰二：—— (such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories) ，破折号，解释说明

中文：这些能量消耗相对于可能获得的能量相比是很少的

修饰三：(that any successful cheater would do to its siblings) ，从句，修饰damage

中文：任何一个成功的欺骗者会对它的兄弟姐妹造成伤害

修饰四：(which share genes with oneanother)，从句，修饰siblings

中文：彼此拥有相同的基因

参考翻译：

答案明显不在于夸张的乞讨所增加的能量消耗——这些能量消耗相对于可能获得的能量相比是很少的——而是在于任何一个成功的欺骗者会对和它有同样基因的兄弟姐妹造成伤害。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

篇5：托福阅读化学类学科词汇梳理

托福阅读化学类学科词汇梳理

托福阅读背景知识汇总之超现实主义

超现实主义(Surrealism)

第一次世界大战完毕后的几年, 人们开始怀疑理性主义, 虽理性主义然使欧洲的文化, 政治达到顶峰但还是发生了恐怖一次大战. 虽然达达派(Dada)的艺术风靡了当时的欧洲画坛. 但是把印了字的纸片洒在地上作诗, 似乎太过消极了. 超现实主义(Surrealism)这时开始萌芽了. 1924年, 超现实主义的创始人, 也是达达派的诗人与评论家-安德烈布尔顿发表了”超现实主义宣言“(The Surrealist Manifesto). 宣言中指出: 超现实主义是结合了意识的和无意识的精神领域在每天的现实生活中而完成世界的美梦与幻想. 简单的说, 超现实主义不但重视人类意识的思考, 另外更重视下意识的范畴. 他们用科学的方法研究人在无意中画出的图画, 信手写出的字, 小孩或疯子的图画, 结合心理学与精神病学的原理, 配合上人的梦境与幻想. 结论是: 美是在解放了的意识中那些不可思议的幻象与梦境. 所以超现实主义是一种超理性, 超意识的艺术. 超现实主义的画家不受理性主义的限制而凭本能及想象, 表现超现实的题材. 他们自由自在的生活在一种时空交错的空间, 不受空间与时间的束缚, 表现出比现实世界更真实更有意义. 超现实主义首先在法国展开, 立即受西班牙画家的欢迎, 很快普及到全世界. 而原本是单纯的美术改革运动, 不久也影响到了文学, 雕刻, 戏剧, 戏剧舞台, 电影, 建筑等其它的应用艺术, 所以超现实主义可以说是影响全世界的新文艺运动. 但在第二次世界大战时, 大量的艺术家迁往美国, 同时影响美国超现实主义的风行. 1945年后”新具象“在艺术之都巴黎兴起, 超现实主义才渐渐没落

托福阅读背景知识汇总之一种聚合凝胶

polymer gels一种聚合凝胶

The following information was part of our display for the SET96 and SET98 Scientific Power to the People Exhibition, The Galleries, Bristol, 20th and 21st March 1998.

A POLYMER is a very long molecule rather like a very long piece of string.

The borax joins two molecules together to make a large network - rather like flexible scaffolding. This is cross-linking.

This turns the fluid dissolved polymer into a GEL.

In oil wells water is pushed down to push oil up. If this breaks through to the production well bore, the well will just produce water. A solution is to block the rock pores with polymer gel to make the well produce oil again. These gels can be made from naturally occurring sugar-based polymers such as Guar and they can be cross-linked with Cobalt or Chromium.

Other everyday examples of polymer gels are to be found in non-drip emulsion paints, foods, car tires and agrochemicals.

The polymer that we are using is POLYVINYL ALCOHOL and we are joining the strands together with BORAX. This gel, when colored, is sold in toyshops as SLIME.

篇6：托福阅读生态学专业学科词汇梳理

托福阅读生态学专业学科词汇梳理

1. ecologist 生态学家

2. ecosystem 生态系统

We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem. 维持生态系统的完整是我们共同的利益.

3. balance (of nature) 自然界生态平衡

4. fauna 动物群

Composition of birds fauna and habitats are also analysed and evaluated.文章还对库区鸟类的区系组成和生态环境进行了分析与评价.

5. flora 植物群

The subtropical island has a remarkably rich native flora.这个亚热带岛屿有相当丰富的乡土植物种类.

6. rain forest 雨林

7. food chain 食物链

This poses a threat to agriculture and the food chain, and consequently to human health.这会对农业和食物链造成威胁，由此而危及人的健康。

8. acid rain 酸雨

9. greenhouse effect 温室效应

The specific impact of the greenhouse effect is unknowable.温室效应的具体影响无法知道。

10. infrared radiation 红外线辐射

Radiative transfer of infrared radiation through the atmosphere is animportant geophysicl process.红外辐射在大气中的传输是重要的地球物理过程.

11. ozone layer (ozonosphere) 臭氧层

The ozone layer surrounding the earth protects our skin from being hurtby the ultraviolet rays.环绕地球的臭氧层保护着我们的皮肤免受紫外线的伤害.

Reflections from the ground and subsequent refractions by theozonosphere, cause the usual repeat focus pattern.地面的反射以及随后臭氧层的折射, 会引起那种常见的重复焦点现象.

12. ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射

Ultraviolet radiation threatens other forms of life as well.紫外线辐射也威胁着其他形式的生命.

13. pollution 污染

14. pollution control 污染控制

15. air pollution 空气污染

16. water pollution 水污染

17. noise pollution 噪音污染

18. soil pollution 土壤污染

19. pollution-free 无污染

People would benefit greatly from a pollution-free vehicle.人们将享受到无污染汽车的诸多好处。

20. pollutant 污染物

21. noxious (toxic) 有毒的

Heavy industry pollutes our rivers with noxious chemicals.重工业产生的有毒化学品会污染我们的河流。

22. fumes (有毒)废气

23. waste 废物

Overcrowding has taxed the city's ability to deal with waste.人口过多使得城市的垃圾处理能力达到了极限。

24. solid waste 固体垃圾

25. sewage (wastewater) 污水

There should be greater treatment of sewage before it is discharged.污水排放之前应该进行更充分的处理。

26. sewage purification 污水净化

27. sewage disposal 污水处理

28. decibel (噪音)分贝

The decibel level was mounting.噪音在增强。

应该如何应对托福写作中的无话可说

无话可说是一个极端，有的考生题目看得懂，提纲也一目了然，就是不知道该写什么，在考场上头脑一片空白，想到的也只是空泛的东西。在这种情况下，即使是用中文也难以写好，更何况要用英文去表达。

对此办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实、具体的例证以及具体的现象。比如说，要谈论电视节目这一话题，可以联想到新闻联播，并由此想到它让人们开阔视野，了解世界，但有人觉得话题太熟悉了，反而一时说不出什么来。

其实，作文题一般是永恒的话题，在任何时候都可以讨论;或为当代话题，让所有的人都会有话可说。题目是公平的，不会让某一专业的考生有特别的优势。

所以，考生一定能联想起具体细小的事情，再形成观点。把看得见摸得着的事物带来的思考变成作文里的分支观点，具体细节内容变成证据。这不失为一种很好的策略。例如，“计算机的利与弊”这个话题似乎太大，但是可能想到的具体的现象是小孩、学生要在计算机前玩计算机游戏。由此带来的思考是，这些学生整天呆在那里对他们的头脑是有害的(harmful to their minds)，并且浪费大量时间(waste a lot of time)。

因此，当头脑出现空白时，应该将具体的、细小的、琐碎的、微不足道的事物所引发的思考变成观点，再进行论述。这种定式思维的形成需要多下工夫。从无话可说到有话可说，下面的例子让人不无启发：在多种场合下，经常要欢迎领导讲几句话。领导往往首先开口说：同志们(大家)好，我利用这个机会讲三句话。接着讲句话时，脑子里不知道第二句话是什么，讲第二句时，根本就没想第三句要说什么。但他终说了三句话，以“谢谢大家”结束讲话。“领导讲话1、2、3”成了一种定式，他总能找到有关内容讲几点，这种功夫是长期磨炼的结果，写作文也一样，平时需要多多练习这种思维。

托福写作中，这种无话可说的情况很多，大家可以按照上面介绍的技巧来进行自己的写作练习，经常练习就可以慢慢养成托福写作的时候边写边思考的习惯，在考试的时候就不会发生无话可说的情况。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.

The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King's 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century.

In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.

1. The word standard in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) practical

(B) customary

(C) possible

(D) unusual

2. The King's 24 Violins is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate

(A) how the violin became a renowned instrument

(B) the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras

(C) the superiority of French violins

(D) why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty

3. What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?

(A) The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.

(B) The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the

world.

(C) The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.

(D) The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same since the 1600's.

4. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in line 19 as examples of composers whose music

(A) inspired more people to play the violin

(B) had to be adapted to the violin

(C) demanded more sophisticated violins

(D) could be played only by their students

5. The word they in line 22 refers to

(A) Civaldi and Tartini

(B) thinner strings and a higher string tension

(C) small changes

(D) internal structure and fingerboard

6. The word strain in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) struggle

(B) strength

(C) strategy

(D) stress

7. The word Accordingly in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) However

(B) Consequently

(C) Nevertheless

(D) Ultimately

8. According to the passage , early violins were different from modern violins in that early violins

(A) were heavier

(B) broke down more easily

(C) produced softer tones

(D) were easier to play

9. According to the passage , which of the following contributes to a dull sound being produced

by a violin?

(A) A long fingerboard

(B) A small body

(C) High string tension

(D) Thick strings

10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) resonator (line 2)

(B) solo (line 7)

(C) left-hand technique (line 25)

(D) fingering patterns (lines 24-25)

11. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to the ability to play modern

violin music EXCEPT

(A) more complicated techniques for the left hand

(B) different ways to use the fingers to play very high notes

(C) use of rare wood for the fingerboard and neck

(D) minor alterations to the structure of the instrumentANSWER KEYS

PASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C

篇7：托福阅读人类学专业学科词汇梳理

托福阅读人类学专业学科词汇梳理

1. paleoanthropologist 古人类学家

2. ecological anthropologist 生态人类学家

3. psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家

4. origin 起源

If it's possible, track the rumour back to its origin. 如果可能，应追查谣言的源头。

5. originate 起源于

Many species, for example, originate in small populations. 例如, 不少生物种就起源于一个很小的群体.

6. ancestor 祖先

.This machine is the ancestor of the modern computer. 这台机器是现代电脑的始祖.

7. hominid 人(科)

8. homogeneous 同一种族(种类)的

Educators try to put pupils of similar abilities into classes because they believe that this homogeneous grouping is advisable. 教育学家设法将学生按相近的能力分班,因为他们认为这种按同等水平划分班级的做法是明智的.

9. tribe 部落

His intercession could be of help to the tribe.

他的调解可能会帮上该部落的忙。

10. clan 氏族

The Chinese Christians, therefore, practically excommunicate themselves from their own clan. 所以, 中国的简直是被逐出了自己的家族了.

11. archeologist 考古学家

The archeologist traced the hieroglyphs. 考古学家追踪象形文字.

12. excavation 挖掘

The excavation of the buried city took a long time. 发掘埋在地下的城市花了很长时间.

13. excavate (unearth) 挖掘

They plan to excavate a large hole before putting in the foundations. 他们计划打地基前先挖个大洞.

14. ruins 遗迹，废墟

The Normans built the castle which was reduced to ruins under Cromwell. 诺曼人建造了这座后来在克伦威尔统治时期变成废墟的城堡。

15. remains 遗迹，遗骸

There had not a vestige of the abbey remains.修道院的遗迹已荡然无存.

16. artifact 手工艺品

17. relic 遗物，文物

The relics are credited with miraculous powers. 机器发音这些遗骸被认为具有神奇的力量。

18. antique 古物，古董

19. antiquity 古代，古老

It indicates the antiquity of the tradition.这表明该传统源远流长。

20. Stone Age 石器时代

21. Bronze Age (青)铜器时代

22. Iron Age 铁器时代

23. Paleolithic 旧石器时代的

24. Mesolithic 中石器时代的

25. Neolithic 新石器时代的

26. archaeology 考古学

Aerial photography has revolutionized the study of archaeology.航空摄影已经给考古学研究带来了一场革命。

27. anthropology 人类学

28. morphology 形态学

No longer can biologists be content simply to study morphology.生物学家不再满足于简单地研究形态学.

29. skull 颅骨

Her skull was crammed with too many thoughts.她脑瓜子里想法太多。

30. cranial 颅骨的

Five of the twelve cranial nerves become activated when you kisssomebody.当你吻某人时十二条脑神经中五条将变得活跃.

托福阅读：句子简化练习题

Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.” Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters, and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object’s primary function . . .

The tested sentence is highlighted in the passage.

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.

B. The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.

C. Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.

D. The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.

正确答案是A

托福阅读长难句：对有声电影的批判

Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. (TPO12, 54)

perspective /p?'spekt?v/ n. 透视法，透视图;远景;观点，看法

strain n. 品种，类型

我是分界线，大家先自己一遍速读哦。

(Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective),a strain of critical opinion inthe 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty (that would soon fade from sight),(just as had many previous attempts, (dating well back before the First World War),to link images with recorded sound).(TPO12, 54)

分析：

这句话的主干就是a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that

修饰一：(Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective)，从句

中文：虽然从以后的观点来看很难想象

修饰二：(that would soon fade from sight)，从句，修饰a technical novelty

中文：不久就会从视线里消失

修饰三：( just as had many previous attempts to link images with recorded sound)，从句，大家一定要注意这里的attempts to被插入语(dating well back before the FirstWorld War)隔开了，断句不要出问题

中文：就好像以前试图把图像和录音连接在一起的许多尝试一样。

修饰四：(dating well back before the First World War)，插入语

中文：追溯到一战以前

参考翻译：

虽然从以后的观点来看很难想象，但在20世纪代有一种批判的观点预测有声电影将会是不久就会从视线里消失的技术创新，就好像一战以前试图把图像和录音连接在一起的许多尝试一样。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、插入语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

篇8：托福听力讲座经济学学科词汇梳理

经济学 Economics

商业 Business

prosper[?pr?sp?]vi.繁荣

The dotcom crash n.互联网泡沫

out of business 歇业，破产.

irrational adj.不理性的

boom and bust 繁荣与萧条

industry n.产业，工业

native to 原产至

hail from 来自于，出产于

remote mountainous region n.偏远山区

nomad [?n?um?d]n.游牧民

merchant [?m?:t??nt]n.商人

diplomat [?dipl?m?t]n.外交官

tulip mania n.狂热

gardening=horticulture n.园艺

disposable income n.可支配收入

篇9：托福听力讲座经济学学科词汇梳理

luxury [?l?k??ri]n.奢侈品

commodity [k??m?diti]n.商品

specimen [?spes?m?n]n.样本

variation [?ve?ri?ei??n]n.变种

gold [g?uld]n.金子(区：goal目标)

promissory note n.本票

guarantee [?g?r?n?ti:]v.担保

speculation [?spekju?lei??n]n.投机

profit [?pr?fit]n.利润

revenue =income n.收入

cost [k?st]n. 成本

borrowing [?b?r?ui?]n.借款

mortgage [?m?:gid?]n./vt. 抵押

auction [??:k??n]n./vt.拍卖

bidder [?bid?]n.投标者

Panic [?p?nik]n. 恐慌

collapse[k??l?ps]n./vt.崩溃

service[?s?:vis]n.服务

product[?pr?d?kt]n.产品

potential customer n.潜在客户

备考托福听力都需要注意哪些问题

学习托福听力的学生都知道，在托福听力学习中经常会出现一些不妥和需要加强的毛病。多观察一些托福听力材料，总结托福考试听力的注意点。对此就为大家介绍关于托福考试听力的注意的地方。

托福听力遇到听不懂的地方不要去想它，继续听下去

你一定有个经验，在听英语新闻或英语节目时，遇到一个你不会的字或没听清楚的段落，就开始想它的意思，往往造成接下来的内容全都没听清楚。所谓“一心不能二用”，绝不可以在听的同时，边想前一句的意思，要养成一个习惯，那就是遇到不太懂的地方不要停下来思考，专心听下去。某个段落没听懂，可能单词不认识，或是句型没遇到过，也许主播播报的速度一时加快，甚至自己分心没听好。无论原因是什么，继续听下去，也许这一点并不影响你的整体把握。但如果那没听清的一点是关键呢?再听几遍也没效果(就是不认识这词)的情况下，要是有空，可以上网找相关内容的新闻，了解一下是否有关键单字。

掌握各类新闻英语托福听力材料中的单词

可能好多T友看到这儿就想关了这页面：又不是这专业的，哪儿背得过来啊!当然不需要你背很多，所有学科的英语都有rarely used vocabulary(罕见单词，例如：“multilateral currency realignment”跨国货币调整，或“planned obsolescence”计划的废除)，如果连这些也要背，那着托福就甭考了~ 但是这只占很小一部分，大部分还是commonly used vocabulary (常用单词)。换言之，只要你能掌握这些重复出现的单词，就可以听懂八成五以上的新闻。其它一些较专门的财经或科学等新闻字汇，等主要的单词会了之后，再慢慢的增加难度。

以上就是关于托福听力中给大家介绍的需要你注意的地方。想要在托福考试听力中取得不错的成绩，就要在托福听力材料中吸取精华，总结技巧，相信通过大家对托福听力的努力，最后一定能顺利通过考试。

如何将托福听力考到满分?

听学术类听力材料

我个人的经验：公开课，TED演讲。公开课，目前最好的还是耶鲁和哈佛的课程，尤其是耶鲁的课程，质量比较高。选择自己感兴趣的科目，喜欢的风格的教授，每天抽出一个小时认真去听。听进去了就会很有意思。会感觉自己不是在学英语，而是在学一门知识。我个人比较喜欢的是导论类和哲学心理学类的课程。导论类的课程是入门级课程，如果你感兴趣某一领域，却没有背景知识，可以看。为吸引学生深入研究这门学科，教授一般也都比较有意思。西方的哲学心理学课程是非常拓展思维的，可以潜移默化一些现行考试能力，比方说，批判性思维。教授的思维很广，会引导，只要认真去跟去想，就会因为思维的跃动而兴奋不已。推荐耶鲁的《心理学导论》和《死亡哲学》。

TED演讲应是速食。长短不一，内容各异，演讲者也是从明星到政要到学究。挑喜欢的演讲者，感兴趣的内容，选择可以适应的时长。说是速食，但也不能当成背景音乐去听。背景音练听力是没有用的。心理学上讲归因错误，用这里的例子解释就是，如果把这内容做背景，结果基本上是听不懂的，其实就是中文效果也一样。但是时间久了，你潜意识里就把因归为英语听力难，说自己没有天赋，这瓶颈就过不了。能做背景听的，只有音乐。要想学习，必须集中注意力，静下心来去体会这里的“乐趣”。

如果感觉这两份资源无法满足，推荐Coursera网站。这是一个和各大名校有所合作的线上课程。内容包罗万象，可以看上一辈子。

我并不推荐美剧。第一，美剧见效的时间太长。有人说用300集美剧练出20分的底子，但是看了2年。第二，美剧不学术。第三，美剧容易让人沉迷。尤其是青少年的这个年龄。

听力笔记

讲两种笔记，平时笔记和应试笔记。

平日里只要是听一些比较有用的东西，我都会做记录。我跟大部分人一样，有注意力涣散的毛病。不记录会跑神。尤其在听公开课的时候，我是一定会记笔记的。这有几个好处，第一注意力集中了，思路更清晰，细节更注意。第二，内容留存，方便回顾。第三，久了就知道什么地方是关键，重点，该记。第三点很重要。直接关系到应试笔记。

大家都听过这样的劝告，听力要记笔记，要记关键信息，要记细节，要记…… 这些劝告有多抽象，每一个考生都应该深有感悟。总结一句，我有更抽象的说法，记题目会问到的。托福是为学生准备好大学课程，不是为难大家。所以托福会问的内容自然是你听完之后应该学到的内容。如果我们不是抱着做题的心态，而是学习的心态，是不是就更容易知道该记什么?应试刷题时，目的角度不同，技巧可培养，但是你体会不到为什么，就容易流于形式。这是学习习惯，平时要注意养成。如果我们学习了那么多年，都不知道听一堂课，应该给自己留下点什么，那该多可悲。

应试笔记有技巧，类似于口译笔记。关键内容，有提醒的关键词，要会自己可识别的缩写;纸张对折成几条，提纲式记录，用符号表示某些趋势。这些是技巧，很容易成手。记过之后，做题时候会不会看?我个人很少回头看。基本上我考试笔记的目的和平时是很相似的。落到笔头上，思路更清晰。但是有几个点，是我在练习之后会提醒自己注意的。起始时教授讲的目的，要记清楚，做题前要回头看，因为整篇lecture都围绕着这句话;细节题，要回头去确认。

正确刷题

考前模拟刷题是极其必要的，对于考试的内容和感觉会有整体的把握。但是在听力刷题过程中最容易出现的问题是：错题如何处理?基本上是刷题的心态下，学生都比较浮躁。刷题之后，题离我远一点，最好老死不相往来。有心的同学回头看原文，“哦”一下，总结为“这词我不会”“这个词我会但是他发音我没听出来”就结束了。

托福听力是多好的跟读资料!跟读这个习惯，练发音，练连读，练单词，练听力……该练的都能练到。口语好一点，文章简单一点的做跟读, 原文不停，一直跟着读。如果感觉跟不上，就随时停下来，放一句跟一句。听力错题，逻辑性问题并不多。听力基本很直接，听得懂就做得对。分析为什么错固然必要，但是把错题文章多读几遍，易操作，很有效。

篇10：托福阅读地理学核心词汇梳理

托福阅读地理学核心词汇梳理

托福阅读长难句：植物体

These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight. (TPO25, 47)

vessel /'ves(?)l/ n. 船(尤指大船)，舰;容器, 器皿;管状结构，血管，导管

photosynthetic /?f?ut?sin'θetik/ adj. 光合作用的

stiffen /'st?fn/vt. (使某物)变得(更加)坚硬﹑僵硬

lignin /'l?gn?n/n. ‘化学’木质素

These include conducting vessels (that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) and (that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) and the stiffening substance lignin, (which support the plant body), (helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.) (TPO25, 47)

修饰一：(that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) ，从句，修饰conducting vessels

中文：从根部向上运输水与矿物质

修饰二：(that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) ，从句，修饰conducting vessels，注意其中有个from to的介词短语，从叶子到植物体的其余部分

中文：从叶子向植物体内其余各部分运输光合作用产物

修饰三：(which support the plant body) ，从句，修饰substance lignin

中文：维持植物体的生命

修饰四：(helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.) ，非谓语动词

中文：有助于植物体大部分表面暴露于阳光之下

参考翻译：

这些包括导管(用来从根部向上运输水与矿物质以及从叶子向植物体其余各部分运输光合作用产物)和坚硬的物质木质素(用来维持植物体的生命，有助于植物体大部分表面暴露于阳光之下)。

托福阅读长难句：古老遗址上的岩石艺术

The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North indesert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.(TPO23, 51)

motif /m??'ti?f/ n. 装饰的图案或式样;(音乐的)乐旨,(文学的)主题.

term n. 术语

peck /pek/ v. <鸟>以喙啄

The frequency (with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites) has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—alabel (which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desertSouth Australia),(which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.) (TPO23, 51)

分析：

这个句子的主干：The frequency has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term

注意这里的lead...to短语

修饰一：(with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites) ，从句，修饰the frequency

中文：一些简单图案出现在这些最古老遗址上

修饰二：(which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia) ，从句修饰a label，注意这个从句里面还有两个介词短语：

which takes its name (from the extensive rock pavements)(at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia)

(from the extensive rock pavements) ，来自宽广的岩石路面

(at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia)，在澳大利亚南部沙漠Panaramitee North

中文：取名于在澳大利亚南部沙漠Panaramitee North宽广的岩石路面

修饰三：(which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.) ，从句，修饰rock pavements，注意这个从句里面还有个非谓语动词：

which are covered with motifs (pecked into the surface.)

(pecked into the surface.)，刻进路面

中文：这些路面被刻进表面的图案所覆盖

参考翻译：

一些简单图案出现在这些最古老遗址上的频率使得岩石艺术研究人员采用了一个描述性的术语——Panaramitee风格——这个称号取名于在澳大利亚南部沙漠Panaramitee North宽广的岩石路面，这些路面被刻进表面的图案所覆盖。

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托福阅读气象学学科词汇梳理（锦集10篇）

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