【导语】“lj90876”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了5篇托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理，以下是小编整理后的托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理，欢迎阅读与收藏。
篇1：托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理
托福阅读指代题虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。根据代词的不同类别，我们把托福阅读指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。具体请看下文!
托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理
托福阅读考试中指代题是不可忽视的一大题型，虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。通常的提问形式体现为“The word they/their/it/its/some in the passage refers to______”，然后给出四个选项，这四个词通常都是原文中出现过的生词，并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some这几个词的附近，需要考生经过严密思考推测，选出一个既符合行文逻辑又符合上下文意思的选项。
那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别，把指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。
第一类，人称代词
人称代词主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断，通常是往前找最近的核心名词。
例如：
“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。”
The word It in the passage refers to __________。
A. theory B. price
C. process D. auction
往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。
第二类，指示代词
指示代词主要包括this, that, these, those等。在这种句子中，this和that通常指代某个观点事物或现象，而these和those通常指复数形式下的某些观点事物或意见，并且该类题也遵循往前找的原则。
例如：
“The dragon also has large claws that are used when it is younger. It uses these to climb trees to escape from the jaws of older dragons. But when they get older， these claws are used mainly as weapons。”
The word these in the passage refers to __________。
A. claws B. trees
C. jaws D. weapons
该题中的these一定是指之前已经出现过的名词，所以现在才能用代词进行指示，因此我们首先可通过往前追溯的原则进行排出，B、C、D瞬间就都被排除了。再将A选项带入原句验证，看逻辑和意思是否与句意相符，最终验证表明，答案正是A选项。
第三类，关系代词
主要包括which, that, who, whom等。在这种句子中，通常采用就近原则。尤其是由“， which”格式引导的从句，一般都是非限制性定语从句，通常就是指该词前面紧挨着的名词。但需要注意的是，当关系代词前有插入语时，需要先去掉插入语，再使用就近原则。
例如：
“Scientists have been looking for energy sources to replace oil. They have studied wind，ethanol，and nuclear energy. They have also started to look at coal again. Coal，which is the cheapest energy source，is found in many parts of the world. However，it is dangerous to mine. It also pollutes the environment。”
The word which in the passage refers to __________。
A. nuclear energy B. ethanol
C. wind D. coal
一看词句考察的是由which引导的非限制性定语从句，则毫不犹豫得把答案定位到which前的名词“coal”上，所以一眼就能选出该题的正确答案D选项。
第四类，不定代词
主要包括some，any，every，each，none，some...others...，one...,another等。这类代词通常指的都是该词前后与其关系最紧密的名词主语，并且注意词的单复数形式。
例如：
“Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to combat disease。”
The word Many in the passage refers to __________。
A. studies B. plant species
C. lost plants D. new drugs
首先确定该题的“Many”所在句主语应该是指“lost plants”，并且“of”是表示所属的关系，所以“Many”应该是属于“these lost plants”中的一部分，所以很显然“Many”指的就应该是“lost plants”，因此答案选C。
需要注意的是这四大类代词只能大致涵盖托福阅读指代题中所涉及的大致类型，要想全面把握托福阅读指代题，我们还是需要把握好真题，结合解题技巧与策略进行有针对性的练习与总结，循序渐进提高托福阅读水平与分数。
托福阅读指代题解题思路及步骤
一、问题形式
被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下：
The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to
二、解题步骤
1. 根据解题技巧确定答案
2. 代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺
三、基本原则
1. 就近指代
所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如，
Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.
The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy
本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则，前一句中的主语the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文，符合语义和逻辑，因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和this problem相距较远，而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通，因此为干扰选项。
2. 数格一致
被指代对象通常与指代词在数(如单数或复数)和格(主格或宾格)两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。
四、主要思路
1. 主从复合句中的指代
在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如，
The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.
The word they in the passage refers to
?qualities
?fins
?grooves
?depressions
在这一例子中，从句so that they…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins，因此第二个选项为正确答案。
新托福阅读背景知识：植物适应沙漠
Plant adaptation to the desert(背景材料)
Cactus adaptations.
The secret to the superior endurance of cacti lies in their adaptations. Over millions of years, through natural selection, only the strongest and best adapted species survived.
As you know, it is very dry in the desert. Plants that adapt to this are known as xerophytes (from zeros, dry and python, plant). There are plants that avoid the dry season by sprouting from seed just after the spring rain and growing very fast so that by the time the dry season comes, they have already produced a lot of seeds and died. These seeds lie on the soil for the dry season and sprout again in spring and the cycle repeats. Other xerophytes simply drop their leaves and stay dormant for the winter. But there is another special type of xerophytes which stores water in its fleshy tissues. Such plants are called succulents (from success, juicy). The cactus is a typical example of a succulent.
If you cut a cactus open, you see a juicy, slimy tissue. This is where the moisture is stored for the dry season. The part between the middle circle (and pith) and just under the very green part of the plant (or palisade parenchyma) just under the skin is allocated for the storage of water and food for the plant. This is a type of spongy parenchyma and can take up to 85% of the plant's volume. This is a major adaptation in the desert. Because the plant remains completely alive during the dry season and there is no need for it to dry up and lose everything, makes it possible for the plant to grow to large sizes. Another advantage is that the plant retains supplies (in the form of starch) for the winter so that it can flower right away in spring without accumulating more supplies (as most plants need to do in spring). The whole purpose of storing supplies for the winter is mostly to energize flowering in spring but it also lets the cactus start growing much sooner.
Flowering plants breathe and transpire (evaporate water from their surface) through closeable microscopic pores called stoats on the leaves or stems. To do this, their pores have to be open. In most plants these are open all day and on warm nights. But for cacti this is inconvenient as in daytime it is very hot and thus the plant would lose a lot of water through evaporation. So the cactus must close them in the daytime. But then it cannot breathe or photosynthesize (the process where sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water and releasing oxygen using the sun's energy). Succulents have an adaptation to that. Their stoats are closed during the day and are open at night, when it is not that hot and store carbon dioxide in its tissues as crass lean acid and then turn it back to carbon dioxide in the daytime. This process is called crass lean acid metabolism or CAM and it is a very smart way of respiring in the desert.
If we look at the outside of the plant, we notice that there is a tough leathery skin covering the plant, we can also notice the presence of ribs and spines and sometimes fur. These are all very smart adaptations. They serve mainly for surviving heat but are also used as defense.
The tough leathery skin is very impermeable to water, thus reducing evaporation from the surface of the plant. This skin often has a layer of plant wax on it which is often lightly colored (Pilosocereus azures is an example of a plant with such wax), white or blue. This reflects light and also reduces evaporation from the inside.
The ribs are special structures that are also used for enduring extreme heat. The ribs (and spines) trap wind so that the plant is enveloped in a layer of extremely still air, and this is a very important factor in reducing evaporation. On very windy days even the ribs don't help and cacti sometimes wilt because of high water loss.
The spines have different functions. They not only help shade the plant from the sun but are also known to help the cactus absorb water. They do it like this. On cool nights, dew settles on the spines of the plant. The spines are actually known to draw droplets of water towards the areole (the point out of which the spines grow) and here the droplets are absorbed. You can try this at home. Spray the plants with a very fine mist of water and watch what happens to the droplets that settle on the spines. They literally get attracted to the areole along the spine. The spine's structure allows them to do this. Even spines pointing downwards seem to suck the droplets up themselves.
Adaptation features are visible in this Pilosocereus glauchochorous. Notice the spines, ribs, fur and wax (the blue coloration). The top of a typically adapted plant.
Some plants have fur; sometimes all over the plant, sometimes only near the top. This fur shades the plant even further and is also known to attract water towards the areole. Some plants only have fur near the top. This is very beneficial because the top of the plant is very sensitive to sunlight, new tissues get formed there. Young areoles, with their spines not even wooded yet can get dried up completely in the sun. When an areole is born near the top of the plant, it starts developing spines. At this time the fur appears as well. This fur accompanies the areole as it moves down the plant, shading the growing point inside. By the time the areole is about 15cm away from the top, the fur wears out completely and the now inactive areole gets exposed to the sun.
As for the roots of cacti, they are also fully adapted to living in the desert. Some species (especially plants from very dry deserts) have very shallow root systems that spread very far from the plant. This way the plant can take advantage of tiny amounts of moisture from dew or light rain as the roots spread far away and are very shallow (less than 10cm deep while spreading up to 5 meters from the parent plant). On the other hand, some cacti send their roots deep down (like many Echinocacti) to reach the ground water.
Rainforest cacti often have aerial roots that can collect water all the time when it rains (and it rains very often in South American forests).
The shape of cacti itself is an adaptation. You may have noticed that cacti have a barrel like or candle like shape. This allows for maximum internal volume with a minimum surface area, which is also very smart adaption as a cactus can store a lot of water and have a small external surface area to reduce water loss.
篇2：托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理
托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理
那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别，把指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。
第一类，人称代词
人称代词主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断，通常是往前找最近的核心名词。
例如：
“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。”
The word It in the passage refers to __________。
A. theory B. price
C. process D. auction
往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。
第二类，指示代词
指示代词主要包括this, that, these, those等。在这种句子中，this和that通常指代某个观点事物或现象，而these和those通常指复数形式下的某些观点事物或意见，并且该类题也遵循往前找的原则。
例如：
“The dragon also has large claws that are used when it is younger. It uses these to climb trees to escape from the jaws of older dragons. But when they get older， these claws are used mainly as weapons。”
The word these in the passage refers to __________。
A. claws B. trees
C. jaws D. weapons
该题中的these一定是指之前已经出现过的名词，所以现在才能用代词进行指示，因此我们首先可通过往前追溯的原则进行排出，B、C、D瞬间就都被排除了。再将A选项带入原句验证，看逻辑和意思是否与句意相符，最终验证表明，答案正是A选项。
第三类，关系代词
主要包括which, that, who, whom等。在这种句子中，通常采用就近原则。尤其是由“， which”格式引导的从句，一般都是非限制性定语从句，通常就是指该词前面紧挨着的名词。但需要注意的是，当关系代词前有插入语时，需要先去掉插入语，再使用就近原则。
例如：
“Scientists have been looking for energy sources to replace oil. They have studied wind，ethanol，and nuclear energy. They have also started to look at coal again. Coal，which is the cheapest energy source，is found in many parts of the world. However，it is dangerous to mine. It also pollutes the environment。”
The word which in the passage refers to __________。
A. nuclear energy B. ethanol
C. wind D. coal
一看词句考察的是由which引导的非限制性定语从句，则毫不犹豫得把答案定位到which前的名词“coal”上，所以一眼就能选出该题的正确答案D选项。
第四类，不定代词
主要包括some，any，every，each，none，some...others...，one...,another等。这类代词通常指的都是该词前后与其关系最紧密的名词主语，并且注意词的单复数形式。
例如：
“Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to combat disease。”
The word Many in the passage refers to __________。
A. studies B. plant species
C. lost plants D. new drugs
首先确定该题的“Many”所在句主语应该是指“lost plants”，并且“of”是表示所属的关系，所以“Many”应该是属于“these lost plants”中的一部分，所以很显然“Many”指的就应该是“lost plants”，因此答案选C。
需要注意的是这四大类代词只能大致涵盖托福阅读指代题中所涉及的大致类型，要想全面把握托福阅读指代题，我们还是需要把握好真题，结合解题技巧与策略进行有针对性的练习与总结，循序渐进提高托福阅读水平与分数。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland.
Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.
Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.
Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.
One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the
surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance
(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center
(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia
(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia
2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because
(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets
(B) the High Street Market was forced to close
(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population
(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.
3. The word hinterland in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) tradition
(B) association
(C) produce
(D) region
4. The word it in line 6 refers to
(A) the crowded city
(B) a radius
(C) the High Street Market
(D) the period
5. The word persisted in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) returned
(B) started
(C) declined
(D) continued
6. According to the passage , fairs in Philadelphia were held
(A) on the same day as market says
(B) as often as possible
(C) a couple of times a year
(D) whenever the government allowed it
7. It can be inferred that the author mentions Linens and stockings in line 12 to show that they were items that
(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell
(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia
(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia
(D) could easily be transported
8. The word eradicate in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) eliminate
(B) exploit
(C) organize
(D) operate
9. What does the author mean by stating in lines 15-16 that economic development was on the merchants' side ?
(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.
(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.
(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence
(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.
10. The word undergoing in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) requesting
(B) experiencing
(C) repeating
(D) including
托福阅读背景知识汇总之达达派
达达派(Dada)
第一次世界大战后, 达达派(Dada)由瑞士向欧洲蔓延了出来. 当时的环境是: 后期印象派(Post Impressionism)到了后期, 其他还有立体派, 表现派, 未来派等画派在欧洲盘据地盘, 但每一个都逃不出达达派的批判. 因为达达派如表现派般厌恶战争而厌恶过去, 但程度上比未来派还要激进. 他们大胆的摧毁一切旧有的传统, 而采取无理性的表现方式. 达达派的表现方式着重在天然形成与自由涂写. 他们喜欢用不同的材料用自然排列的方式成为一个新的艺术. 例如, 把色纸剪成块状(有一点儿像野兽派大师马蒂斯后期的表现方法)然后让他们自由飘散在地上, 而取得灵感. 达达派的文学家把报纸的字母写下, 然后抖动他们再依字母的自然排列成了一首新诗(这又有点像台湾的乩童在上身后鬼画符一番, 之后再由旁人解说). 所以达达派的创作是象征的且无定形的呈现(因为他们也不知道抖完后会成什么样子). 我想达达派最大的成就, 应该是让当时的人有完全逆向思考的机会. 大战结束后, 德国, 法国, 甚至隔海的美国都有不少人从事此风格的创作.
篇3：托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理
托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理
那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别，把指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。
第一类，人称代词
人称代词主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断，通常是往前找最近的核心名词。
例如：
“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。”
The word It in the passage refers to __________。
A. theory B. price
C. process D. auction
往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。
第二类，指示代词
指示代词主要包括this, that, these, those等。在这种句子中，this和that通常指代某个观点事物或现象，而these和those通常指复数形式下的某些观点事物或意见，并且该类题也遵循往前找的原则。
例如：
“The dragon also has large claws that are used when it is younger. It uses these to climb trees to escape from the jaws of older dragons. But when they get older， these claws are used mainly as weapons。”
The word these in the passage refers to __________。
A. claws B. trees
C. jaws D. weapons
该题中的these一定是指之前已经出现过的名词，所以现在才能用代词进行指示，因此我们首先可通过往前追溯的原则进行排出，B、C、D瞬间就都被排除了。再将A选项带入原句验证，看逻辑和意思是否与句意相符，最终验证表明，答案正是A选项。
第三类，关系代词
主要包括which, that, who, whom等。在这种句子中，通常采用就近原则。尤其是由“， which”格式引导的从句，一般都是非限制性定语从句，通常就是指该词前面紧挨着的名词。但需要注意的是，当关系代词前有插入语时，需要先去掉插入语，再使用就近原则。
例如：
“Scientists have been looking for energy sources to replace oil. They have studied wind，ethanol，and nuclear energy. They have also started to look at coal again. Coal，which is the cheapest energy source，is found in many parts of the world. However，it is dangerous to mine. It also pollutes the environment。”
The word which in the passage refers to __________。
A. nuclear energy B. ethanol
C. wind D. coal
一看词句考察的是由which引导的非限制性定语从句，则毫不犹豫得把答案定位到which前的名词“coal”上，所以一眼就能选出该题的正确答案D选项。
第四类，不定代词
主要包括some，any，every，each，none，some...others...，one...,another等。这类代词通常指的都是该词前后与其关系最紧密的名词主语，并且注意词的单复数形式。
例如：
“Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to combat disease。”
The word Many in the passage refers to __________。
A. studies B. plant species
C. lost plants D. new drugs
首先确定该题的“Many”所在句主语应该是指“lost plants”，并且“of”是表示所属的关系，所以“Many”应该是属于“these lost plants”中的一部分，所以很显然“Many”指的就应该是“lost plants”，因此答案选C。
需要注意的是这四大类代词只能大致涵盖托福阅读指代题中所涉及的大致类型，要想全面把握托福阅读指代题，我们还是需要把握好真题，结合解题技巧与策略进行有针对性的练习与总结，循序渐进提高托福阅读水平与分数。
托福背景阅读：风靡美国的煎饼
Jian bing, a form of grilled savory crepe with stuffing, is a popular dish in North China. The mung-bean-and-millet crepe is often made on a well-heated pan. Freshly scrambled egg, pickled vegetables, scallions, cilantro, black bean paste, chili sauce and a crispy fried crackers (the secret that adds a crunch to the crepe) are added on the crepe and rolled up. Often sold by street vendors, Jian bing is a popular choice for breakfast for on-the-go commuters.
煎饼，是一种包有内馅儿的咸味煎薄饼，它在中国北方广受欢迎。在烧得滚热的案板上，摊开绿豆和小米面糊烙成面饼，在面饼上打一个鸡蛋，撒上泡菜、大葱、香菜，涂上豆瓣酱、辣椒酱，然后放上一块薄脆(让煎饼酥脆的秘密)，再卷起来。煎饼通常是大街小巷的小贩在卖，它是许多赶着上班的通勤族爱的早餐。
Alisa Grandy, the owner of Bing Mi!, fell in love with the snack when she returned to Portland from her trip in China.
艾丽莎?格兰迪是Bing Mi的店主，在她从中国旅游回到波特兰以后，她对煎饼的爱就一发不可收拾。
“When she got back from China, that's all she would talk about,” says her husband Neal. Grandy spent months perfecting the right mix of ingredients to recreate the exact taste she enjoyed in China. Six months later, the couple opened a store. Business is good, as they've already got two crepe-makers on back order.
她的丈夫尼尔称“自打她从中国回来以后，她成天都在谈论煎饼”。后来格兰迪花了好几个月，专门研究煎饼的原料和配方，以复制她在中国尝过的那种味道。六个月后，夫妇俩开了家店。生意非常红火，两个煎饼师傅都忙不过来。
Bing Mi! sells a piece of jian bing for $6. In fact, it is the only item that they sell. According to Grandy's husband, Chinese customers nostalgic for the taste of home have given their compliments.
Bing Mi!的煎饼每个售价6美元。事实上，他们只卖煎饼。格兰迪的丈夫称，因思乡而来品尝故乡味道的中国顾客称赞了他们做的煎饼。
托福阅读：阅读词汇的认识误区
首先，托福阅读确实是需要六级以上的词汇量才能得到相对较高的分数。为什么?
第一是因为托福阅读中有一种题目叫做词汇题，词汇题是这样的一种题：你认识这个单词就肯定能做对，而且能很快地做对。你不认识这个单词就是经过层层推断，耗费了很多时间还很容易得到错误的结果，所以说解决词汇题的王道就是认识这个单词。那么词汇题在托福阅读中究竟有多重要呢?是占了25%以上的比例的。OG上说，每篇阅读题有3-6个单词题(每篇托福阅读总共只有13个题呀)，可见词汇题的重要性--只要把词汇题解决了，就能轻松拿下托福阅读中的一大块分数，还为做其它题节省了宝贵的时间。托福阅读的词汇题中考到的词汇是什么难度呢?大概是6级的词汇，也有稍难一些的。所以为了保险起见，单词的水平要达到6级以上，这样就可以把阅读中单词题的分数拿满。
第二是阅读速度的问题。对于中国考生，托福阅读的一大障碍在于时间不够用，读文章的速度太慢了。不是说认识单词就能快速读懂文章，而是说单词量太小阅读速度必然大打折扣!
托福阅读需要知道一点专业词汇这不假，但绝非很难很专的词汇。
第一是托福阅读考察的词汇是偏于专业性质的，原因是这样：托福考试是为了看考生的英语水平能否保证其在大学中顺利学习专业知识，因此考察的内容是偏重学术的方面的，而阅读文章也多从大学课本的简易内容中选取。所以在背单词的时候对于学术词汇给予一定程度的重视是合理的。
第二是托福阅读考察的专业词汇难度有限。这点也是很自然的，因为托福毕竟是一门英语水平考试，又不是专业考试。难度较大的专业词汇在阅读中确实会出现，但根本不是考察的内容，而且其意思可以很容易地猜出来。举个例子：It should be obvious that cetaceans--whales, porpoises, and dolphins--are mammals，这是OG阅读题中的一个原句。这句话中的cetacean就是一个过分专业而无需背的单词，你只要认识了whales，dolphins，mammals就知道了cetacean是生活在水里(海里的)动物，而且是哺乳动物，这就相当于知道了cetacean的意思了。需要记忆的是mammal，whale，dolphin这种比较常用的专业词汇，而不是cetacean这种生僻的类型，把精力放在背这种艰涩的单词上是很不值得的。
篇4：托福阅读指代题技巧
托福阅读指代题解题有技巧
一、问题形式
被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下：
The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to
二、解题步骤
1. 根据解题技巧确定答案
2. 代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺
三、基本原则
1. 就近指代
所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如，
Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.
The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy
本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则，前一句中的主语the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文，符合语义和逻辑，因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和this problem相距较远，而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通，因此为干扰选项。
2. 数格一致
被指代对象通常与指代词在数(如单数或复数)和格(主格或宾格)两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。
四、主要思路
1. 主从复合句中的指代
在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如，
The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.
The word they in the passage refers to
?qualities
?fins
?grooves
?depressions
在这一例子中，从句so that they…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins，因此第二个选项为正确答案。
如果主从复合句中一个句子(可以是主句，也可以是从句)使用被动语态，包含被动语态的句子中的主语常指代另一句中的宾语。例如， Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.
The word none in the passage refers to
food
plant or animal
energy
big body
在本例中，if引导的从句使用了被动语态，代词主语none指代前面主句中的宾语energy。因此，第三个选项为正确答案。
2.并列动词中的指代
如果一个句中有两个并列的动词，第二个动词的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后的名词宾语。例如，
Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.
The word “that” in line 27 refers to
(A) contemporary art
(B) opportunity
(C) audience
(D) distinction
句中有两个并列的动词recognizing和 taking (into account)，其中recognizing的宾语是distinction，而taking 的宾语是that。根据上述技巧，that指代distinction。因此，(D)为正确答案。
3.平行结构中的指代
平行结构主要包括some/most/many/such/each…, others…; not only…but also…; the former…the latter等。在这种结构中，平行结构两个部分的两个代词经常指代同一对象：前一句中的名词主语。例如，
In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.
The word others in the passage refers to
chambers
paintings
beasts
parades
原文包含平行结构some…others，它们都指代前一句中的名词主语beasts，因此第三个选项为正确答案。
4. 所有格的指代
所有格代词经常指代其前面与其最接近的名词。例如，
Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.
The word “their” in line 1 refers to
(A) folk
(B) nations
(C) countries
(D) objects
根据所有格指代的解题技巧，their指代前面位置最近的名词objects，因此(D)为正确答案。
5. 指代的接力棒现象
这一现象是指被考的代词对应前面一个相同的代词，而前面的代词指代更前一句中的名词。例如，
While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location.
The word “they” in line 8 refers to
(A) North Americans
(B) news shows
(C) interviews
(D) opinions
在这一例子中，第二句中的代词they(reflect the opinions…)对应第一句中的they(are not…)，而第一个they指代前面从句中的名词主语interviews，那么第二个they也指代interviews，因此(C)为正确答案。
除了上述情况之外，其他指代，如定语从句中(of which…, in which…, from which…)的关系代词指代先行词，from there结构中的there指代前面最接近的地点名词等，限于篇幅，不再详述。
40秒搞定托福阅读的方法大全
秒杀单词篇
单词的重要性，毋庸置疑。托福阅读考试中，有三分之一的词汇题，词汇题是阅读的重点但不是难点，因为90%是选其近义词，如果考生对考题中的词汇了如指掌，那词汇题就能轻松选对。如果说“得听力者得天下”，对于阅读考试，那就是“得词汇者得阅读”。完美秒杀词汇题，那么阅读得高分也就指日可待了。
托福阅读词汇题中的词汇是小单纯与小恶魔的结合。说它小单纯，是因为如果知道题目中单词的意思，90%选其原意;说它小恶魔，是因为词汇题还喜欢坏坏的与你开玩笑，偶尔在题目中设置一些障碍，挑战一下你的智商。这就要求我们备考时要留心准备这些障碍。常见的词汇障碍有三种，词汇活用，熟词僻义，高难词汇。
A词性活用
(1) 英文中名词和动词都有加s 或es的时候，前者构成名词复数，后者构成动词的三单。
The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face.
乍看此句，一头雾水。因为arch这个词，大多数人把他当成名词“拱门”记忆，殊不知，arch还可以被活用成动词，相当于bend. 例句中的arch正是词性活用的体现。
(2) 英文中形容词和动词都有加ed的形式，动词加ed便是其过去式或过去分词。
The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation's “urban” from its “rural” population for the first time. The word distinguished is closest in meaning
(A) differentiated (B) removed (C) excellent (D) protected
《词汇密码》近义词记得好的同学也许一样就能选出distinguished 有选项C “excellent”的意思，但是细心的童鞋会发现原文中的distinguished是动词distinguish的过去式。
所以在备考中，要特别留心词性活用的词，考试也要谨防中枪。
B 熟词僻义
“考托”的童鞋对熟词僻义应该略知一二。常用的熟词僻义有130个左右，每日记几个，就可以全搞定。例如：fashion 有“制造”之意，eat有“腐蚀”的意思。 C 高难词汇 考场上，会遇到自己背了但忘了或是根本就没见过的单词，这时，一定要淡定，两大招式叫你搞定高难词汇。
换
仔细揣摩托福阅读，我们会发现阅读 篇章中有上下文互相解释的现象，上文对下文的解释其实是上文对等下文，或称之为“对等关系”。“考托”中常见的“对等关系”提示词有：
同位语;that is; 冒号“：”;破折号“—”;括号 “”
and ; or
Includes/including; for example; such as; as
called; named; known as
上下文的“对等关系”所表达的意思往往相近，或是一个范畴。例如：jagged and sharp， 即使我们不知道jagged是什么意思，但通过“对等关系”，我们可以把jagged替换成sharp的意思。
猜
考试中遇到不认识的单词不要慌，可以根据上下文的关系，找到不认识的单词在上下文中是否能找到相应的线索。这需要我们在日常备战时，要注意培养联系上下文猜词的能力，遇到不认识的单词不要着急查词，联系上下文，通过关系词，看自己是否能猜出生僻词的意思。猜词能力的培养需要建立在一定阅读量的基础之上，因此，建议童鞋们至少精读25篇托福TPO阅读，通过反复阅读已读文章揣摩 篇章中上下文之间的衔接关系，培养联系上下文猜词换词的能力。
托福阅读题材分类有哪些
1. 人：学术阅读中最常出现的就是各种科学家，以ist和er结尾居多。
例如：anthropologist，archaeologist，paleontologist，zoologist，geographer，astronomer
(人类学家，考古学家，古生物学家，动物学家，地理学家，天文学家)
这类的词汇大家无需记住拼写，只要在阅读中出现可以辨认就足以。在面对未知的专有名词时，至少要判断他们存在于那个学科，才好进行下一步的推理。
2. 地质、地貌：这类文章在托福学术阅读中比重很大。建议大家对常用词汇进行积累。
例如：volcano，layer，conglomerate，karst，porous，permeable，meteorolite，asteroid
火山，(地)层，砾岩，喀斯特地貌(石灰岩的一种地形)，多孔的(有透气性与透水性)，可渗透的，陨石，小行星
3. 气候、动物与生态：与生物和地球有关的话题是托福永远的宠儿。
例如：unpredictable，vary，range from，extinction，endangered，tropical，jungle，equatorial
不可预测的，改变(动词)，变化幅度(动词)，灭绝，濒危的，热带的，丛林，赤道附近的
4. 历史、考古，这类题材是分水轮流转的对象，也要加以注意。
尤其是历史文章的考法不是单纯的讲古，而是从各个层面切入，有很多的表现形式。可能是古人类的迁徙，那就是人类历史。贸易和交通运输的发展，那就是经济史，等等。
例如，relics，remains，mausoleum，handicraft，cohesiveness，territorial，civilization
遗迹，遗迹或残骸，陵墓，手工艺品，凝聚性，领土的，文明
托福阅读如何考高分成绩
1.词汇
从某种意义上来讲，词汇量的大小是TOEF L阅读理解高分的基础和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上)，纵然你有“葵花宝典”在手，也只能命丧ETS的“毒招”之下。所以，以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一味巨毒无比。
2.通过练习使学生养成高效的阅读方法——即所谓的阅读技巧
TOEFL的阅读量非常大，一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完，所谓的“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”也只能适用于少数类型的文章，根本不能解决本质问题。那么，文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话，主动地阅读文章的关键部位。所谓主动是指不能象一般的阅读那样完全被动地接受信息，而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位，主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物，文章的逻辑结构非常完整和严谨，而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。经过系统的训练，考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度。这样，通过阅读文章的几处关键部位，就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系，也就解决了问题的70%。
3.解题训练
排除法恐怕是一直以来大多数学生在解阅读理题目时使用最多的方法。事实上，这种方法具有致命的缺点：干扰大、费时间。更有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后，就在脑子反映出一个模糊的或者是不完整的答案，然后直接在选项中寻找接近的答案进行判断。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐养成和加强，决非什么技巧之类的东西可以替代。
篇5：托福阅读指代题详细解析
托福阅读指代题怎么做?指代题详细解析
一.托福阅读指代题常见提问方式
指代类问题与词汇类问题很相似。在文章中会有一个单词或短语用阴影标示出来，被标示的词汇经常是一个代词，然后考生会被问到：
The word “X” in the passage refers to…
四个选项都是来自于文章中的单词或短语，但只有一个选项是被阴影标示出的单词或短语所指代的内容。
二.托福阅读指代题解析
指代类问题考查考生辨认文章中单词间指代关系的能力。通常这种关系是代词与其先行词之间的关系，有时也考查其他语法的指代关系(如which或this)。(以上内容来自《托福考试官方指南》)根据《托福考试官方指南》的对指代题的介绍，我们清楚地知道这类题型考查的重点：代词的功能和词汇之间的语义关系。
三.托福阅读指代题如何找答案
根据指代题所考查的能力(代词的功能和词汇之间的语义关系)和提问方式，我们可以总结出指代题考查的就是根据代词的属性去判断(单数还是复数，指人还是指物)代词指代的是谁。这里需要注意的是：被指代对象在代词之前出现(所以找被指代对象的时候，应该在代词之前的内容中找);从句子开头往后找答案;代词和被指代对象的数、性和性质必须一致(数：单数复数;性：he or she;性质：人还是物);指代传递现象(they往前找的时候，找到了them，就还需要往前找到被指代的名词)。
四.托福阅读指代题做题方法分析
从句主语指代主句的主语/宾语
根据代词的属性判断(单数还是复数，指人还是指物)
关系代词(连词)指代先行词
插入结构不影响指代关系(n, which)
重复概念指代
就近原则(Tom and his friends, his指的就是Tom)
some-others指代
some + n. / some + of + n.: others→n.(Some boys are playing basketball while others are playing football.这里others就是指boys)
some + v.: some和others共同指代前面的某个概念(Some are playing basketball while others are playing football.这里some和others共同指代前面的某个概念，比如boys, children等)
攻克托福阅读的七个技巧
(1)概括地观察 Survey
首先略读每章或每页的大概内容，例如：可从书本的序言和目录开始，通常作者会在序言中交代撰述的重点及动机，而目录则可帮助你了解课本的组织架构及章节层次;阅读课文的名称 title，主题 main。
headings 及副题 sub-headings;注意每一主题的头一句，导言 introduction 和本章提要 summary(如果有的话)，图片说明 captions to all graphics 等，这样，你不用十五分钟便对内容有概略的了解。
(2)提出一个全面的问题 Write a general question
观察课文内容后，提出一个包含所有新托福阅读数据的问题，把问题写在每章节的开首，令自己可以看到此问题时，便忆起全部内容。
(3)提出各别问题来引导阅读 Write questions to guide your reading
当你看到主题、副题、图片及首句时，由此而提出有关问题，写在题目或图片旁边，帮助你阅读文章内容。
(4)寻求问题的答案 Read to answer the questions
阅读章节时，尽量跟随你的问题来找答案，把握课文重点。
(5)在答案下划线 Underline words that answer the question
在了解一段内容后，找出解答问题的重要字key words及短语phrases，并划记下来。在划记时可选用荧光笔，既方便又快捷。
(6)修正问题 Revise the questions
如果在阅读时，发现问题并未得到解答或不明确，可重新写下问题，并将有关答案的字词划记。再重读文章，遇到不明白的地方，再请教导师或同学。
(7)举一反三 Use examples
当你理解全文时，便可将知识整理起来，同时，学习类推的方法，将知识应用于其它类似事情或日常生活上，利用联带关系，才能把文章内容融会贯通，大大提高你的阅读兴趣和能力。例如：当银行利率提高时，会使银行的存款利息增加，而你可能会联想到投资受影响，或是你会类推更多其它事项。
造成托福阅读低分都有哪些原因
细节题定位不准
在新托福阅读考试中，细节题考查的是考生们文章定位的能力。其实托福阅读中的细节题其实不难，但前提是定位的点要对，托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的，因为定位不精确。
而否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种：一是无中生有，即根据定位点的内容，四个选项只有一个没有提到，这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴，即根据定位点的内容表述，只有一个选项与之矛盾，这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目所以做新托福阅读的细节题，最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。
无方向中隐藏方向
新托福阅读考试中绝大部分题目都是对应具体段落的，这会为考生节省很多时间。但是也不排除有少量题目的范围比较大或比较模糊，考生在寻找答案时难免一头雾水，费时费力。
其实这些看似没有明确定位方向的题目都是暗藏玄机的。所以在面对这类问题的时候，考生应当学会利用排除法进行做题，不要因为在题目中找不到出路而影响了考试。
在托福阅读考试中要根据文章理性判断，不要感性选择答案，托福阅读文章又自己的着眼点。
如何快速突破托福阅读长难句
托福阅读备考的句子难在哪里呢?主要有三点：句子长，长度超过30单词的长句在每篇文章中保持在10句左右;概念难，句中往往含有很多“诡异”的陌生学术概念;结构异，英文中的特定语法结构如倒装，强调，修饰语后置等等。
快速理解复杂句是托福阅读考试得分最重要的能力。比较近10年来的考试难度，最明显的趋势就是句子结构的复杂冗长程度明显递增。纵观文章阅读考察的几个层次可发现：比句子微观的单词含义理解，只要认真准备就不是难点;比句子宏观的段落含义理解，弄懂主旨往往不难。
而相对地,句子的阅读相对需要更多技巧，考场上经常出现反复多遍阅读仍不能理解句子大意的情况，从而成为了阅读理解和得分的瓶颈。
下面浅谈托福阅读备考上的几大处理手段：
首先，针对长句，利用主干精简长句。请看例句：On rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770’s when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. (在零星的某些需要精美雕塑品的时候，美国人会转而求助外国雕刻艺术家，比如在1770年纽约市和南卡罗来纳的查理斯顿市就委托了英国人J.W.制作了掌权者William Pitt的大理石雕像。)
如果全部精读逐词翻译，由于信息过于杂乱会导致抓不住重点，也就是我们所说的句子虽然读了但对讲的是什么事情基本没印象概括不出来大意。但我们提炼句子主干，原句精简为：American turned to foreign sculptors. 大意立即明了是：美国人请外国雕刻艺术家帮忙。句子主旨很清晰。
其次：针对生僻概念，利用重点规避难点。例如：Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. (如果把地球和木星星云大红斑并排摆列的话，我们的星球显得相形见绌，直径不到大红斑的一半左右。)句中，”juxtaposed(两物体并排摆放)”为难点，但其由于作为虚拟条件并非句子主干，因此并不重要。
我们只需要认清该句阅读重心集中其后部——“our planet would be dwarfed”，地球小于大红斑星云。如果考试不熟悉dwarfed的含义，也可由对重点的补充说明“with a diameter less than half that of the GRS”明了这是在讲地球小于大红斑星云。
第三，利用语法突破理解弱势。很多同学学习语法多年，但却忽视了语法的重要层面：突出重点内容或弱化非重点。有效理解语法本质，便于我们从战略上确定句子是否会成为考点以及我们的理解重点。例如：Only when it has been chewed up and digested almost to a liquid can the food pass through the rumen and on through the gut.(只有食物被嚼碎并消化为液态，食物才能穿过反刍胃到达肚子。)
该句中含有倒装结构，在强调“when it has been chewed up and digested almost to liquid”这一动物消化的必需条件，使整个句子理解的重点。再看一个例句: 而Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. (这儿的人成为了非常厉害的商人，沿着密集的从美国东北部蔓延到西部落基山脉的密集贸易网交易着珠宝，陶瓷，动物皮毛，工具以及其他的货物。)
尽管托福阅读考试句子后部更长更难，但并没有成为考点，也不是理解重点，原因为这是现在分词做伴随状语，本身表达的是非重点的补充信息。
★ 托福阅读真题解析
★ 代词练习题
★ 托福阅读素材
★ 梳理为题高三作文
托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理（精选5篇）
