雅思阅读之摘要填空题型解析

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【导语】“徐东”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了7篇雅思阅读之摘要填空题型解析,下面小编给大家整理后的雅思阅读之摘要填空题型解析,欢迎阅读与借鉴!

篇1:雅思阅读之摘要填空题型解析

小站名师讲解雅思阅读之摘要填空题型解析

一、无选项summary的特征

1、主要针对文章的某一段或某几段的主要内容进行概括或改写,上下句之间有一定的联系。

2、每个空格的间隔时近时远,例如剑7 T1 P1的summary就定位在D段一段中,而剑5 T1  P1的则分散在四个段落中,由此可见定位准确是解题的关键步骤。但考生们不用着急,一般summary的定位还是比较容易的,且大部分是涉及到原文的两三段。即使某道题比较难找到,也可以先做summary的其他题,切勿因小失大。

3、一般是顺序原则,较少乱序。

4、填的答案多是原文原词,很少需要改变语态和词性,相对简单。

二、解题步骤

1、阅读文章的大标题和小标题。其实拿到一篇文章,不论有哪些题型,第一步都要阅读文章的大标题和小标题,大致掌握文章主题和推测文章的写作思路和结构。

2、仔细审题。 (1)注意字数限制(Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each  answer. ),一般有只能填一个、不超过两个和不超过三个单词。(2)有时题目会明确告知summary在原文中的起始段落。

3、根据summary的小标题或者首句,回原文确定起始位置。

4、划出第一题的定位词和关键词(指紧挨着空格的并且肯定会被同义替换的单词)。

5、通过关键词及空格前后的逻辑关系来推测所填词的语法特征。(1)常考词性有名词、形容词、动词和副词,但主要以“名词和形容词”为主,在剑桥真题5-9中的summary共63个,名词58个占92%,形容词5个占8%。(2)如果所填词是名词,还可以进一步去预测是人还是物,单复数,有时甚至能推测出是具体物还是抽象物,但还是要根据实际情况而定,不要为了预测而硬预测。

6、回到原文,通过略读定位到题目位置。

7、精读定位词所在的句子,一定要读完整。

8、对应关键词和逻辑关系后,通过语法来确定答案。

9、继续下一题。

三、解题TIPS

1、一定要注意字数限制。有不少考生会因为初次考试紧张而忘记审题,同样的问题在判断题的TRUE和YES中也有体现。

2、如果在题目或者原文中看到this,that,those,these,it等指代词,一定要把指代词的内容搞清楚,因为指代词往往是考点,或者通过指代词所指内容能提示解题。

3、如果定位词所在句子找不到关键词的同义替换或逻辑关系,一般可以往下看一句,最多往下看两句。

4、因为是顺序出题,所以实在是有定位不到的题要学会放弃,先做下一题,然后在上下两题的定位之间再寻找一次。

总而言之,无选项summary是考生必须要得到分数的题型。解题步骤大致为了解文章主题,审题,圈划定位词和关键词,预测语法特征,回原文精读。除了熟练掌握做题步骤和技巧之外,基础语法和同义替换也是加快做题速度,提高正确率的利剑。每次做完题都要认真分析错误原因,是定位不准确,同义替换没背出还是句意或逻辑关系理解错误,并积累每道题目(不论对错)和题目对应原文句子的生词和同义替换。考生不能太过沉迷于技巧,毕竟扎实的基本功和踏实的学习态度才是通过雅思,成功打开国外理想大学大门的钥匙。

雅思阅读机经真题解析--Cosmetics In Ancient Past

A

Since cosmetics and perfumes are still in wide use today, it is interesting  to compare the attitudes, customs and beliefs related to them in ancient times  to those of our own day and age. Cosmetics and perfumes have been popular since  the dawn of civilization; it is shown by the discovery of a great deal of  pertinent archeological material, dating from the third millennium BC. Mosaics,  glass perfume flasks, stone vessels, ovens, cooking-pots, clay jars, etc., some  inscribed by the hand of the artisan. evidence also appears in the Bible and  other classical writings, where it is written that spices and perfumes were  prestigious products known throughout the ancient world and coveted by kings and  princes. The written and pictorial descriptions, as well as archaeological  findings, all show how important body care and aesthetic appearance were in the  lives of the ancient people. The chain of evidence spans many centuries,  detailing the usage of cosmetics in various cultures from the earliest period of  recorded history.

B

In antiquity, however, at least in the onset, cosmetics served in religious  ceremonies and for healing purposes. Cosmetics were also connected with cultic  worship and witchcraft: to appease the various gods, fragrant ointments were  applied to the statuary images and even to their attendants. From this, in the  course of time, developed the custom of personal use, to enhance the beauty of  the face and the body, and to conceal defects.

C

Perfumes and fragrant spices were precious commodities in antiquity, very  much in demand, and at times even exceeded silver and gold in value. Therefore  they were luxury products, used mainly in the temples and in the homes of the  noble and the wealthy. The Judean kings kept them in treasure houses (2 Kings  20:13).And the Queen of Sheba brought to Solomon “camels laden with spices, gold  in great quantity and precious stones.” (1 Kings 10:2,10). However, within time,  the use of cosmetics became the custom of that period. The use of cosmetics  became widespread among the lower classes as well as among the wealthy; in the  same way they washed the body, so they used to care for the body with substances  that softened the skin and anoint it with fragrant oils and ointments.

D

Facial treatment was highly developed and women devoted many hours to it.  They used to spread various scented creams on the face and to apply makeup in  vivid and contrasting colors. An Egyptian papyrus from the 16th century BC  contains detailed recipes to remove blemishes, wrinkles, and other signs of age.  Greek and Roman women would cover their faces in the evening with a “beauty  mask” to remove blemishes, which consisted mainly of flour mixed with fragrant  spices, leaving it on their face all night. The next morning they would wash it  off with asses' milk. The very common creams used by women in the ancient Far  East, particularly important in the hot climate and prevalent in that area of  the globe, were made up of oils and aromatic scents. Sometimes the oil in these  creams was extracted from olives, almonds, gourds, sesame, or from trees and  plants; but, for those of limited means, scented animal and fish fats were  commonly used.

E

Women in ancient past commonly put colors around their eyes. Besides  beautification, its purpose was also medicinal as covering the sensitive skin of  the lids with colored ointments that prevented dryness and eye diseases: the  eye-paint repelled the little flies that transmitted eye inflammations. Egyptian  women colored the upper eyelid black and the lower one green, and painted the  space between the upper lid and the eyebrow gray or blue. The women of  Mesopotamia favored yellows and reds. The use of kohl for painting the eyes is  mentioned three times in the Bible, always with disapproval by the sages (2  Kings, 9:30; Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel 23:40). In contrast, Job names one of his  daughters “Keren Happukh” —“horn of eye paint” (Job 42:14)

F

Great importance was attached to the care for hair in ancient times. Long  hair was always considered a symbol of beauty, and kings, nobles and dignitaries  grew their hair long and kept it well-groomed and cared for. Women devoted much  time to the style of the hair, while not culling, they would apply much care to  it by arranging it skillfully in plaits and “building it up” sometimes with the  help of wigs. Egyptian women generally wore their hair flowing down to their  shoulders or even longer. In Mesopotamia, women cherished long hair as a part of  their beauty, and hair flowing down their backs in a thick plait and tied with a  ribbon is seen in art. Assyrian women wore their hair shorter, braiding and  binding it in a bun at the back. In Ancient Israel, brides would wear their hair  long on the wedding day as a sign of their virginity. Ordinary people and  slaves, however, usually wore their hair short, mainly for hygienic reasons,  since they could not afford to invest in the kind of treatment that long hair  required.

G

From the Bible and Egyptian and Assyrian sources, as well as the words of  classical authors, it appears that the centers of the trade in aromatic resins  and incense were located in the kingdom of Arabia, and even as far as India,  where some of these precious aromatic plants were grown. “Dealers from Sheba and  Rammah dealt with you, offering the choicest spices...” (Ezekiel 27:22). The  Nabateans functioned as the important middlemen in this trade; Palestine also  served as a very important component, as the trade routes crisscrossed the  country. It is known that the Egyptian Queen Hatsheput (15th century BC) sent a  royal expedition to the Land of Punt (Somalia) in order to bring back myrrh  seedlings to plant in her temple. In Assyrian records of tribute and spoils of  war, perfumes and resins are mentioned; the text from the time of  Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884 BC) refers to balls of myrrh as part of the tribute  brought to the Assyrian king by the Aramaean kings. The trade in spices and  perfumes is also mentioned in the Bible as written in Genesis (37:25-26),  “Camels carrying gum tragacanth and balm and myrrh”.

Questions 15-21

Reading Passage 2 has 7 paragraphs A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.

15 recipes to conceal facial defects caused by aging

16 perfumes were presented to conquerors in war

17 long hair of girls had special meanings in marriage

18 evidence exists in abundance showing cosmetics use in ancient times

19 protecting eyes from fly-transmitted diseases

20 from witchcraft to beautification

21 more expensive than gold

Questions 22-27

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading  Passage 2?

In boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

22 The written record for cosmetics and perfumes dates back to the third  millennium BC.

23 Since perfumes and spices were luxury products, their use was exclusive  to the noble and the wealthy.

24 In ancient Far East, fish fats were used as cream by women from poor  households.

25 The teachings in the Bible were repeatedly against the use of kohl for  painting the eyes.

26 Long hair as a symbol of beauty was worn solely by women of ancient  cultures.

27 The Egyptian Queen Hatsheput sent a royal expedition to Punt to  establish a trade route for myrrh.

文章题目:古代化妆

篇章结构

体裁论说文

题目古代化妆

结构A段:化妆品和香水在古代就已经非常流行

B段:化妆品最早用于宗教和治疗目的

C段:香水和香料在古代是奢侈品,但仍被广泛使用

D段:古时面部护理十分发达,女性广泛使用面霜和面膜

E段:古代女性也将色彩涂在眼睛周围

F段:古代人们非常重视头发的保养

G段:古代的香料运输及贸易

试题分析

Question 1题目类型:

题号定位词文中对应点题目解析

15 recipe; age  D段第四句D段主要在讲古代女性非常重视面部护理,第三句话提到一份埃及莎草纸上记载了去除面部瑕疵的方法,这句话中的recipes to remove  blemishes...other signs of age可以对应题干中的recipe和facial defects caused by  aging,故此题选D。

16 perfumes; conquerors in war G段倒数第二句G段主要描述古代香料运输和贸易,倒数第二句的records of  tribute and spoils of war可以对应题干中的were presented to conquerors in  war,而perfumes也是相互对应,故此题选G.

17 long hair of girls; marriage  F段倒数第二句F段的主旨古代对头发的重视,而倒数第二句话讲到在古代以色列,新娘在婚礼上披着长发以示贞洁,这一句中的brides would their hair  long on wedding day as a sign of their virginity和题干中的long hair of girls, special  meaning, marriage对应,故此题选F。

18 in abundance;

cosmetics use;

ancient time A段第二句话A段第二句话中的cosmetics have been popular since the dawn of  civilization 对应题干的cosmetics use和ancient time;the discovery of a great deal of  pertinent archeological material 对应in abundance,故此题选A。

19 eyes; fly-transmitted diseases E段第二句只有E段讲到了眼部化妆,所以答案要在本段找。第二句话末尾处的the  eye-paint repelled the little flies that transmitted aye  inflammations可以对应题干的关键词,故此题选E。

20 witch craft;beautification  B段的第二、三句B段讲到了化妆品最早是用于宗教和治疗目的,之后慢慢开始个人使用,本段是主旨和题干中的witchcraft和beautification对应,故此题选B。

21 more expensive than gold C段第一句C段第一句末尾处提到perfumes at times even exceeded  silver and gold in value和题干的信息完全对应,故此题选C。

22 the third millennium BCA段文中并未提到有关香水香料相关记载的具体时间,所以这个信息属于未提及,NOT  GIVEN。

23 exclusive C段最后一句题干提到香料仅用于贵族和富人,而C段最后一句的the use of cosmetics became  widespread among the lower classes as well as among the  wealthy说明穷人也同样使用香料,故此题是FALSE。

24 fish fats; cream D段最后一句题干中的关键词可以和最后一句话中的for those of limited means,  scented animal and fish fats were commonly used对应,故此题是TRUE。

25 Bible; the use of kohl for painting the eyes E段倒数第二句E段提及了眼部化妆,倒数第二句中的the  use of kohl for painting the eyes is mentioned three times in the  Bible和题干对应,故此题TRUE。

26 was worn solely be women

F段第二句F段重点在讲古代人对头发的护理,第二句话中的long hair was always considered a symbol of  beauty, and kings, nobles and dignitaries grew their hair long与题干中的worn solely  be women矛盾,故此题FALSE。

27 establish a trade route for myrrh G段第三句第三句话提到in order to bring back  myrrh seedlings to plant in her temple,并未提到establish a trade route,故此题NOT  GIVEN。

参考译文:

古代化妆

A  由于化妆品和香水至今仍在广泛使用,因此,与此相关的一些看法、风俗和信仰的古今比较就显得十分有趣。在文明初期,化妆品和香水就已经十分流行。大量相关的考古学文明的发现表明了这一点。这些物品可追溯至公元前三世纪——细颈的马赛克玻璃香水瓶,石质容器,炉子,烹饪器,黏土罐等等。有些还有工匠亲手刻的名字。在圣经及其它经典著作中也能找到这样的证据,书中描述道:在古代,众所周知香料与香水是享誉盛名的产品。国王和王子都对齐梦寐以求。书面和绘画的描述,以及考古学上的发现,都表明了身体的保养和外貌的美感在古代人们的生活中是多么的重要。这条证据链跨越了数个世纪,详细描述了自有离职记载以来,在不同文化中化妆品的使用方式。

B  然而,在古代,至少是在古代初期,化妆品只用于宗教仪式或以治疗为目的的行为中。化妆品也和宗教崇拜与巫术联系在一起:为安抚不同的神,他们的雕像,甚至是随从的侍者,都会被涂上香膏。经过一段时间之后,为了面部和身体美感的增加以及瑕疵的掩盖,化妆品逐渐发展为个人使用的物品。

C  香水和香料在古代需求很大但十分珍贵,有时甚至超过了金银的价值。因此,它们属于奢侈品,大多用于寺庙或贵族及富人的家里。犹太国王将它们和珍贵的财产放在一起;所罗门示巴女王把物品带到所罗门时,  “用骆驼满载香料,大量的黄金和珍贵的宝石。”然而,在那段时间里,化妆品的使用成为惯例,在上层的社会和下层社会被广泛使用。他们用同样的方式沐浴,使用某些物品来软化肌肤,再涂上香油或香膏。

D  那时候,面部护理高度发达,女性对其投入了大量的时间。她们在脸上抹上不同香味的面霜,再化上鲜艳色彩的妆容。在公园前16世纪,一份埃及的纸莎草上详细地记载了去除瑕疵、皱纹及其它衰老迹象的方法。希腊和罗马的女性会在夜间将脸上涂满一种“美肤面霜”,  用于去除面部瑕疵。这种面膜主要由粉末混合香料而成,要敷在脸上一整夜,第二天早上用驴奶将其洗去。在古代的远东被女性广泛使用的面霜,在炎热的气候中尤为重要并且在那一地区十分流行。这种面霜由油和芳香味那一地区十分流行。这种面霜由油和芳香味制成。这些面霜里的油有时从橄榄、杏仁、葫芦、芝麻或者木料和植物中萃取而来。然而,这些方式十分有限,于是芳香的动物及鱼脂也常常被使用。

E  古代女性常常将色彩涂抹于眼睛周围,此举不仅为美化自己,也带有药用的目的。将有色香料遮盖在眼皮敏感肌肤处能够防止干燥及眼部疾病:眼部的油彩能够阻挡传播眼部炎症的小飞虫,埃及女性将上眼皮涂上黑色,下眼睑涂上绿色,然后将上眼皮和眉毛之间的区域涂上灰色或蓝色。美索不达米亚的女性则偏爱黄色和红色,用于给眼睛着色的眼影粉在圣经中被提及三次,并且总是伴随着圣人们对此的不赞同。与此相反,乔布给他其中一位女儿起名为“Keren  Happukh”——意为“眼部色彩的象征”。

F  在古代对头发的保养也极受重视。长头发总是被视为美的象征。国王、贵族及地位显赫的人物纷纷蓄起长发并梳洗整洁、小心照料。女性投入大量时间在发型上,虽然并无修剪,但她们会悉心地将头发整齐精巧的编成辫子,有时借助假发的帮助,将头发“建造起来”埃及女性通常将头发蓄至披肩或更长。在美索不达米亚,女性将长发视为审美的一部分。将头发蓄至背部,再编一条粗辫并用缎带扎好,这被视为一门艺术。亚述的女性则留着短一些的头发,她们将头发扎成辫子并在后面束成圆髻。在古代的以色列,新娘在婚礼上要披着长长的头发以示贞洁。然而,普通人和奴隶则通常留着短发,主要是为卫生起见,因为他们无法承担起长发所需护理的花销。

G  在圣经、埃及和亚述的资料中,以及经典著作的作者记载中发现,芳香树脂及熏香的贸易中心位于南部阿拉伯王国,甚至远至印度,一些珍贵的芳香植物在这些地方生长。“从示巴和拉马来的商人用上等的香料与你交易…”。约旦纳巴泰人在这项交易中起了重要的中间人的作用。巴勒斯坦也是一个非常重要的组成部分,因为贸易路线在该国中纵横交错。据说埃及哈特谢普苏特女王〔公元前15世纪)曾派遣一支皇家探险队前往彭特之地(索马里〕,只为带问没药的幼苗以种植在她的寺院中。在亚述人贡物及战利品的记载中,提到了香水及松脂。在图库尔蒂时期的文献中提到,阿拉姆国王将没药的球状物作为贡品的一部分给予亚述国王。香料与香水的贸易在圣经力吉妮西斯的描述中也被提及,“骆驼在这黄蓍胶(用于制作珐琅制品)香膏及没药。

参考答案:

Version   22116 主题 古代化妆

15

D

16

G

17

F

18

A

19

E

20

B

21

C

22

NOT GIVEN

23

FALSE

24

TRUE

25

TRUE

26

FALSE

27

NOT GIVEN

篇2:雅思阅读题型解析之填空题Summary题

【雅思阅读题型解析】填空题Summary题

总的来说,雅思阅读summary填空题主要有两种形式:

一种是单词填空式,这种形式主要针对文章全文或者部分段落写出的一篇摘要,空出若干空格,要求考生从文章中寻找相应的单词进行填空。

另一种是单词选择式,就是在第一种形式的基础上,额外提供了一个词库,要求考生从词库中选词填空。

下面环球雅思将详细讲解如何快速而有效的解答这两种形式的summary填空题。

一、单词填空式

解题策略:对于单词填空式题,一般把握三个关键信息: 逻辑关系词,语法属性,定位。

首先,观察空格前后是否有语义间有逻辑关系的连接词,即逻辑关系词推断。

这类表示空格前后内容逻辑关系的连接词主要包括:

①表示因果关系的词,如because,as,since,for,due to,thanks to,as a result of等。 在考试中,在因果关系中除了一些连接词的衔接外,还有一些表示因果关系的大词,如trigger,breed,induce,engender,generate,be responsible for,affect,determine等,这些词在语义中隐含了因果关系。 所以也是考生在解题中值得注意的。

②表示转折关系的词,如but,however,while,yet,instead,rather,whereas等

③表示让步关系的词,如despite,in spite of,although等

④表示并列关系的词,如and,both…and…,neither…nor等

⑤表示举例关系的词,如such as,for example等

观察有无这类词的目的在于为了回原文定位时,能缩小寻找范围,使定位更加准确。 在文章阅读中,题目中的某些单词会进行同义转换而变得面目全非,但是句意不会变,语义关系不会变,这是最可靠的定位依据。从而逻辑关系词对于考生在解题中把握语义间的内在关系起了关键作用。

如剑桥4 Test 2 Passage 1 Lost for words 一篇中的summary 题中

This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical ___Q1______。 But in today’s world,factors such as government initiatives and ____Q2_____ are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages。 One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their ____Q3_____。

解题中,对于Q1很多考生把geographical作为定位词,所以回到原文几乎是大海捞针。 但是这一题中由 as a result of 这一层因果关系给出启示: 空格处为原因。 前半句的great variety of language 表示结果。 所以从这一因果关系切入,可以在文中找到定位句 “Isolation breeds linguistic diversity”,isolation 导致great variety of languages,所以答案为isolation。 再看Q2,这一题中体现出多层语义关系。首先空格处和government initiatives 构成并列关系,其次这一并列词组隶属于上义词factors,即并列词组是因素之一。最后这些因素是导致语言数量下降的原因。 所以结合这层层关系,加以government initiatives 定位词的辅助,就可以找到定位句”…the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalization”,即答案为economic globalization。对于Q3,虽然没有传统的因果信号词,但是one factor 已经给出因果关系的信号,要求考生所填的是使语言不至于消亡的因素,所以只需回到原文找提到预防语言消亡的方法的出题处。

其次,预测空格处所填的语法属性,即语法属性判断。

为了使所找的答案万无一失,还需要对空格处进行语法判断,这样一来,可以缩小选择的范围,使答案更加精确。 语法属性大致包括空格的词性,单复数以及句子成分。

如果空格前为形容词,那么空格处应为名词; 空格前为副词,那么空格处应为动词或形容词; 如果空格后面是be动词,那么空格应为名词复数或形容词。 从这些小细节可以看出雅思阅读考查的细腻。

以Cambridge 5 Test 1 Passage 1 Johnson’s Dictionary 中的summary 为例

Having rented a garret he took on a number of _____,who stood at a long central desk。

根据预测,空格处应填复数名词,再根据后面的定语从句,再次精确到填表示人的复数名词。 很多考生回原文找到assistants。 的确,assistants s看似符合我们的预测,但是却忽略了定语从句中的关键限制性的词组stood at a long desk。 所以根据这个限定,回原文找到对应的the copying clerks would work standing up。 因此正确答案是copying clerks或clerks。

再者,根据顺序原则在空格前后找定位关键词回原文定位。

总的来说,摘要填空题有一定的顺序原则,即填空题的出题顺序往往是按照文章段落的顺序。 结合这一题型特点,考生可以通过定位关键词回原文定位,无需从头至尾的阅读完整篇文章。

再以Cambridge 5 Test 1 Passage 1 Johnson’s Dictionary 中的summary 为例

Johnson did not have a ____Q5______ available to him,but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40,000 words written down in 80 large notebooks。 On publication,the Dictionary was immediately hailed in many European countries as a landmark。 According to his biographer,James Boswell,Johnson’s principal achievement was to bring ___Q6_____ to the English language。 As a reward for his hard work,he was granted a ___Q7____ by the king。

Q5中根据特殊定位词40,000和80 ,直接回到原文锁定定位句,然后通过预测判断出空格处所填的答案是一名词,而且离空格较近的地方有表示否定的概念 “did not have”,因此找到数字定位词后看定位句中是否有提到Johnson 没有什么。 根据原文中的without a library to hand,可以推断出所填的答案应是library。

再看Q6,这一题中的定位词很容易定位到人名 James Boswell,再加上另一个独特的名词principal achievement,能帮助考生较快锁定到倒数第二段的最后一句 “It is the cornerstone of Standard English,an achievement which,in James Boswell’s words,‘conferred stability on the language of his country’。” 然后根据语法属性的预测,得知所填的空做bring 的宾语,所以找到给英语语言带来什么就能迎刃而解了。即stability

同理,对于Q7,根据独特定位词king回原文中锁定到最后一段第一句 “…King George III to offer him a pension”。 Offer与题中的grant 同义,所以尽管语态的不一致,但是句义一致。 答案应填offer 的宾语,即pension。

对于有的基础差的考生,要求掌握通过逻辑关系词去分析语义间的关系似乎是比较困难的一件事,因此定位词可能是他们解答题目的机会。 再辅助一些必备的语法知识去进行预测判断,哪怕是不认识的单词或不理解的句子,有时候也能帮这些考生找到正确的答案。

二、单词选择式

对于单词选择式的填空题来说,考生需要从词库中选择符合题目要求的词,而题库中有可能成为答案的词有两种情况:1)是文章中的原词;2)是文章中原词的替换词。

第一种情况对考生来说更容易驾驭。考生只需按照上文中提到的解题策略,回原文确定所应填写的词,然后对应词库中的词得出选项。

第二种情况,考生可以先判断词库中的词为单一词性或多种词性,如果为单一词性,考生根据阅读理解文章原词的词义来寻找统一替换词。

如果是多种词性,首先对词汇按照词性分类,以便在确定空格内应填入的单词的词性后,在检索时缩小范围,提高做题准确率。

根据观察词库可以得出该词库为多种词性的词库。所以首先对词库进行大致的词性分类:名词(cost, technology,nutrition,education,medicine,pollution,health), 动词( falling,increasing), 形容词(undernourished,disabled,constant, independent), 形容词的比较级(earlier,later,more)。 通过观察Q20 所填的词性判断,应填一名词。定位关键词link,life expectancy,回到原文找到与之同义转化的词组correlation, live longer。 从锁定的句子“one interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer。”中得出应填写的词与better-educated people 相关,对应词库中education 符合所填的信息。

三、总结

在解答雅思阅读summary时,逻辑关系词可以让考生较快找到答案的大致位置, 定位词可以有助于将大致方向缩小到一定范围,而借助语法属性的预测分析能具体确定答案。这三个关键信息是解答摘要题的支柱。当然,在解题过程中也不能小觑同义转化的作用。这些策略在解题中是相辅相成,互相补充。 因此,掌握这些策略对于考生较快又有效的解答摘要题是至关重要的。

影响雅思阅读答题效率的原因

首先,当然是词汇。任何一篇内容相对复杂的阅读文章,都不可避免地出现大量生僻词语或者是难度相对较大的单词。从文章的选材而言,范围是十分丰富的,主要来自世界各国主要的英文报刊杂志,内容涉及任何一个国家的文化、经济、自然和科技等。而IELTS考试所考查的,是实际运用语言的能力,所以在考试中真正需要理解的单词,或是题目中真正考查到的单词,往往是英语阅读中的一些最核心的单词。这些单词虽然数量不多,难度不大,但却是必须掌握的。就考试而言,掌握6000左右的常用词汇,即大学六级大纲中所要求的词汇是必须的。

第二,复杂的句型结构。有些同学的词汇量已经达到了6000左右,但是依然感觉读不懂文章,这就是因为文章中充斥着大量结构复杂难以把握的复杂句。如:The challenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption of shared responsibility between men and women, and a presumption that there are potential benefits for men and women, as well as for families and the community, if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures of family life. 这是一个相对复杂的句子,主干是the challenge now is to develop policies and practices, 从based on到句子的结尾处是由过去分词短语充当的状语。后一个presumption后面有一个由that引导的从句,充当presumption的同位语。在同位语的后面,有一个if 引导的条件状语从句。一般而言,对同学们造成障碍的是并列句或并列复合句,倒装结构,所以在训练时可以精挑一个语段做仔细分析。建议大家最好在备考中将雅思阅读题型分类,多了解一下雅思常识。

第三,题型多样化。这个障碍使原本已经拥有相当英语语言实力的考生,在考试中因为缺乏对题型的理解,或是被众多题型干扰,不能正常发挥。一些必考题型如list of headings, summary, T/F/NG等,可以作为练习重点。如summary题是很多同学感到头痛的题型,普遍感到非常难找。其实不然,只要记住两大原则即可。原则一,顺序原则。summary题的答案排列顺序,必定与文章的行文顺序一致。原则二,完整的summary,不仅应该能够体现文章本身所表达的思想含义,而且必须是符合语法规律的英语文章。所以根据语法也可以进行判断。

在准备考试的过程中,除了要做IELTS考题之外,还要进行泛读和快速阅读。泛读可以选择一些英美主流媒体的文章,在网站上可以找到,目的是熟悉单词和句型。快速阅读就是用扫描文章的方法对其结构有大致的了解,并把握其主旨。同时,在重点句子和词汇上做出标记。这种方法对阅读考试帮助极大,平时可多加练习。另外,为了提高阅读的速度还要养成良好的阅读习惯,不能边看边用嘴跟着读,眼、嘴并用必会降低阅读速度;一旦发现生词(这种情况绝大多数同学都肯定要遇到),先不要紧张,要通过英语构词法(前缀、词根和后缀)来分析推测词义,或结合上下文、前后词语去猜测,如果根据上下文及前后词语还是无法确切了解其真正含义,可以再看一下这个词对整个句子所构成的影响是肯定的,还是否定的,实际上这对你理解作者的意图已足够了,实在不行就做上记号,将来看一看是否影响答题,如无影响就坚决忽略。

雅思阅读中的7种常见信号词

雅思阅读信号词A、表示顺承和递进关系

例词:also, apart from, besides, moreover, furthermore

例句:The Victorian style of heavily ornamented interiors prevailed in middle-class homes in England and the United States during the latter half of the 19th century. Moreover, in both countries, techniques of mass production promoted the use of reproductions in many different styles.

雅思阅读信号词B、表示对比与转折关系

例词:but, however, though, although, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand

例句:Education is the passport to modern life, and a pre-condition of national prosperity. But more than a quarter of the world‘s adults cannot read or write, and more than 100 million young children are deprived of even a primary school education.

雅思阅读信号词C、表示相似关系

例词:like, as, likewise, similar to, in the same way

例句:Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave the environment entirely unharmed.

雅思阅读信号词D、表示时间先后关系

例词:now, later, before, after, since, when, first, second, next, at last, eventually, finally

例句:As the volunteers began to fall asleep, the electrodes detected the slow rolling eye movements which could be seen easily through their eyelids. Soon after, the volunteers fell deeper into sleep and their eyes became still.

雅思阅读信号词E、表示排列次序

例词:another, the second…even more…the most… the best… the least…

例句:This situation is compounded by yet another factor.

雅思阅读信号词F、表示因果关系

例词:as, because, for, since, owing to, thanks to, which in turn, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, hence

例句:As they became independent, most developing countries enthusiastically embraced education.

雅思阅读信号词G、表示举例或说明关系

例词:that is to say, in other words, i. E. Such as, for example, for instance

例句:More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy.

正确的雅思阅读方法

现实生活中,不同文化有不同的观念,往往带来认识上的偏差和误区,这也反映在日常的英语学习。

不同文化有不同的阅读方法

中国学生习惯于采取细读的方法进行阅读,也就是说,从左边一个字一个字地读到右边,再下一行。这样,速度很慢,而且影响阅读质量。一来,浪费时间,如果遇到不懂的地方,读得再慢还是不懂;二来,如果是内容比较浅的话,精力容易分散,阅读质量反倒不升。

西方学生阅读时往往更注重于根据不同的阅读需要采取相对应的阅读方法来最有效地获取信息,谋求更好、更到位的理解。

学会提取段落主题句是关键

一般中国老师在小学的时候就开始教学生概括段落大意,但是方法是通篇全读,领悟后自行总结。

西方老师的方法就不一样,根据西方段落写作的特点,段落的主旨是通过topicsentence(主题句)凸显出来的。老师在教学生概括段落大意时,会先教会学生根据段落结构的不同,主题句出现的位置不同去提取主题句,从而得到整段的段落大意。这就和中国学生的阅读方式有很大的不同了。所以,往往中国学生在做雅思题目时,因为没有这种做题的习惯,就往往提取不了段落主题句,通篇全读好几遍,依然无法确定其段落大意,以至答错题或没法答题了。

考察通过阅读提取信息能力

雅思阅读考试是针对同学们出去读书的实际需要,测试同学不同的通过阅读获取信息的阅读技巧。这些阅读技巧包括:scanning(查读)、skimming(略读)和intensivereading(精读)。根据不同的题型的具体要求,考生应相对应地用不同的解题方法进行高速解题。

在雅思阅读考试的过程中,经常会出现很多考生都不知道那些答案是什么意思,但就可以找到答案的情况出现。因为,雅思阅读考试的相当一大部分的侧重点是考察考生通过阅读提取信息的能力,而不是考考生对信息真正领悟的能力。希望大家能够多做一些雅思阅读题,加强雅思阅读学习。

如果我们用中国阅读的老办法来进行雅思阅读的话,会因为速度过慢而不能在规定的时间内完成答卷,造成不必要的损失。

学生应学会提高阅读速度,增强阅读能力,这样既能考好雅思考试,也能顺当地适应外国留学所需要的大量阅读。

篇3:雅思阅读摘要填空题型的解题技巧

Summary(摘要填空)

1. 题型要求:该类题目是一小段文字,是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写,我们称之为摘要。摘要中有几个空白部分要求填空。

摘要可分为两种:全文摘要和部分段落摘要。全文摘要信息来自全文,题目空格的数目较多。部分段落摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落,题目空格的数目较少。

考试中出现的大部分是部分段落摘要,信息来自原文连续的两到三段,题目空格的数量在5题左右。

对于部分段落摘要,有的在题目要求中会指出它来自原文的哪些段落,但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在题目要求中说它是原文的一个摘要或部分段落摘要,并不指出它来自原文的哪些段落。

按照填空内容,摘要也可分为三种:

1. 原文原词

2. 从多个选项中选词

3. 自己写词。

原文原词的题目要求中常有from the Reading Passage 的字样。从多个选项中选词,选项的数目常常超过题目空格的数目。最近考试中,绝大部分是原文原词或从多个选项中选词,很少有自己写词的。

这类题在A类和G类考试中出现的频率一般都是每两次考一次,每次考一组,共五题左右。

篇4:雅思阅读摘要填空题型的解题技巧

1. 考查内容均为细节

每一道填空题的题目基本上都是对原文的一句话或者几句话进行的同义改写,不会出现对多句话或者是整段的主旨进行的概括回纳。

2. 所填答案基本唯一

固然这种考试需要考生自己书写答案,但是所有答案均来自于原文,不需要进行考生用自己的语言对原词进行改写。极个别情况下会出现词序颠倒,但是基本上不需要考生进行词性、时态、单复数等屈折形式的转换。这是由雅思阅读的目的所决定的,雅思阅读只考查考生的阅读能力,而无意检验考生的写作能力。

3. 所有题目均有字数限制

所有这类题目的指令里面都包括字数限制的要求,一般都是不超过 3 个字,这同样是由阅读考试客观性、标准性的性质所决定的。假如对答案不设字数限制,那么往往会导致出现多个标准答案的现象,这也是不符合考试的原则的。由于阅卷的时候标准答案越少,试卷的批阅的过程就越客观、越公正。

4. 题目都是原文的同义改写

雅思阅读考试的本质是考查英语使用者的书面英语能力,在很大程度上就是看考生在一定的英语语言基础上的阅读技能。寻找原文的过程是对考生阅读技能的检验,而题目本身则是考查考生的语言功底,即词汇和语法基础。所以每道填空题目都会用另外一种方式对原文中的句子进行同义改写,这种同义转换包括词汇的转换和句型的转换两种方式。

5. 基本都讲顺序原则

除了带选项的段落摘要题比较不稳定之外,其它所有的填空题都比较严格地遵循顺序原则,即题号的顺序与原文的顺序一致。把握这条原则,考生将有效地缩短寻找答案的时间。

篇5:雅思阅读摘要填空题型的解题技巧

(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话,找出它在原文中的出处,通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处,则此步可以略去不做。

(2) 注意空格前后的词,到原文中去找这些词的对应词。

对应词的特点如下:

A. 原词

B. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词,原文中的词为threat, 是名词。

C. 语态变化;一个是主动语态,一个是被动语态。

D. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away,原文中的词为discard(丢弃,抛弃,遗弃),它们是同义词。

(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子,确定正确答案。

(4) 注意语法,所填答案必须符合语法规定。

(5) 注意顺序性,即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。

NOTICE

1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。

若要求从原文选词或自己写词,会有字数要求,如Use ONE OR TWO WORDS等,答案必须满足这个要求。

2. 若从原文选词,只能选原文中连续的几个词,不能改变它们的顺序。

如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为 advances in the technology,答案不可能是technology advances。

3. 若要求从原文选词,越是生词,越可能是答案。

下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(废物,杂物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案。

4. 从选项中选词,要注意看题目要求是写答案本身,还是写选项前的代表字母。

选项前有代表字母的,肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中,选项前大部分都有代表字母。

5. 从选项中选词,答案与原文的六大对应关系。

(1) 原文原词:与原文完全相同的词或短语。

(2) 词性变化:原文为necessary,是形容词,选项为necessity,是名词。

(3) 语态变化:原文为Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes,是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis,是被动语态。

(4) 图表:如果原文中有图表,一般会有一题答案来自图表。

(5) 同义词:原文为tight,选项为restricted,是同义词。

(6) 归纳:有时文中没有直接提及,须从几句话中归纳出答案。一般比较难,目前考试中,至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。

6.从选项中选词,如果时间不够,可以直接从选项中选择,不看原文。

这时,要特别注意语法。这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非时间不够,否则不建议大家这样做。

7. 如果要求自己写词,答案绝大部分是原文原词,少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。

要求自己写词的机率很小,遇到过一次。在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词,剩下一个,原文原词是de-inked,答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink。

雅思阅读备考:特点及策略

首先,全面彻底了解雅思阅读的特点。俗话说:“知己知彼,百战不殆。”雅思考试就好比上战场,不摸清敌人的底细,怎能打胜仗呢?从近两年的情况看,雅思阅读的特点可以总结为:

一、“易”。主要是因为所有的答案都暗含在文中,我们所需要的是时间。所以经常有考生阅读高分甚至是满分。 二、“难”。大体来说有以下原因:

1.雅思阅读难主要是文章之长、学术性之强及生词之多导致的。学术性强意味着有些句子结构复杂,学生如果没有扎实的语法基础很多时候是很难对付这些句子的。这一特点也决定了很多考生会觉得时间不够。

2.从《剑6》来看,无论是哪一种题型似乎都存在大量的转述。我们知道转述的形式很多,可以通过不同词性、同义词、双重否定、近义词组、不同的句式和语态等进行转述。这一点意味着没有一定的词汇量想在阅读中考高分是很难的。

3.近两年阅读题型的变化也增加了很大的难度--------图表题的减少、大意题和是非无题的增加使得考生光靠技巧是绝对行不通的;学生很多时候必须能完全理解某些句子才能准确答题。

综上所述,雅思阅读对考生以下几方面要求很高:

1. 词汇量的要求;

2.语法知识的要求,特别是分析句子结构的能力;

3. 阅读速度的要求

4.理解能力的要求等等。

摸清了敌人的底细,我们就知道该怎样备战了:

1.用词汇武装自己。“巧妇难为无米之炊”,光有技巧没有词汇的人是不可能考得理想成绩的。

2..多积累语法知识。经常尝试着分析一些长句子,。有了这些语法知识,对付是非无题和摘要填空题就会更轻松。

3.平时要加强阅读速度的训练,学会通过意群和S.V.O快速理解句子的大意。

最后,关于阅读和答题的策略问题,如果看网上许多阅读高分获得者的心得体会,我们不难发现其实没有绝对好的方法,适合自己的有效的就行。

关于阅读策略,有些是大家都该遵循的:

1.由易到难,严抓容易定位的费时短的题,再看难定位的。因此,也不存在是否该先解答哪一种题型的问题。

2.也是所有觉得时间不够的考生应该特别注意的————学会放弃。有些考生太执着,一题不解出决不罢休。这在雅思阅读中比较吃亏的。在答题的时候,正确的心态应该是像对待感情一样————严肃认真的对待,感觉无望时就赶紧放弃。否则就会留下“为一棵树而放弃一片森林”的遗憾.

3.答题一定要全部覆盖,尤其是对于词汇量不够大的考生而言更是如此,因为每篇文章都会多多少少有较容易回答的题。全面覆盖是考得理想成绩的大前提。

4.至于是该先看文章再答题还是不看文章直接答题应该因人而异,因题目而异。对于词汇量大、阅读速度快、理解力强的考生来说,当然是先读文章较好,当我们熟悉文章的总体思路和结构后,答题时就会少许多盲目和浪费时间,会很顺手。反之,对词汇、阅读速度慢、理解力慢的考生来说,就没多大必要读全篇了,因为对他们而言,读了之后也不会有任何记忆或理解。还不如干脆直接找关键词答问题算了。就题型而言,对于关键词好定位的题当然不需要看全文,而如果所有的题目中都没有特殊印刷体的话,即使没有标题匹配题,我们也必须浏览全文,总之,凡事都没有绝对的,事在人为。如果我们能认真地对待,积极地准备,并在平时的练习中不断的总结、扬长避短,那么阅读考高分就是小菜一碟了。

雅思阅读:红色答题法

红色答题法的核心:在你回答的每一句话当中,无论结论、观点如何,都应对其进行扩充,使答案变得丰富、立体、形象。扩充的具体内容可以是原因(Reason),可以是例子(Example),也可以是细节(Detail),把这三个单词的首字母放到一起,恰恰组成了“红色”(RED),为了便于记忆,不妨称其为红色答题法。

大多数考生对雅思口语考试的形式都不陌生。雅思口语考试分为三个部分,分别是:

Part1: Daily conversation (日常对话)

Part2: Individual long turn (独自描述)

Part3: Two-way discussion (双向讨论)

其中,Part2在口语考试当中与其他两个部分的形式完全不同,它需要考生按照话题卡的要求独自描述该话题卡两分钟,内容应在15-18句话为宜。一般来讲,考生只要按照话题卡上的题目要求逐一描述就可以了,我们在此不赘述。

而让广大考生感到头疼的是Part1和Part3部分。Part1部分内容相对简单,都是我们生活中经常遇到的一些场景话题,如:交友,购物,学习、电影等等。Part3部分难度有所提升,是考生和考官进行相关话题的深入讨论,内容涵盖更广泛,如:社会,教育,环境,道德等等。但是这两个部分的考试形式是完全一样的——一问一答,考官问问题,我们来回答。这恰恰是中国考生最为害怕的,因为它需要考生在极短的时间内迅速组织好语言,进行回答。这两个部分最需要的是脑力风暴(Brainstorm),因为在这两个部分中,考生不知从何谈起,容易陷入沉思。我认为,考生必须把脑力风暴发挥到极致。能否在短时间内让你的想法和观点脱口而出,取决于你思考的速度。

同时,如果我们仔细研读雅思口语考试的评分标准(Band Descriptors),就不难发现,在考查我们流利度的这一项要求中,无论是6分还是7分的评分标准,都要求考生做到一点:speaks at length. 什么意思?答案有一定长度!很多考生连语言都不知道如何组织,又何谈做到答案有一定的长度?下面,我们来看一下红色答题法在Part1和Part3中分别如何进行实战运用:

Part1:

在家庭话题中,考官会问到我们这样的问题:

Examiner: Do have any brothers or sisters? 你有亲兄妹吗?

这时,如果我们只回答“Yes, I do.”或者“No, I don't.”都是不妥的。考生可以思考一下:如何运用红色答题法充实答案,并保证答案长度呢?我们不妨这样想,现在大多数考生都是独生子女,没有亲兄妹,所以很多人一时只会反应出一个“No”。然而,表哥表姐我们或许都是有的,那么,我们在这个No之后能够加入什么补充信息呢?Reason? Example? Detail? 显然,这里我们用举例子和给出原因的方法都不太合适,最好是给细节(Detail),如“only child(独生子女)”和“cousin(表兄妹)”的关键词都是我们可以加入的细节。因此,如果按以下方式回答就显得好很多:

Candidate: No, I don't. I'm the only child of my family. But I have a cousin, with whom I grew up. So I never felt lonely. 不,我是家里的独生子。但是我有一个表哥和我一起长大,所以我从没感到过孤独。

再来看,在电影话题中考官会问到这样的问题:

Examiner: Do you like watching films? 你喜欢看电影吗?

通过上面的例子,相信大家对红色答题法的运用已经有一些感觉了。回答这个问题,答案无非两种:Yes or No. 大家不妨想象一下,如果喜欢看电影,在Yes后面加什么样的补充信息最快捷?显然是举例子Example. 给大家一些备选词汇,看看我们会不会用红色答题法组成一个有长度有质量的答案。

雅思阅读

篇6:雅思阅读摘要填空Summary题型解题技巧

(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话,找出它在原文中的出处,通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处,则此步可以略去不做。

(2) 注意空格前后的词,到原文中去找这些词的对应词。

对应词的特点如下:

A. 原词

B. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词,原文中的词为threat, 是名词。

C. 语态变化;一个是主动语态,一个是被动语态。

D. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away,原文中的词为discard(丢弃,抛弃,遗弃),它们是同义词。

(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子,确定正确答案。

(4) 注意语法,所填答案必须符合语法规定。

(5) 注意顺序性,即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。

NOTICE

1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。

若要求从原文选词或自己写词,会有字数要求,如Use ONE OR TWO WORDS等,答案必须满足这个要求。

2. 若从原文选词,只能选原文中连续的几个词,不能改变它们的顺序。

如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为 advances in the technology,答案不可能是technology advances。

3. 若要求从原文选词,越是生词,越可能是答案。

下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(废物,杂物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案。

4. 从选项中选词,要注意看题目要求是写答案本身,还是写选项前的代表字母。

选项前有代表字母的,肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中,选项前大部分都有代表字母。

5. 从选项中选词,答案与原文的六大对应关系。

(1) 原文原词:与原文完全相同的词或短语。

(2) 词性变化:原文为necessary,是形容词,选项为necessity,是名词。

(3) 语态变化:原文为Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes,是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis,是被动语态。

(4) 图表:如果原文中有图表,一般会有一题答案来自图表。

(5) 同义词:原文为tight,选项为restricted,是同义词。

(6) 归纳:有时文中没有直接提及,须从几句话中归纳出答案。一般比较难,目前考试中,至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。

6.从选项中选词,如果时间不够,可以直接从选项中选择,不看原文。

这时,要特别注意语法。这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非时间不够,否则不建议大家这样做。

7. 如果要求自己写词,答案绝大部分是原文原词,少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。

要求自己写词的机率很小,遇到过一次。在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词,剩下一个,原文原词是de-inked,答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink。

雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类

雅思阅读:Coarse work

BRITISH universities, it appears, are considering abandoning a 200-year old system of degree classification in favour of the American GPA model. At present, students are bunched into grade clusters. The top 10-20% receive a “1st”, the majority receive a “2.1” or “two-one” and the stragglers receive either a “two-two” or a “3rd”. The latter group can be very small (5%) at the elite universities but is larger nationally.

The main reasoning for this is that it is hard for employers to distinguish between graduates if everyone has a 2.1 grade. But it is possible for employers to ask for a full transcript of individual grades, though this is not nearly as common in Britain as you might expect. The stronger point (which you might have already picked up on) is that the existing system can be difficult to interpret internationally. Adopting the GPA system would be helpful to undergraduates wishing to study or work abroad.

I think this might be missing a trick. My experience of the 1st/2.1/2.2 system is that it has a very strong effect on students' work effort. For weaker students, either those of lower natural ability or the more workshy, fear of the notorious “Desmond” (cockney rhyming slang after the eponymous archbishop) is the ultimate motivator. Many attractive careers simply advertise the minimum requirement of a 2.1, and therefore getting the lower grade can be quite a handicap in the job market.

For stronger students, the aspiration of a first, the only true distinguisher in the system, is also a strong incentive. The risk is that working quite hard could leave you with only a high 2.1, largely indistinguishable from all other 2.1's. The crudeness of the grading system drags everyone up.

An interesting paper by Pradeep Dubey and John Geanakoplos of the Cowles foundation at Yale Univeristy makes the same point. They write:

Suppose that the professor judges each student's performance exactly, though the performance itself may depend on random factors, in addition to ability and effort. Suppose also that the professor is motivated solely by a desire to induce his students to work hard. Third and most importantly, suppose that the students care about their relative rank in the class, that is, about their status. We show that, in this scenario, coarse grading often motivates the student to work harder.

One might think that finer hierarchies generate more incentives. But this is often not the case. Coarse hierarchies can paradoxically create more competition for status, and thus better incentives for work.

They give a simple example. Suppose there are two students, Brainy and Dumbo, with disparate abilities. Brainy achieves a uniformly higher score even when he shirks and Dumbo works. Suppose, for example, that Dumbo scores between 40 and 50 if he shirks, and between 50 and 60 if he works, while Brainy scores between 70 and 80 if he shirks and 80 and 90 if he works. With perfectly fine grading, Brainy will come ahead of Dumbo regardless of their effort levels. But since they only care about rank, both will shirk.

But, by assigning a grade A to scores above 85, B to scores between 50 and 85, and C to below 50, the professor can inspire Dumbo to work, for then Dumbo stands a chance to acquire the same status B as Brainy, even when Brainy is working. This in turn generates the competition which in fact spurs Brainy to work, so that with luck he can distinguish himself from Dumbo. He doesn't want to be mislabelled. With finer grading everyone gets their own label so this effect disappears.

The corollary to this in my example is that if the brainy student knows that even when slacking off he will still do measurably better than most students he may decide that he can still get a very good job with 70 to 80. There may be students who score 80 to 90 with superior credentials but academic performance is only part of the hiring criteria. If he can signal himself as a brainy student he might think this is enough.

However, critical to all this is that all exams are taken together, as they are at Oxford or Cambridge universities, usually at the end of the degree in a consecutive-day marathon. The trend in other British universities has been to examine various courses throughout the degree. The result is that those in the middle of the ability range can work very hard at the beginning, bank a 2.1 and then slack off in the remaining years. It is partly for this reason that those universities pushing hardest for the changes have exams split across years. Oxford and Cambridge are less keen.

雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类

雅思阅读:Game lessons

It sounds like a cop-out, but the future of schooling may lie with video games

SINCE the beginning of mass education, schools have relied on what is known in educational circles as “chalk and talk”. Chalk and blackboard may sometimes be replaced by felt-tip pens and a whiteboard, and electronics in the form of computers may sometimes be bolted on, but the idea of a pedagogue leading his pupils more or less willingly through a day based on periods of study of recognisable academic disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, history, geography and whatever the local language happens to be, has rarely been abandoned.

Abandoning it, though, is what Katie Salen hopes to do. Ms Salen is a games designer and a professor of design and technology at Parsons The New School for Design, in New York. She is also the moving spirit behind Quest to Learn, a new, taxpayer-funded school in that city which is about to open its doors to pupils who will never suffer the indignity of snoring through double French but will, rather, spend their entire days playing games.

Quest to Learn draws on many roots. One is the research of James Gee of the University of Wisconsin. In 2003 Dr Gee published a book called “What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy”, in which he argued that playing such games helps people develop a sense of identity, grasp meaning, learn to follow commands and even pick role models. Another is the MacArthur Foundation's digital media and learning initiative, which began in 2006 and which has acted as a test-bed for some of Ms Salen's ideas about educational-games design. A third is the success of the Bank Street School for Children, an independent primary school in New York that practises what its parent, the nearby Bank Street College of Education, preaches in the way of interdisciplinary teaching methods and the encouragement of pupil collaboration.

Ms Salen is, in effect, seeking to mechanise Bank Street's methods by transferring much of the pedagogic effort from the teachers themselves (who will now act in an advisory role) to a set of video games that she and her colleagues have devised. Instead of chalk and talk, children learn by doing—and do so in a way that tears up the usual subject-based curriculum altogether.

Periods of maths, science, history and so on are no more. Quest to Learn's school day will, rather, be divided into four 90-minute blocks devoted to the study of “domains”. Such domains include Codeworlds (a combination of mathematics and English), Being, Space and Place (English and social studies), The Way Things Work (maths and science) and Sports for the Mind (game design and digital literacy). Each domain concludes with a two-week examination called a “Boss Level”—a common phrase in video-game parlance.

Freeing the helots

In one of the units of Being, Space and Place, for example, pupils take on the role of an ancient Spartan who has to assess Athenian strengths and recommend a course of action. In doing so, they learn bits of history, geography and public policy. In a unit of The Way Things Work, they try to inhabit the minds of scientists devising a pathway for a beam of light to reach a target. This lesson touches on maths, optics—and, the organisers hope, creative thinking and teamwork. Another Way-Things-Work unit asks pupils to imagine they are pyramid-builders in ancient Egypt. This means learning about maths and engineering, and something about the country's religion and geography.

Whether things will work the way Ms Salen hopes will, itself, take a few years to find out. The school plans to admit pupils at the age of 12 and keep them until they are 18, so the first batch will not leave until 2016. If it fails, traditionalists will no doubt scoff at the idea that teaching through playing games was ever seriously entertained. If it succeeds, though, it will provide a model that could make chalk and talk redundant. And it will have shown that in education, as in other fields of activity, it is not enough just to apply new technologies to existing processes—for maximum effect you have to apply them in new and imaginative ways.

篇7:雅思阅读解析之各类题型技巧

雅思阅读解析:判断题

判断题是雅思阅读一个难点题型,首先考生要明确一点,究竟是TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN还是YES/NO/NOT GIVEN,因为审题不清失分的现象太严重,小站雅思君这里还要再次强调一下。

关于Not Given和False的区别,这里有一个技巧,Not Given字面意思是无法推理获得,true和false之间判定是可以在题干中加not,判定是否符合原意,但是not given不具备这种条件。

Not given因为是没有直观的证据支持题干,所以它的特征是没有比较,明显的或者隐形的比较都没有,比较级、最高级都不行。

雅思阅读解析:细节配对题

雅思细节配对题的题目会提示:NB: any letter /word can be used more than once,也就是说题目中的答案是可以重复的,题干既然说了会重复,那么考生们要注意有些选项是不会被用到,必然是有选项是重复的情况,那么在做关键词定的时候,要注意定位信息是否会重复用到。

雅思阅读解析:选择题

选择题在雅思阅读中的占比较大,也是考生备考复习的重点题型,先来看一下雅思阅读选择题的特点:1.考察细节。选择题主要考察的是考生对于文章细节的定位和把握,考生需要抓住题干信息中的关键词,迅速在文中定位到答案。

2.顺序原则。选择题还是一句文章顺序出题,所以考生如果遇到定位困难,可以在两题之间缩小搜寻答案的范围。

3.多选题的答案相对集中。多选题的答案在原文中并是比较集中的,考生的搜寻定位范围就缩小很多。

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雅思阅读之摘要填空题型解析(共7篇)

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