【导语】“在逃高中生”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了6篇托福阅先读文章还是先看题，以下是小编帮大家整理后的托福阅先读文章还是先看题，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
- 目录
篇1：托福阅先读文章还是先看题
先读文章还是先看题?备考托福阅读不要被这样的问题困扰
托福阅读先读文章还是先看题
关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。在此问题上我与有的朋友也有过争执。我个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文，然后平均每个问题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。
我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心，认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题，必然有一些信息是没用的。这样通读全文就会浪费掉一些时间，不如先看题再回去找来的痛快。对此我不好妄加评论。每个人都应该通过考前大量的练习来制定出最为适合自己的方法。
托福阅读复习时间如何安排
关于复习的时间安排(arrangement)。我认为，弄完词汇以后，就应该着手突击一下阅读了。如今各种各样的模拟题犹如英语辅导班一样大量涌现。不会出现我们早期考生有题舍不得做的情况了。但也不能太急功近利，单词没弄好就硬上阅读，有时候会适得其反。用1周的时间大量的突击，也是对单词的一个巩固。找到感觉以后就可以开始下面的复习(review)了。
复习听力口语作文的日子里，每天一定要最少做3篇文章的题量，按照考试的时间要求(requirement)，千万不可放松。做得多了，就可以把阅读当作一种放松了。ETS的阅读文章能教给我们各种学科的基础知识。(这与GRE有区别。托福的专业性文章还都处于一个启蒙的专业水平上，不像G那么变)阅读还可以教给我们一些老美的思路，老美看待问题的方式。阅读不会像你想象的那样痛苦的(painful)。
无论是OG还是Delta，都把阅读的题目分成十类，即：Understanding Facts and Details， Identifying Negative Facts， Locating Referents， Understanding Vocabulary in Context， Making Inferences，Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences)， Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting)， Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information. 我将按顺序一一解释。
大家在备考托福阅读的时候不要再被这样的问题困扰，根据自身情况选择适合自己的做题方法即可。另外，备考中还要学会安排复习时间，提高备考质量，这样才能提高托福阅读成绩。
托福阅读素材：“表情符号”正在代替网络俚语
Emoji are being adopted at a faster rate than any other 'language' - and eight in 10 of us now use the colourful symbols to communicate.
与其他任何“语言”相比，表情符号的采用速度要快得多，现在80%的人在使用多种多样的表情符号进行交流。
To plot this popularity, a linguistics professor has conducted the first 'Emoji IQ' study looking at how the pictures are used and by whom.
为了证明表情符号的流行度，一位语言学教授进行了一项名为“表情符号智商”的研究，旨在探寻是什么人，在如何使用这类表情图片，这类研究尚属首次。
And she has created an online test to determine how well you know your 'confused' face from your 'angry' face to determine if you're an emoji master.
语言学教授创建了一个在线测试，看受测者是否能区分“困惑”的表情及“愤怒”的表情，以确定受测者是否是一位表情符号达人。
The test contains 10 questions that ask users to identify the meaning of certain symbols, and how they would write sentences using emoji.
测试包含10个问题，皆在让受试者识别某些表情符号的含义以及如何运用表情符号编写句子。
At the end of the test they are given a percentage score - rather than an IQ score as the test's name suggests - and the aim is to be an Emoji Master with a perfect score.
每个受试者在测试结束时会得到一个百分比的分数，这个数字和测试题目所示的那种智商分数不一样，拿到高分的人会成为“表情符号达人”。
According to the study, four in 10 people send messages made up entirely of emoji and 18 to 25-year-olds find it easier to express emotions using the symbols.
根据这项研究，40%的受试者可以完全通过表情符号传递信息，研究还发现18—25岁的年轻人更容易使用这些符号表达感情。
More than half of this group admitted emoji has improved their ability to interact with others.
超过一半以上的受试者承认表情符号提高了他们与别人交往的能力。
But for the over 40s the language is lost in translation.
但是，对40岁以上的人来说，用表情符号表达信息有点困难。
More than half (54 per cent) admitted to being confused about what the symbols mean, while a third claimed to have avoided using emoji in text, instant messaging and apps because they lacked the confidence to use them appropriately.
一半以上的人(占54%)表示弄不清表情符号表示的意思，三分之一的人称他们不会在文本、短信及应用程序中使用这些表情符号，因为他们不确定是否会运用得当。
TalkTalk Mobile teamed up with Vyv Evans, linguistics professor at Bangor University to launch the study and improve understanding of emoji with the 'Emoji IQ' tutorial.
TalkTalk Mobile公司与班戈大学的语言学教授Vyv Evans合作进行了这项“表情符号智商”测试的研究，帮助理解表情符号的意义。
'Emoji is the fastest growing form of language ever based on its incredible adoption rate and speed of evolution,' said Professor Evans.
Evans教授说道：“表情符号使用率高、发展速度快，成为了有史以来发展速度最快的语言形式。”
'As a visual language emoji has already far eclipsed hieroglyphics, its ancient Egyptian precursor which took centuries to develop.'
“作为一种视觉语言，表情符号的发展速度已经远远超过了古埃及人的象形文字，后者的发展经历了几百年时间。”
The most popular emoji, according to the study, is the 'smiley face' followed by the 'crying with laughter face'. The 'See no evil monkey' rounded off the top 10.
研究显示，最为流行的表情符号是“笑脸”，然后是“哭笑不得”，“非礼勿视的猴子”表情流行度也位列前十。
'Given the utility and added value provided by emoji, their usage is expected to increase exponentially across all age and cultural groups,' continued Professor Evans.
“鉴于表情符号极具实用性，富含附加效果，表情符号的使用有望在所有年龄层及文化群体之间成几何级数增加，”Evans教授继续说道。
'Unlike natural languages such as English, emoji is almost universally recognisable because it exploits the visual representation system.
“由于表情符号利用了视觉表现系统，所以与英语这样的自然语言不同，表情符号几乎是普遍公认的。”
'Emoji won't replace traditional languages but it will increasingly be used to enhance them.
“表情符号不会替代传统的语言，但是表情符号的广泛使用会增强传统语言效果。”
'I think it's conceivable that emoji will increasingly be used to complement digital versions of written works.
“我认为表情符号将越来越多地被用于文学作品数字版的补充。”
'For instance, the inclusion of emoji to help convey meaning in abridged versions of Shakespeare could help bring those great stories to life for a whole new generation.'
“例如，在莎士比亚著作删节版中加入表情符号来表达含义，可以使这些著作更加贴近生活，有利于新一代对名著的理解。”
Instagram recently similarly studied the use of the symbols on its app to try to establish the context of many popular, and more obscure, emoji.
近期，Instagram也研究了表情符号在其应用程序中的使用情况，试图创造一些更流行、更高明的表情符号的文本编写模式。
It discovered emoji often have a shared meaning regardless of where in the world you are, and in some cases, are replacing internet slang completely.
研究发现，不论你身在何处，表情符号通常都可以实现意义共享。在某些情况下，可以完全替代网络俚语。
According to Instagram, almost 40 per cent of text comments on the app now contain emoji.
Instagram研究表示，现在近40%的应用程序文本中包含表情符号。
Researchers discovered that emoji are replacing internet slang.
研究人员还发现，表情符号正在代替着网络俚语。
For example, 'omg' - slang for 'oh my god' - has been replaced with the 'face screaming with fear' emoji.
例如，“我的上帝“(OMG)已被“带着恐惧的尖叫表情”所替代。
While 'lol', and 'lmao' - laugh my ass off - is being replaced by the 'face with tears of joy' emoji.
而“大声笑”(lol)或“笑死我了”(lmao)已被“笑哭了”的表情所替代。
The love heart has replaced kisses on comments, and the 'thumbs' up emoji is a catch-all for good luck, good job, fingers crossed, impressed and proud.
评论中“红心”已替代了“吻”，“竖起大拇指”则表示好运、干得好、求好运、钦佩和自豪。
The research also revealed that the 'person raising both hands in celebration' emoji is more commonly used in place of words relating to waiting and stopping.
研究还表明，“欢庆时举起两只手”这一表情符号多用于表示等待或停止。
'Women with bunny ears' is typically used to represent sisters, and the 'dancing lady' is used for birthday-related posts.
“带有兔耳朵的女性”通常表示姐妹，“跳舞小姐”则用于与生日相关的帖子。
TOP EMOJI FACTS
关于表情符号
The first emoji was created in 1999 by a team working on Japanese mobile phone provider i-mode's messaging features.
第一个表情符号创于，是日本手机运营商 i-mode的一个研究消息传递的团队设计的。
Originally meaning 'pictograph', the word emoji literally means 'picture' (e) and 'character' (moji).
原意为“象形图画”，这个表情符号的字面意思是“图画”“符号”。
There are 722 different emoji characters currently available in the standard Unicode set shared by most platforms.
目前有722种不同的表情符号，很多平台可以共享标准的表情符号编码。
The word 'emoji' was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2013.
“emoji”一词于被收录进牛津英语词典。
In April 2015, Andy Murray posted a wedding day tweet which described the day in emoji.
4月，英国网球运动员安迪·穆雷(Andy Murray)在贴子上运用表情符号记录了他结婚的这一天。
There will 2 billion smartphone users by 2016 according to eMarketer; 41.5 billion messages and 6 billion emoticons are sent daily according to Swyft Media, a London-based firm that makes emoji for brands.
据总部位于伦敦的 Swyft Media公司统计，到将有20亿的智能手机用户;人们每天将发送415亿条短信和60亿表情符号。该公司把表情符号打造成了商标。
Vocabulary
emoji 表情符号
eclipse 使……黯然失色;超过
hieroglyphics 象形文字
precursor 先驱
emoticon 表情符号
托福阅读素材：人生时刻表——27结婚29买房
In case you feared you were lagging behind your peers, a new infographic reveals exactly when Brits achieve life's major goals from marriage to buying their first home.
如果你担心你的人生步伐落后于同伴，这里为你提供了一份英国人人生大事时刻表，它准确显示了英国人在什么年龄完成结婚、买第一套房等人生大事。
According to a poll of 2,000 people, the 25 milestones begin with a first kiss at the age of 15 and end with a relatively early retirement at 60.
一项2000人参与的调查报告列举了从15岁初吻到60岁享受较早的退休待遇等共25项人生大事。
But many cash-strapped thirtysomethings will be baffled by the finding that the majority of people in the UK buy their first property in their late 20s and are splashing out on two holidays a year by the age of 36.
许多因经济条件不好的三十多岁的人们会对这些调查结果感到困惑：大多数英国人在三十岁之前就买到了他们的第一套房产，在36岁时就能享受每年两次旅行。
The study commissioned by lending company, Amigo Loans, quizzed UK adults between the ages of 16 and 65.
这一研究由借贷公司Amigo Loans委托，调查对象是16岁到65岁之间的英国人。
The research found that the most awkward life milestone - the first kiss - is best ticked off at the tender age of 15.
研究发现，最尴尬的一件人生大事——初吻——最好发生在青涩的15岁。
The experiences of our early 20s should include passing a driving test at 20, moving out of home and buying our first car at 22 and jetting off to sunnier climes for the first time with a boyfriend or girlfriend at 23.
我们20岁出头的经历应包括：20岁拿到驾照，22岁搬出家里在外独立生活，买到自己的第一辆车，23岁第一次开始与男朋友或女朋友飞往气候更和煦的远方旅行。
Researchers also revealed that 19 is the best age to start a full-time job, while we should feel free to enjoy the first holiday without mum and dad two years later.
研究人员还透露，19岁是开始自己第一份全职工作的最好时机，21岁应该去享受父母不在身边的自由旅行。
The common consensus is that by the time we are 30 we should have ticked off everything from living on our own at 24, to meeting the one and getting engaged at 25, and getting married at the age of 27.
人们的共识是，30岁之前我们应完成以下所有事：24岁独立生活，25岁找到结婚对象并订婚，27岁结婚。
According to the data, buying a house and even having a first child are best ticked off before reaching the big 3-0, at the ages of 29 and 28, respectively.
数据显示，30岁之前最好能买一套房子，甚至有了第一个孩子，这两件事最好分别在29岁和28岁实现。
The age of 31 was hailed as the prime time at which to have a second child, while landing a managerial role and being able to afford to buy a brand new car should also be within sight at this point.
31岁被誉为生第二个孩子的黄金年龄，在这个年龄，晋升到管理阶层、买得起一辆新车都应该是可及的目标。
Additionally, two holidays a year should be affordable by the time we turn 37, and we ought to have our eye on a buy-to-let property two years later.
另外，到了37岁就应支付得起一年两次的旅行，39岁应关注一下房产投资了。
As we head through our mid to late-30s and early-40s we ought to be aiming to have moved to slightly bigger second home, have earnings of around ?40k a year or more, and even have considered, or set up our own business.
在35岁到40岁出头，我们的目标应该是移居大一点的房子，年薪达4万英镑或更高，甚至考虑自己创业。
A spokeswoman for Amigo Loans, who commissioned the study, said: 'It's normal to want to achieve certain things by certain ages and it's good to be ambitious.
Amigo Loans公司委托此项调查的发言人说道：“人到了一定的年龄就想实现一定的目标，这很正常。人应该心怀抱负。”
'Borrowing money to achieve life's milestones, such as moving out, buying a car or starting a business is harder than ever for ordinary, hard-working people and our research shows nearly half of people between the ages of 16-34 expect to turn to their family and friends for financial help to achieve their life goals.
“借钱来实现搬家、买车、创业这些大事对普通劳动者来说前所未有的难。我们的研究显示，16岁至34岁人群中有近一半渴望从家人或朋友那里得到经济援助来实现这些目标。”
'Indeed, nearly 80 per cent of our guarantors are family members.'
“确实如此，我们的担保人近8成是家庭成员。”
The team of researchers also found those who are yet to tick off significant milestones are struggling to do because of financial pressures.
研究小组还发现，由于经济压力，即将完成这些大事的人都在苦苦挣扎。
Of those who have managed to achieve most of those on the list, the majority did so within their targeted time-frame.
而那些已经实现了清单上大多数大事的人，多数也是在他们的目标时间内完成的。
But the milestones which proved the most difficult to achieve and which took longer than expected were passing a driving test, buying a first car and then being able to afford a brand new car.
这些大事中最难的、可能需要花费比预想的更长时间才能做到的是：拿到驾照，买到第一部车，以及有能力支付一辆新车。
Most had to wait longer to have their second child than they would have liked, while getting to the point where two holidays a year wasn’t a problem also proved tough.
大多数人花了比他们料想的更长时间才迎来了他们的第二个孩子。毫不费劲地支付一年两次的旅行，要达到这个阶段也比较难。
The study also looked into the subject of pressure and the part it plays in helping us achieve our goals.
这项研究还对压力这一话题及它在我们实现目标过程中的作用进行了分析。
One in three people said they felt there was more pressure on the current generation to reach milestones within specific time-frames.
三分之一的人坦言，当代人在既定时间内实现人生大事得承担着更大的压力。
But according to the data, a large percentage of us also put the pressure on ourselves to achieve things by certain times.
调查数据显示，我们中大部分人也会自我施压，迫使自己在既定时间内实现既定目标。
Vocabulary
splash out 随意花钱
tender age 未成熟的年纪
sunnier climes
阳光更充沛的地带
tick off 勾出
篇2：托福阅读考试先读题还是先读文章
在托福阅读中，许多同学纠结于先读文章还是先读题?下面就将为大家分析托福阅读特点，仔细讲解托福阅读方法。
托福阅读考试先读题还是先读文章?
托福阅读考试中许多考生认为阅读文章时必须要读懂每字每句，事实上(in fact)，这是不必要的。托福阅读考试中，即使遇到陌生的词，但是根据上下文的意思以及自己的一些常识判断(judge)，也不太会影响对文章的理解。特别是托福阅读这种题目涉及面广，信息量大的形式，掌握阅读和答题的技巧(skill)，对在托福阅读考试中是会有很大帮助的。
在托福阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的(complete)。
即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位(locate)信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用(effect)。在后面的文章里我会结合实例解释这一点。
关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。在此问题上我与有的朋友也有过争执。我个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文，然后平均每个问题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。
我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心，认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题，必然有一些信息是没用的。这样通读全文就会浪费掉一些时间，不如先看题再回去找来的痛快。对此我不好妄加评论。每个人都应该通过考前大量的练习来制定出最为适合自己的方法。
关于复习的时间安排(arrangement)。我认为，弄完词汇以后，就应该着手突击一下阅读了。如今各种各样的模拟题犹如英语辅导班一样大量涌现。不会出现我们早期考生有题舍不得做的情况了。但也不能太急功近利，单词没弄好就硬上阅读，有时候会适得其反。用1周的时间大量的突击，也是对单词的一个巩固。找到感觉以后就可以开始下面的复习(review)了。
复习听力口语作文的日子里，每天一定要最少做3篇文章的题量，按照考试的时间要求(requirement)，千万不可放松。做得多了，就可以把阅读当作一种放松了。ETS的阅读文章能教给我们各种学科的基础知识。(这与GRE有区别。托福的专业性文章还都处于一个启蒙的专业水平上，不像G那么变)阅读还可以教给我们一些老美的思路，老美看待问题的方式。阅读不会像你想象的那样痛苦的(painful)。
无论是OG还是Delta，都把阅读的题目分成十类，即：Understanding Facts and Details， Identifying Negative Facts， Locating Referents， Understanding Vocabulary in Context， Making Inferences，Determining Purposes， Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences)， Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting)， Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.
托福阅读主观题的失分原因分析
第一、马虎粗心导致丢三落四或添油加醋
例1：“据说，PMI可以在较短的时间内吸收较大剂量的甲基叔丁乙醚。”句中加横线的词语能否删去?为什么?
此题有两问，第一问应先回答“不能删去”，第二问再回答不能删去的原因，原因分三步来回答：一是先解释“据说”在句中的含义，即“‘据说’是引用别人的话，不一定是真实的”;第二点再说明删去该词后对原句的理解有何影响，即“去掉后，此观点就成了客观事实，与原意不相符”;第三步还要说明用该词后语言运用上有何特点，即“用该词，体现了说明文语言的科学准确性。”
粗心的考生在答题时，有的根本就没回答第一问，直接从第二问作答;有的在回答第二问时，要点不全面，丢三落四，因而失分。
像此类失误还很多，如“文中有这样的话‘生活就这样，当你在为别人行善时也为自己储蓄幸福’。请你结合自己的生活体验谈谈你的感悟。”学生在作答时只谈感悟，不结合自己的生活体验。
第二、审题不清，答非所问
例2：结合你所学过的陶渊明的其他作品，说说你对五柳先生“不慕荣利”的看法。
考生在答该题上的失误主要有两方面，一是没有结合学过的陶渊明的其他作品或是结合了作品，但作品中并没有体现“不慕荣利”的看法(如《桃花源记》);二是回答的并非考生本人对五柳先生“不慕荣利”的看法，而是五柳先生自己“不慕荣利”的思想和表现。
例3：假如董生处在当今社会，你对董生又有何建议?(《送董邵南游河北序》)
有的考生这样回答：我建议董生为朝廷效力，用自己的知识才干造福于黎民百姓。这个考生在审题时，就没有看清假设的前提——“处在当今社会”。
第三、不善概括，抓不住重点
例4：本文(《五柳先生传》)表现了五柳先生怎样的性格特点?
有些考生只是引用了原文中的一些句子作答，没有归纳提炼，回答抓不住重点，语言啰嗦不简明，且条理也不清晰。经过提炼后正确的答案是：不慕荣利，率真自然，安贫乐道。
第四、文体不清，用语不当
中考阅读中一般都要涉及到三大文章体裁，有些同学混淆了不同文体的特点。
例5：第3段主要运用了的说明方法，作用是
(说明文《北京的园林》)
有的考生在第一个空格内填上“举例论证”(正确的答案是“举例子”)，第二条横线上填的是“生动形象地揭示了文章的中心”(正确的答案是“用具体的事例来说明北京的园林建筑在细微之处见匠心的特点”)。显然，这个考生把三种文体的特点杂糅在一起，张冠李戴了。
即使是同一类型的题，在不同文体中回答的方法也是不一样的。同样是用词的恰当，但体现的是记叙文语言的生动形象性，说明文语言的科学准确性，议论文语言的逻辑严密性。
第五、找不准答题的立足点
例6：文中第2段李先生“静静地看着我们，眼里流露出一股浓浓的歉意。”请你根据上下文揣摩李先生此时的心理活动。
仔细推敲题目的要求可看出，题意是要求答题者以自己的身份去推测李先生的心理活动，所以作答的时候只能用第三人称“他”或“李先生”，不能用第一人称“我”、“我们”。如果要用第一人称的话也只能用“我认为李先生他心里想……”的形式。此类题的失误关键是没有找准答题的切入点，没有选好角度。
第六、不注意具体题型的行文模式
主观性问答题中，行文语言要通顺、简明、准确、得体。有些问答题应顺应问句顺水推舟而答。如：“假如董生处在当今社会，你对董生又有何建议?”应用“我建议董生……”的模式作答;“你认为怎样做才能让我们周围开满人性的美丽之花?”应用“我认为……”的形式入题作答。
第七、信马由缰，随心所欲
并非所有的主观性试题都可以由考生随心所欲地发挥。做阅读题时，应注意千万不能脱离阅读语段，不能与文段中作者提出的观点、揭示的中心、提倡的看法、做法相悖。
例7：读完文章，无论是“我”还是那对夫妇，都让我们感受到了人性的美丽。可在现实生活中还是有人慨叹世风日下。你认为怎样做才能让我们周围开满人性的美丽之花?
记叙文语段《轻点关门》讲述了一对夫妇为了老人的身体健康，请求邻居们出入时轻点关防盗门，最后向邻居行重礼致谢的故事，揭示了邻里之间互相体谅、真诚相处的人性美。有的考生在回答上述问题时提出“加强思想教育，加强公民道德规范教育”，显然，这不是原文作者所提倡的，也不是出题者的意图所在。原文作者提倡的是：要以“礼”服人，以德感人，从自身做起，与人友善，待人真诚，共育人性的美丽之花。
托福阅读真题1
PASSAGE 36
The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members' paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The society's activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the Industry of All Nations section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.
The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconer's studio, where it broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson, published in 1802 and by the 1850's long out of print.
In 1866 the National Academy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York City founded The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.
1. This passage is mainly about
(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800's
(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800's
(C) a famous exhibition of watercolor paintings in New York City in the mid-1800's
(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800's
2. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because
(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society
(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City
(C) John Falconer established his studio for watercolor painters
(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published
3. The word securing in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) locking
(B) creating
(C) constructing
(D) acquiring
4. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting in
Watercolor EXCEPT:
(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.
(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society
(C) The society exhibited only the paintings of its members.
(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.
5. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting in
Watercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?
(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.
(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.
(C) It was the first important exhibition of the society's work.
(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.
6. The word it in line 15 refers to
(A) time
(B) group
(C) building
(D) studio
7. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850's?
(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.
(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition space.
(C) The Artists Fund Society helped them to form The American Society of Painters in Water
Colors.
(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds
of artists.
8. Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it
(A) received an important reward
(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting
(C) was much better than an earlier published fundamental of instruction
(D) attracted the interest of art collectors
9. The word considerable in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) sensitive
(B) great
(C) thoughtful
(D) planned
10. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?
(A) Elements of Graphic Art was republished.
(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.
(C) The neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City was built.
(D) The National Academy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.
11. The word prominent in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) wealthy
(B) local
(C) famous
(D) organized
PASSAGE 36 BADCC BACBD C
托福阅读真题2
The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives and cultures of peoples since the earliest of times. Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by a prehistoric people known as the Hohokam.
The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/clock. The hole at Hole in the Rock is formed by two large overhanging rocks coming together at a point, creating a shelter with an opening large enough for several persons to pass through. The northeast-facing overhang has a smaller opening in its roof. It is this smaller hole that produces the attributes that may have been used as a calendar/clock.
Because of its location in the shelter's roof, a beam of sunlight can pass through this second hole and cast a spot onto the shelter's wall and floor. This spot of light travels from west to east as the sun moves across the sky. It also moves from north to south and back again as the Earth travels around the Sun, the west-to-east movement could have been used to establish a daily clock, much like a sundial, while the north-to-south movement could have been used to establish a seasonal calendar.
The spot first appears and starts down the surface of the wall of the shelter at different times of the morning depending on the time of the year. The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday. It then continues its downward movement until it reaches a point where it jumps to the floor of the shelter. As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small boulders. If a person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole. This occurs at different times in the afternoon depending on the time of year.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) observations of the stars by ancient people
(B) rock formations of Arizona
(C) a site used by ancient people to measure time
(D) the movement of the earth around the Sun
2. The word obtained in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) acquired
(B) transported
(C) covered
(D) removed
3. The word attributes in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) changes
(B) characteristics
(C) locations
(D) dimensions
4. The word its in line 10 refers to
(A) roof
(B) beam
(C) hole
(D) spot
5. The word establish in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) create
(B) locate
(C) consult
(D) choose
6. Which of the following is NOT true of the spot of light?
(A) It is caused by sunlight passing through a hole.
(B) It travels across the roof of the shelter.
(C) Its movement is affected by the position of the Sun.
(D) It movement could have been used to estimate the time of day.
7. From which of the following can be the time of year be determined?
(A) The movement of the spot of light from west to east
(B) The speed with which the spot of light moves
(C) The movement of the spot of light from north to south
(D) The size of the sport of light at midday
8. The word roughly in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) finally
(B) harshly
(C) uneasily
(D) approximately
9. The passage mentions that the Hole in the Rock was used as all of the following EXCEPT
(A) a calendar
(B) a home
(C) a clock
(D) an observatory
10. Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?
(A) The boulders are located below the rock shelter.
(B) The person seated on the rock cannot see the shelter.
(C) After it passes the boulders, the spot of light disappears.
(D) The spot of light is largest when it first appears.
PASSAGE 35 CABCA BCDBA
篇3：托福阅读考试流程之先读文章还是先做题
托福阅读考试流程 先读文章还是先做题?
一.做题的两种基本方法
最基本的做题顺序有两种：先读(全篇)文章再做题;先读题目再读文章(相应部分)然后做题。托福阅读最基本的做题顺序又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序：读一段文章，做相应的题目，然后再读一段，再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题。
二.哪种做题方法更优
对于多数人来说，可能“读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题”的托福阅读做题顺序会比较合适，读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和结构，做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是这种做法不利于对全文的消化吸收，从而不利于做总结题，也可能会遗漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而托福目前反馈大都是顺序出题的，所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目，再读一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢，可以对文章有全面的把握，虽然总量上还是要读完全文，但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通读全文再做题目小很多。
三.Paraphrase的重要性
在IBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。托福阅读文段一般都依照老美的思路来成文，首段、尾段、首句、尾句以及过渡段(句)很重要，只要是依据美国人的阅读思路来安排托福阅读做题顺序，那托福阅读就不会像你想象的那样难以拿分。
以上是小站君为大家整理的关于托福阅读考试流程及做题顺序的内容，希望对大家有帮助。托福阅读考试中，由于文章篇幅太长，不建议先读完原文再做题，但是每一个段落的大意是需要大家准确把握的，希望大家在平时练习中能提升做题速度，但是在加快速度的同时也保证较高的正确率。
托福阅读背景知识之头等舱最危险
Beware first-class travellers! Passengers sitting in the rear of a plane have the best chance of survival in the event of a crash, an extraordinary and costly aviation experiment ever conducted has revealed.
In a unique aviation experiment recently, the 170-seat Boeing 727 was made to crash in a controlled manner in a remote part of Mexico's Sonoran Desert.
After pilot James Slocum parachuted out of the plane at 2,500ft, the jet was guided into the ground by a pilot in a following Cessna via a remote-control device, the reporters reported.
On board the jet were three sophisticated crash-test dummies designed to move like humans.
They were arranged in three positions: one in the classic brace and wearing a seat-belt; one belted but not in the brace position; and one neither belted nor in the brace.
After the jet hit the ground nose-first, experts found that the dummy in the brace position would have survived the impact, the one not in the brace would have suffered serious head injuries, and the dummy not wearing a seat-belt would have perished.
Using this, experts predicted that 78 percent of passengers on board would have survived the impact, but that coming down nose-first, all the first-class travellers would have died because the front of the fuselage sheared off.
Those sitting at the back would have had the best chance of survival.
The 1 million pound project, to be screened on Channel 4 next month, aimed to recreate a serious but survivable incident and allow scientists to study the crashworthiness of the aircraft's frame and cabin, as well as the impact on the human body.
It is also hoped that the findings may help increase the chances of passengers surviving such a crash in the future.
The Boeing was packed with dozens of cameras to record the impact from the inside. Footage was also collected on the ground, in chase planes, and even from the ejecting pilot's helmet.
头等舱的乘客要当心了!一项耗资巨大的特别飞行试验揭示，在坠机事故中生还机会最大的是坐在飞机尾部的乘客。
在近日开展的一项独特的飞行试验中，一架有170个座位的波音727飞机被控坠落在墨西哥索诺拉沙漠的一个偏远地带。
据报道，在飞行员詹姆斯?索罗克姆于2500英尺高空跳伞离开飞机后，后面跟着的赛斯纳飞机上的一名飞行员用遥控设备操纵飞机向地面降落。
试验飞机上有三具精密的坠机测试专用人偶，这些假人的四肢可以像真人一样移动。
它们以三种姿势摆放：一个人偶用标准方式系紧安全带，一个人偶扣上安全带但没系牢，还有一个人偶完全没有系安全带。
在飞机以头朝地的形式坠落到地面后，专家发现，安全带系得很紧的人偶会逃过坠机这一劫，松松地系着安全带的人偶头部会严重受伤，没有系安全带的人偶会毁掉。
根据这一试验结果，专家预测，78%的飞机乘客会生还，但因为飞机是头朝下落地，所以所有头等舱的乘客都会死亡，因为机身前端被削掉了。
那些坐在飞机尾部的乘客生还机会最大。
这一耗资100万英镑的试验项目将于下个月在第四频道播放。该项目的目的是通过再现一场严重但有生还机会的坠机事故，让科学家研究飞机机架和机舱的耐撞性能，以及坠机对人体的影响。
研究人员还希望这些研究结果能有助于提高未来这样的坠机事故中乘客的生还几率。
这架波音飞机上安装了几十个摄像机，从飞机内部来记录坠机影响力。地面上、跟踪的飞机、甚至跳伞飞行员的头盔内也安装了摄像头来采集视频。
实例解析托福阅读中如何准确定位
发现不少这样的同学，自认阅读不错，实际考出来的分数只有22分左右，甚至会更低。ETS对阅读高水平(High level)的评定标准是22—30分。而事实上，阅读如果达不到25分以上，总分想要过百会比较困难，因为这相当于把挣分的压力转移到了大部分人比较弱的听力、口语、写作上面。由此可见，阅读取得高分对于获得百分以上的托福成绩是一种保证!
那么为什么很多自认为阅读不错的考生不一定能在这一部分熠熠生辉呢? 这是因为新托福阅读考试存在一些“绊马索”。
“绊马索”：细节题考查精确定位。
托福阅读中的细节题其实不难，但前提是定位的点要对，比如下面这个例题：
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer， a lowland， west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington， is now the most common. The other species， the Columbian white-tailed deer， in earlier times was common in the open prairie country， it is now restricted to the low， marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1， which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound-
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
这是一个典型的细节题，在该题题干中，有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位，因为它是专有名词，在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名，势必会定位在该段的第一句话，托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的，因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer，这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的，按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符，B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子：
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly， and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community， while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1， which of the following is NOT true of climax communities-
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位，但在定位过程中会出现很多问题。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位，即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的，succession是在引号里面的，都非常醒目，通过看这两个词我们会发现它们附近没有我们需要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是单数，与题干关键词不完全匹配，细节题讲究的是精确定位，所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities，即该段的最后一句话。否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种：一是无中生有，即根据定位点的内容，四个选项只有一个没有提到，这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴，即根据定位点的内容表述，只有一个选项与之矛盾，这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言，根据定位的最后一句话，从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项，D项的意思与原句相符，而C项与原句矛盾，所以正确答案是C。综上所述，做新托福阅读的细节题，最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。
篇4：托福阅读读题技巧
托福阅读读题技巧
读题的时候，我们需要做的都不仅仅是搞清楚题目的类型、找出定位的关键词以及找到定位句，我们还需要在最开始就清楚地明白，题目到底是在问什么。
这样做会带来两个好处：
1.方便我们在之后的做题步骤中，有效地筛选出回答题目的信息，快速排除无效信息，减少纠结上浪费的时间;
2.能够帮助我们避开出题人故意设置的干扰选项
大家先来做一下下面这道题，
选自官方真题Official11的Ancient Egyptian Sculpture
Paragraph 1: In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.
问题1：Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks
A. a realistic sense of human body proportion
B. a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes
C. the originality of European art
D. the capacity to show the human body in motion
这道题目的答案是D，小伙伴们检查检查，看看做没做对。
1.如果做对了，那么请尝试着给其他同学讲讲你是咋选的，如果能够讲清楚，那么代表你已经是阅读的大神级人物了。
2.如果没做对，且听我娓娓道来。
这道题目通常会犯的一个问题就是根据定位的句子：In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures. 直接进行答案的选择。但实际上，如果你只定位或读到这个句子，那说明你根本没有看清楚题目，做题的时候根本没有动脑筋。
题目问的是：埃及艺术缺乏了一个什么东西，使得它不被人们喜欢?
这个句子虽然存在一个表示因果关系的led to，但总结一下就会发现，尽管结果“compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures”和题目一毛一样，这个句子给我们的原因却是“不理解埃及艺术”，也就是说“因为人们没有足够的理解埃及艺术的目的，才导致他们觉得埃及艺术很挫”呢!
只有欣赏者才会不理解埃及艺术，怎么可能是埃及艺术自身无法理解自己???
所以，只有读懂了题目的意思才能知道，原来找到了一个完全无用的信息啊。并且，我们也不会反复纠结“为什么没有一个选项能够对的上原文的信息”这个问题了。
接下来，我们需要做的事情就是继续寻找相关信息。
我们把冒号前后的两个完整句子连在一起看一下：
In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary?
事实上，不理解埃及艺术的目的通常会导致大家不像喜欢其他文化一样喜欢埃及艺术：为什么埃及人创造的雕塑没有像古典希腊雕塑那样带有身体的转动和扭动呢?
绕来绕去，其实就是在说：
不清楚埃及艺术的目的——看到埃及雕塑缺乏body turned和twisted——认为埃及雕塑特别挫
看到这儿，我们已经能够妥妥的得出能够回答题目的答案了，那就是埃及艺术缺乏对肢体动作的描绘，答案很自然就是D!
看到这不禁感叹一句，艺术家也挺不容易的，作品搞得太大众吧，被人认为屌丝，搞得太阳春白雪，又会被诟病太装逼，为之奈何且为之奈何啊。。。
我们再来做一道题，选自官方真题Official20的Westward Migration
Paragraph 2: Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break thereafter lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover, European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.
问题：According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT
A. the desire to move from one place to the next
B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status
C. the opportunity to change jobs
D. the need to escape religious or political crises
如果你选的是A、B、C其中一个，那么请你仔细阅读并思考下面的问题：
1.题目问的是啥?
2.这个句子啥意思?The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic.
3.The European ancestors of some Americans是美国人还是欧洲人?
答案：
1.下列哪一个原因不是美国人向西迁移的原因?
2.某些美国人的欧洲祖先几个世纪以来生活地点没有发生改变，直到某些宗教、政治或经济危机把他们赶出家园，迫使他们穿越了大西洋(来到美洲)。
3.米国人的欧洲祖先当然是欧洲人咯
所以，D选项的逃离宗教、政治危机，其实和米国人一点关系都没有，而是欧洲人最开始向西穿越大西洋、来到美洲的根本原因，那么D也就是这道题目的答案了(问题回顾：下列哪一个原因不是美国人向西迁移的原因?)
托福阅读：经典十周复习建议
第一周-第二周：完成OG剩余阅读题，开始做TPO 1-5(其中有和OG重复的题目，可跳过)
1. 把上课遗留下来或作为作业的题目都做完;
2. 核对答案，分析对错，错的题目一定要搞明白;
3. 精读错误率高的文章。
精读要求：摘录每篇生词，标注词性、中文、同义词，着重记忆词性为动词、形容词的单词;
分析和做错题目有关的定位句，如果是长句，用课上的办法作分析，能翻译一下;
划出每段的段落大意。
第三周-第四周：开始做TPO 6-10，刚开始不宜追求速度，要保证质量
1. 可以每天安排做一篇TPO阅读，可以不记时;
2. 核对答案，分析对错，错误率高的文章同样要做精读，精读要求同上;
3. 开始整理学科单词，如果这篇是关于地质学，自动把文章中和这个学科有关的单词摘录下来，归为一类。
第五周-第六周：继续做TPO 11-20，慢慢加大做题量，寻找自己薄弱题型
1. 每天不计时至少做一篇TPO阅读;
2. 对比近几周做题情况，找出自己薄弱的题型，比如：推断题，那就先把上课笔记再好好看下，以及往后的日子里，每天单独挑3-5题推断题作专项训练;
3. 整理学科单词，同上。
第七周-第八周：开始进入模拟考试环节，完成TPO 21-25
1. 每天必须做两篇TPO阅读，必须计时，如果说前面几周大多在纸面上做阅读，那从这时开始必须转为上机，渐渐适应考试状态;
2. 核对答案，开始计算分值，并和OG上的参考评分作对比，看看和自己所期待的分值之间的差距为多少;
3. 开始快速复习之前背过的单词(红宝书)，这里指的复习不是统统重新背一遍，指的是复习自己当初背觉得很难或者容易忘记的单词，所以如果事先有记录，那这时背起来就比较有方向;
4. 还可以选用《托福核心词汇21天突破》，把高频词再扫看一到两遍。
第九周-第十周：后冲刺的两周，积极做题，调整心态
1. 依然不需要做其他额外的材料，还是做TPO，完成剩下的TPO 26-30;
2. 每次练习尽可能连贯地做三篇，计时，上机做，基本还原考试真实情况;
3. 核对答案，计算分值，估计自己终分值的区间;
4. 单词照背，同上，在考前把之前自己整理的所有学科单词复习一篇。
托福阅读备考：题型及主题的确定
1、题型——注重解题方法
托福阅读10种题型，除后的小结题外大都属于考查文章细节的题目。根据题干中的关键词定位是至关重要的一步，然后就是理解。此时如果词汇量太小怎么办?事实上做阅读我们永远要牢记的就是找句子主干，考查的信息基本都在主干中体现了，
比如：
The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops。
这个句子较长，其中有which引导的定语从句，还有hunted… 这个状语，而解题时我们只需要句子的主干The deer were gone。多数同学在做题时有个习惯就是看到一句话后就开始逐词阅读，甚至试图把它翻译成中文，这可谓“兵家大忌”。
遇到一句话先抓主干，遇到整段记得扫描段落有无显眼的连词，举例信号词等，浏览每段的主题句。
再说一下小结题，大多数考生的切肤之痛。一是做到后一题时时间已所剩无几，二是后一题是对全文的主要内容的总结，相对复杂。
在课堂中，我一再向学生强调把握全文结构及大意的重要性，而如何去把握?
一是做题之前可大概浏览文章的标题及每段首句。作为学术性的阅读文章，首句基本都是主题句。尤其是总分结构的文章，比如TPO6中的Infantile Amnesia, 虽然文章较难理解，但是文中明确提出了三种观点first，second，third… 那么此类文章小结题的选项太显而易见了。再者，文章的每段会对应出2-3道题，那么题目中对应的部分基本都是段落的核心所在。从这两点就可以很快了解文章的主要内容。所以在进行TPO练习时，做题虽不可或缺，但还要注意多加练习快速阅读文章的能力。
2、主题——增加背景知识
有部分学生反映做阅读时很难投入进去，有一点原因就是对于文章所述内容太过陌生，如果你对其略知一二，相信定会有所不同。比如TPO中有篇文章讲到化学元素周期表，对于高中生来说再熟悉不过了，阅读的时候半读半猜，估计也可以理解的89不离十了。
若考试准备时间充足，可以多加涉猎，扩充自己的知识背景;若时间紧张，则需搞定TPO套题。根据文章记忆单词，并不是文章中出现的每一个“陌生的面孔”都要去熟悉，比如一些繁琐的专有名词跳过即可。主要记忆的当然是一些动词、名词及形容词，尤其是出现在句子主干中，与解题有关的词汇。
除了词汇，应学会分析题干及题目，比如题干中出现了effect，conclusion之类的词，其实已经界定了我们寻找的范围——段落靠后的部分，还有就是观点性和总结性的句子永远会是考察的重点所在。做题的时候学会分析原文和选项，进行对比，比如句子简化题，做一题需要看五个长句，似乎很花费时间，但并不需要每个句子都要细看，而是先明确原句的逻辑及主干，抓住选项中的关键点与原句进行比较。
例如：As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.A. The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.B. The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.C. The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faultin;g and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them。
原句是因果逻辑的句子，先找出其因： crustal adjustments and faulting，果：the Strait opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean。接着来看选项：A…. caused crustal adjustments and faulting 显然是因果倒置了，毫不犹豫地灭掉;C. 因为此选项中出现比较not as spectacular as, 非常惹眼的一个核心词，而原文中是修饰动词的副词spectacularly，并未进行比较，二话不说也排除掉;D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar,… 这原因里怎么多出来一项啊，掳袖子撵人吧!
管中窥豹，可见一斑。由此例可见找关键，作分析可帮助我们快速并且准确的找出选项。值得注意的一点是：无论解题方法多么巧妙，离开了大量的练习就是“无本之源”。
篇5：关于雅思阅读的未解之谜：先看题还是先看文章
关于雅思阅读的未解之谜：先看题还是先看文章!
一 循序渐进法
适合英语基础不是非常好，词汇量缺乏，文章对其来说基本看不太懂的雅思考生。
操作方法：拿到阅读试卷后浏览文章标题，然后选定一篇文章开始做题。但是选择的时候要注意题材的熟悉度，可以挑选自己相对比较熟悉的题材先做。
选定后就开始审题。按照题型来看。首选是填空题和判断题，其次是选择和配对题。
例如说文章后题型搭配为判断题+选择题+填空题，那么先审判断题这一部分题目，一题一题做，根据判断题的做题方法去做，而且可以利用顺序性去看文章找答案。做完判断题以后再做填空题，利用填空题的标题或第一句话中的名词去做定位，然后用填空题的做题方法去把填空题做完。最后去做选择题，因为选择题对于文章的理解要求比较高，对于程度不太好的考生来说会比较难做。
优点能尽量保证填空题的正确率，在能得分的题目中保证得分。对于基础不是很好的考生来说是既能保证正确率又能相对节约时间的方法 。
缺陷时间花费比较多，而且会多次重复阅读文章。
二 登高望远法
适合高层次学生。英语词汇量大，平时经常阅读英语文章或浏览英语网站，语法基础扎实，短期记忆力强，对自己的英语能力非常有信心的雅思考生。
操作方法：拿到阅读试卷后浏览文章标题，然后选定一篇文章开始做题。选定文章后先阅读所有的题目，即13-14道题目，把每一道题目的关键词划出来并进行短期记忆。(注：关键词包括定位词和考点，定位词多以名词为主，考点则多以谓语动词和形容词副词为主)重点记忆一些定位性强的名词。
看完题目之后去看文章，从头开始看，按文章的顺序和段落去理解，边看边回忆之前记忆中的定位词，看到了就用笔做一个记号。
注意在看的过程中是要以理解文章为主，不要过多的去想题目的内容，主要是看懂文章。看完以后再去看题目，根据文章的内容去做题。
如果有文章的内容记不清，就可以利用之前读文章时划出的定位词再回原文看一下然后确定答案。
优点绝对节省时间，确保时间充足
缺陷挑战考生英语能力和记忆力，并不适用于大部分考生，主要针对一些立志阅读考8分以上的考生。
三 理论实战法
适合有一定的英语词汇量，并参加过雅思培训班，掌握了基础语法知识的雅思考生。
操作方法：拿到阅读试卷后浏览文章标题和文章后的题型，选择自己最熟悉的话题或者有自己最擅长的题型的那篇文章。
然后浏览一下题型，确定下题型关注的先后顺序，也是先填空判断，后配对选择。但这种先后并不是绝对的，而是交替的，也就是在重点做填空判断之前已经将配对选择的定位词和关键词划出并记忆，然后在做填空判断时顺带这看看有没有配对题和选择题的定位词出现。
如果程度稍好的同学则可以看一段文章，把这段文章中涉及到的各种题型的题目都完成，一段一段解决问题。但是用这种方法的时候要注意时间的把握。
优点可以相对合理的安排时间去做题，也能保证容易做的题型的正确率。缺陷需要考生能随机应变，对不同的题型搭配要有合理的时间分配，可能会造成审题或看文章内容的混乱。
雅思阅读机经真题解析-儿童学习
Children’s acquiring the principles of mathematics and science
A It has been pointed out that learning mathematics and science is not so much learning facts as learning ways of thinking. It has also been emphasized that in order to learn science, people often have to change the way they think in ordinary situations. For example, in order to understand even simple concepts such as heat and temperature, ways of thinking of temperature as a measure of heat must be abandoned and a distinction between 'temperature' and 'heat' must be learned. These changes in ways of thinking are often referred to as conceptual changes. But how do conceptual changes happen? How do young people change their ways of thinking as they develop and as they learn in school?
B Traditional instruction based on telling students how modem scientists think does not seem to be very successful. Students may learn the definitions, the formulae, the terminology, and yet still maintain their previous conceptions. This difficulty has been illustrated many times, for example, when instructed students are interviewed about heat and temperature. It is often identified by teachers as a difficulty in applying the concepts learned in the classroom; students may be able to repeat a formula but fail to use the concept represented by the formula when they explain observed events.
C The psychologist Piaget suggested an interesting hypothesis relating to the process of cognitive change in children. Cognitive change was expected to result from the pupils' own intellectual activity. When confronted with a result that challenges their thinking—that is, when faced with conflict—pupils realize that they need to think again about their own ways of solving problems, regardless of whether the problem is one in mathematics or in science. He hypothesized that conflict brings about disequilibrium, and then triggers equilibration processes that ultimately produce cognitive change. For this reason, according to Piaget and his colleagues, in order for pupils to progress in their thinking they need to be actively engaged in solving problems that will challenge their current mode of reasoning. However, Piaget also pointed out that young children do not always discard their ideas in the face of contradictory evidence. They may actually discard the evidence and keep their theory.
D Piaget's hypothesis about how cognitive change occurs was later translated into an educational approach which is now termed 'discovery learning'. Discovery learning initially took what is now considered the: 'lone learner' route. The role of the teacher was to select situations that challenged the pupils' reasoning; and the pupils' peers had no real role in this process. However, it was subsequently proposed that interpersonal conflict, especially with peers, might play an important role in promoting cognitive change. This hypothesis, originally advanced by Perret-Clermont and Doise and Mugny, has been investigated in many recent studies of science teaching and learning.
E Christine Howe and her colleagues, for example, have compared children's progress in understanding several types of science concepts when they are given the opportunity to observe relevant events. In one study, Howe compared the progress of 8 to 12-year-old children in understanding what influences motion down a slope. In order to ascertain the role of conflict in group work, they created two kinds of groups according to a pre-test: one in which the children had dissimilar views, and a second in which the children had similar views. They found support for the idea that children in the groups with dissimilar views progressed more after their training sessions than those who had been placed in groups with similar views. However, they found no evidence to support the idea that the children worked out their new conceptions during their group discussions, because progress was not actually observed in a post-test immediately after the sessions of group work, but rather in a second test given around four weeks after the group work.
F In another study, Howe set out to investigate whether the progress obtained through pair work could be a function of the exchange of ideas. They investigated the progress made by 12-15-year-old pupils in understanding the path of falling objects, a topic that usually involves conceptual difficulties. In order to create pairs of pupils with varying levels of dissimilarity in their initial conceptions, the pupils' predictions and explanations of the path of falling objects were assessed before they were engaged in pair work. The work sessions involved solving computer-presented problems, again about predicting and explaining the paths of falling objects. A post-test, given to individuals, assessed the progress made by pupils in their conceptions of what influenced the path of falling objects.
Questions 28-30
Choose THREE letters, A-F.
The list below contains some possible statements about learning
Which THREE of these statements are attributed to Piaget by the writer of the passage?
A Teachers play a big role in learning by explaining difficult concepts.
B Mental challenge is a stimulus to learning.
C Teaching should be consistent in order to easily acquire knowledge.
D Children sometimes ignore evidence that conflicts with their original believes.
E Children can help each other make cognitive progress.
F Cognitive progress is mainly relied on children's own intellectual activity.
Questions 31-33
Choose THREE letters, A-F.
Which THREE of these statements describe Howe's experiment with 8-12-year-olds children?
A The difference of learning progress between groups was obvious.
B The most active children made the least progress.
C The children were evaluated on their abilities to understand a physics phenomenon.
D The teacher aided the children to understand a scientific problem.
E A total of three tests were given to the children.
F All the children were working in mixed-ability groups.
Questions 34-37
Do the following statements agree with the hypothesis of the psychologist Piaget?
In boxes 34-37 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
34 facing incompatible problems in different disciplines, students may be required to rethink their approach to solve the problem
35 Pupils learn new solutions by keep questioning their original ways of thinking.
36 With clear instructions, students could acquire new concepts with few problems.
37 Young children are less likely to change their concepts in problems of science than in mathematics.
Questions 38-40
Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
38 The Tone learner' route is an educational approach which
A is the main approach for discovery learning in many teaching now
B requires help from the pupils' peers.
C relies on how the teacher guides the students heavily.
D missed an important part for discovery learning.
39 it can be inferred from the passage as experiment in paragraph E
A that children acquire more when learning in groups.
B That children opposing each other would learn slower.
C Researches should check feedback right after the first test.
D There can be a satisfying result thanks to the duration of it.
40 Howe set out the pair work experiment in order to
A study how 12-15-years old pupils learn scientific concepts.
B assess whether teammates would have the features of exchange ideas.
C investigate pupils the ability of solving physics problems.
D predict and explain the path of falling objects.
文章题目：
Children’s acquiring the principles of mathematics and science
篇章结构
体裁议论文
题目儿童对于数学与科学原则的习得
结构(一句话概括每段大意)
A段：儿童思维方式(认知)转变
B段：传统教学难以促进儿童的转变
C段：皮亚杰认为智力活动会导致认知改变
D段：皮亚杰的理论发展成“发现式学习”
E段：实验表明不同意见组比相同意见组进步多
F段：实验两人合作交换意见是否有助于取得进步
试题分析
Question 1-。。。
题目类型：
题号定位词文中对应点题目解析
28-30Piaget段落CA选项：教师通过解释难的概念在学习中扮演重要角色。原文没提到。
B选项：智力挑战促进学习。段落C倒数第三句。
C选项：为了容易获得知识，教学必须一致。原文没提到。
D 选项：儿童有时会忽略与其原始理念违背的证据。段落C倒数两句。
E选项：儿童可以相互帮助达成认知进步。原文没提到
F选项：认知进步主要依赖于儿童自我的智力活动。段落C第二句。
31-33Howe 8-12段落EA选项：两组学习进步的差别很明显。E段落倒数第二句。
B选项：最积极的学生进步最少。原文没提到
C选项：儿童被评估理解物理现象的能力。E段第二句理解斜坡上的移动。
D选项：教师辅助学生理解科学问题。有问题，原文没提到。
E选项：总共三个测试给到学生。原文没提到
F选项：所有的儿童在有各种能力层次的组中学习。原文没提到
34Facing problem段落C第三句面对不同原则下的不同问题，学生可能要重新考虑解决问题的方法。对应段落C第三句，当面临挑战他们想法的结果，即面对冲突时，学生必须意识到他们需要重新思考解决问题的方法。因此答案为true.
35Questioning original way段落C第三句学生通过质疑原始的思维方式习得新的解决方案。同上。因此答案为true.
36Clear instruction 有着清晰的指导，学生在习得新概念时问题更少。有问题，原文没提到，答案应该是not given.
37Challenge concepts段落C第三句相比数学，学生在面对科学问题的时候更不可能改变其观念。regardless of whether…science,不管是数学还是科学，所以比较错误。答案应该是false.
38Lone learner段落D第二句第二句开始介绍lone learner. 讲到发现式学习最初采用现在被认为是“单独学习者”的方法。在这种情况下，老师在没有学生同伴时，挑战学生的理解。
A选项：是现在许多发现式教学的主要方法。没有大的问题，故比较下来选A。
B选项：需要来自于同伴的帮助。矛盾，故不选。
C选项：十分依赖于老师指导学生的程度。没提到，故不选。
D选项：遗漏了发现式学习很重要的一步。矛盾，故不选。
39段落E中实验段落E段落E讲了比较两组学生的进步情况，一组为争议大，一组为无争议，得出争议大的组进步大这一结论。但是因为并没有在实验后马上检验，没有证据支持。
A选项：组团学习的儿童获得更多知识。两组都有组团，故不选。
B选项：相互反对的儿童学得更慢。矛盾，故不选。
C选项：研究者应该在第一次实验结束后马上检测反馈。对
D选项：由于实验的持续性，应该有一个满意的结果产生。没提到，故不选。
40Pair work experiment 段落F第一句通过研究12-15岁学生理解物体降落的进步，调查通过通过交换意见是否有助于取得进步。实验前，先做了评估，再去检测进步。
A选项：研究12-15岁学生学习科学概念。研究内容而不是目的，故不选。
B选项：研究队员是否有交换想法的特点。
C选项：研究学生解决物理问题的能力。研究内容而不是目的，故不选。
D选项：预测和解释下降物体的途径。研究内容而不是目的，故不选。
参考译文：
(儿童)数学与科学的学习原理
A已经有研究指出，学习数学和科学不像学习思考一样那么直观：也有人强调，学习科学知识的时候，人们往往不得不改变他们在普通的情况下的思维方式。(1题)例如，为了理解如热量和温度这样简单的科学概念，温度作为热量的衡量单位的思維方式必须被抛弃，‘温度’和‘热’之间的区别也必须学习。这些思维方式的变化通常被称为概念上的变化。但概念上的变化是怎么发生的呢?在青年人发展脑部和在校学习的时候，他们是如何改变思考方式的呢?
B以传统的教学方法告诉学生现代科学家的思考方式似乎并不很成功。(2题)学生可以学习定义、公式和术语，但仍然维持其先前的概念。这个困境已经被说明很多次。例如，当被告知关于热能和温度后的学生受访时，教师往往发现同学在课堂上应用科学概念是会出现困难的。(10题)学生可以重复使用公式，但他们在使用公式背后的概念来解释观察到的现象时就不是很成功。
C心理学家Piaget提出了一个在儿童认知转变的过程中的有趣的假设。认知转变被认为是自身智力行为的结果。当学生面临着一个挑战自己的想法的结果时，也就是说发生思想冲突的时候。不论这个是数学还是科学上的问题，学生就会发现他们需要重新思考他们解决问题的方法。(35题)他假设，冲突带来了不平衡，并触发了一个平衡过程，这也最终产生了认知转变。(3题)出于这个原因,Piaget和他的同事们认为学生为了让他们的思想进步，他们需要积极参与解决问题，挑战他们目前的推理模式。(9题)然而，Piaget还指出，在面对矛盾的证据时，年轻的孩子并不容易放弃自己的想法。实际上，他们还可能会放弃证据，并保持他们本来的理论。
DPiaget的对于认知转变的假说后来被转化成现在被称为“发现学习”的教育方法。最初“发现学习”走了一条现在被称为“孤独学习”的道路。(4题)教师负责设定情况以挑战学生的推理能力，而其他同学是没有任何实质的角色的。然而，很多人随后提出人与人之间的冲击，尤其是同龄的人，可以对认知转变发挥到重要的作用。(39题)这一假说由Perret-Clermont(1980)和Doise与Mugny(1984)作了进一步研究，而这假说也被很多目前的科学教育所采用。
EChristine Howe 和她的同事给予了小孩观察一些关于几个科学概念的事件时，对比了小孩们的认知进度。其中一个研究中，Howe在一群8到12岁的儿童理解什么因素影响山坡运动的进度时进行了对比。(5题)为了确定小组内会存在冲击,他们根据预测把小孩分成了两组：其中一组的孩子有不同的意见，另一组则抱有差不多的观点。Howe发现了支持他们观点的证据。(6题)组中儿童的不同看法使他们的培训课程比那个看法相似的组别更有效果。然而，Howe未能发现任何证据来支持孩子们是在课堂辩论中学到新的概念，这是因为后来的测试未有在第一时间进行，而是在小组讨论后的四个星期。(40题)
F在另一项研究中,Howe着手调查两个人一起学习是否能够借交换意见来推进学习进度。(7题)他们调查了 12-15岁的学生在理解物体坠落的路径的过程。这个主题在概念上很容易出现认知困难，为了把学生分成一对一对在概念的程度上相异，Howe在学生分组前为学生的预测和解释物体坠落的路径进行了评估。学生的学习课程中需要解答在电脑上展示的难题，这也一样需要预测和解释物体坠落的路径。最后，学生会单独进行一个课后测试，评估他们对于什么影响到物体坠落的路径的概念上的进展。
参考答案：
Version 17104 主题 儿童数学教育
28B 29D 30F
31A 32C 33D
34True 35True 36False
37Not Given 38D 39C
40B
篇6：2020托福阅读读理解真题
PASSAGE 59
The first birds appeared during late Jurassic times. These birds are known from four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany. This fine-grained rock, which is extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail. In this way, the late Jurassic bird skeletons, which have been named Archaeopteryx, were fossilized. And not only were the bones preserved in these skeletons, but also were imprints of the feathers. If the indications of feathers had not been preserved in association with Archaeopteryx, it is likely that these fossils would have been classified among the dinosaurs, for they show numerous theropod characteristics. Archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a long tail. The forelimbs were enlarged and obviously functioned as wings.
Modern birds, who are the descendants of these early birds, are highly organized animals, with a constant body temperature and a very high rate of metabolism. In addition, they are remarkable for having evolved extraordinarily complex behavior patterns such as those of nesting and song, and the habit among many species of making long migrations from one continent to another and back each year.
Most birds also have very strong legs, which allow them to run or walk on the ground as well as to fly in the air. Indeed, some of the waterbirds, such as ducks and geese, have the distinction of being able to move around proficiently in the water, on land, and in the air, a range in natural locomotor ability that has never been attained by any other vertebrate.
1. According to the author, all of the following evidence relating to the first birds was found EXCEPT
(A) nesting materials
(B) four skeletons in good condition
(C) two fragmented skeletons
(D) a single feather
2. The word preserved in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) confused with others
(B) gradually weakened
(C) protected from destruction
(D) lost permanently
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Archaeopteryx were classified as birds on the basis
of
(A) imprints of bones
(B) imprints of feathers
(C) the neck structure
(D) skeletons
4. The word they in line 10 refers to
(A) indications
(B) fossils
(C) dinosaurs
(D) characteristics
5. Why does the author mention a crow in line 11?
(A) to indicate the size of Archaeopteryx
(B) To specify the age of the Archaeopteryx fossils
(C) To explain the evolutionary history of Archaeopteryx
(D) To demonstrate the superiority of the theropod to Archaeopteryx
6. It can be inferred from the passage that theropods were
(A) dinosaurs
(B) birds
(C) Archaeopteryx
(D) crows
7. The word constant in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) comfortable
(B) combined
(C) consistent
(D) complementary
8. The author mentions all of the following as examples of complex behavior patterns evolved by
birds EXCEPT
(A) migrating
(B) nesting
(C) singing
(D) running
9. The word attained in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) required
(B) achieved
(C) observed
(D) merited
PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB
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★ 托福阅读真题解析
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