“我最喜欢尼娅”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了8篇1月5日托福写作真题及解析，以下是小编收集整理后的1月5日托福写作真题及解析，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
- 目录
篇1：1月5日托福写作真题及解析
201月5日托福写作真题
话题分类
教育
题型
二选一题型
考题回忆
如果你擅长某科。你的朋友来问你问题，你会帮助他 or suggest他去找专门的老师解答.
解题思路
教育类话题，难度系数适中
1. 二选一，要对这2种方法进行比较。
2. 利弊题型。分析好坏结果
3. 因为是来“问我问题”，“我”给建议。所以，不仅可以分析对朋友，也可分析对自己的影响。
年1月5日托福写作解析
参考范文
It is a common phenomenon that students meet all sorts of problems to solve in study. Teachers and friends are the ones we can count on no matter how difficult the problems are. But when it comes to whether teachers are more valuable than our friends, some people may agree with it, for experienced tutors can guide us. However, I disagree based on the following reasons.
It is not to say tutors do not play an important role in dealing with questions. They would recommend books of specific subject, provide words of wisdom and share their problem-solving mentality to pull us through hard questions. However, we can seek help from our friends who are excelled at a certain subject or have been through the same problem. So the merit from teachers seems insignificant compared with those brought by our friends.
First, the problems my friends are faced with can be tackled effectively and timely. Obviously, teachers have a heavy workload. They have to spend hours checking books, studying material and doing research before classes to get fully prepared. Right after class there will be questions to be answered and papers to be graded. Once my friends want to ask teachers for help, they have to make an appointment ahead of time according to teachers’schedules. But for my part, there is close involvement in providing assistance for my friends both at home and in school At home, we can contact at any time, such as chat on some social applications to record the important points or start a video call to shorten the time we type. At school, we take a class in classrooms, prepare for final exams in libraries as well as have a rest in dormitories. As a result, if needing help, my friends can find me wherever and whenever. .
Second, I, myself, is also a beneficiary. On the one hand, helping my friends gives me an opportunity to absorb knowledge in more direct and interesting ways. Solutions to math problems are good examples. Instead of reading about obscure concepts, we can see them presented in vivid method in various real-world examples. Instead of reading about complicated formulas, we can see how magically these formulas are applied to a range of problem-solving investigations. Throughout the duration of explaining the understanding of the questions, I can review what I have learned and detect what I have neglected. On the other hand, it can be a helper for me to acquire essential learning skills. To be specific, while making real contributions to coping with these problems, I am actively learning how to organize, express and transfer which are indispensable for future study even for career life.
Therefore, if my friends are struggling with complex problems while studying, I prefer offering help for them to advising them to find a tutor.
托福写作高级形容词替换之褒义词
1、重要的 important
vital ['va?t(?)l]
She had found out some information of vital importance.
她已经发现了一些至关重要的信。
crucial ['kru??(?)l]
It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately.
立即着手解决这个问题是至关重要的。
prominent ['pr?m?n?nt]
This considerable increase in investment played a prominent role in fueling economic growth.
投资的较大幅度增加，对拉动经济增长发挥了明显作用。
cardinal ['kɑ?d(?)n(?)l]
Respect for life is a cardinal principle of English law.
尊重生命是英国法律最重要的原则。
2、优秀的 good
excellent ['eks(?)l(?)nt]
She has always had a high reputation for her excellent short stories.
她一直因其优秀的短篇小说享有很高的声望。
outstanding [a?t'st?nd??]
The girl who won the scholarship was quite outstanding.
得奖学金的女孩是相当优秀的。
extraordinary [?k?str??dnri]
Her strength of will was extraordinary.
她的意志力是非凡的。
remarkable [r?'mɑ?k?b(?)l]
The economic diplomacy of China is characterized by distinctive features and remarkableachievements.
中国的经济外交具有鲜明的特点和卓越的成就。
3、有趣的 interesting
amusing [?'mju?z??]
Do not hesitate to laugh at anything you find amusing.
只要觉得好笑就尽管笑。
entertaining [ent?'te?n??]
This is an entertaining yet thought-provoking film.
这部电影令人捧腹，却又发人深省。
engaging[?n'ge?d???]
His engaging personality made him popular with his peers.
他迷人的个性使他深受同龄人的喜爱。
4、有活力的 energetic
dynamic[da?'n?m?k]
South Asia continues to be the most dynamic economic region in the world.
南亚仍然是世界上最具活力的经济区。
vigorous['v?g(?)r?s]
We urge vigorous action to be taken immediately.
我们强烈要求立即采取有力措施。
animated['?n?me?t?d]
His observations gave rise to an animated and lively discussion.
他的言论引起了一场气氛热烈而活跃的讨论。
5、充足的 abundant
ample['?mp(?)l]
Agriculture has developed rapidly, thus providing light industry with ample raw materials.
农业迅速发展，从而为轻工业提供了充足的原料。
plentiful ['plent?f?l]
Hot climate and plentiful rainfall favor the growth of plants.
炎热的气候和充足的雨水有助于植物生长。
generous['d?en(?)r?s]
No one is expecting a very generous pay increase this year.
没有人指望今年会有大幅度的工资增长。
6、勇敢的 brave
courageous[k?'re?d??s]
The pioneers are courageous indeed, overcoming one difficulty after another.
这些开拓者的确有勇气，他们克服了一个又一个的困难。
bold[b??ld]
Big, successful moves need bold, masterful managers.
重大而成功的举措需要既大胆又善于控制局势的经理来实施。
fearless ['f??l?s]
To go in for technical innovation, one must have the fearless spirit of a pathbreaker.
搞技术革新就要有一股不怕困难的闯劲。
7、合理地 reasonable
sound [sa?nd]
She gave me some very sound advice.
她给了我一些非常合理的建议。
rational['r??(?)n(?)l]
There is no rational explanation for his actions.
对他的所作所为无法作出合理的解释。
sensible ['sens?b(?)l]
It would seem more sensible to apply standards flexibly rather than rigidly.
灵活地运用标准比死守标准会显得更合情合理。
8、著名的 famous
renowned [r?'na?nd]
The region is renowned for its outstanding natural beauty.
该地区以其无以伦比的自然风景闻名于世。
noticeable ['n??t?s?b(?)l]
The class has made noticeable improvement.
这个班已有引人注目的进步。
notable ['n??t?b(?)l]
The book stands out as one of the notable landmarks in the progress of modern science.
这部著作是现代科学发展史上著名的里程碑之一。
9、有益的 helpful
favorable ['fe?v?r?bl]
Such events occur only when the external conditions are favorable.
这种事情只有在外部条件有利时才会发生。
beneficial[ben?'f??(?)l]
It can be beneficial to share your feelings with someone you trust.
向自己信任的人倾诉感情是很有益处的。
rewarding [r?'w??d??]
It is a very rewarding exercise to work this out oneself.
独自解决这个问题是一次受益匪浅的锻炼。
托福写作高级形容词替换之中性词+贬义词篇
中性形容词
1、许多 many
numerous ['nju?m(?)r?s]
Numerous factories have sprung up in this once desolate area.
过去这一带满目苍凉， 现在却有了无数的工厂。
a host of
The special theory of relativity has raised a host of questions.
狭义相对论引出了许多问题。
multitude of
I was awed by the multitude of stars in the night sky.
夜空中的繁星震撼了我。
2、不同的 different
various['ve?r??s]
These data have been collected from various sources.
这些数据是从各方面搜集来的。
a variety of
A variety of heavy industries grew up alongside the port.
各种重工业沿着港口逐渐发展起来。
diverse[da?'v??s]
People hold diverse attitudes toward these new regulations.
人们对于这些新规定抱有不同的态度。
3、普遍的 common
commonplace ['k?m?nple?s]
Yet on the most commonplace occasion I can never know your thoughts.
然而即便在最普通的事情上我也琢摸不透你的心思。
universal[ju?n?'v??s(?)l]
Such problems are a universal feature of senior citizens.
这类问题是老年人的通病。
pervasive[p?'ve?s?v]
It is the most pervasive compound on earth.
它是地球上最普遍的化合物。
4、唯一的 only
solely['s??ll?]
Success should not be measured solely by educational achievement.
成功与否不应只用学业成绩来衡量。
unique[ju?'ni?k]
The examples are unique to this dictionary.
这些例证是这部词典独有的。
merely['m??l?]
You are merely reciting facts that you have learned by rote. 你只是在背诵自己死记硬背下来的东西。
5、贫穷的 poor
needy['ni?d?]
Needy and handicapped people depend on government relief for their support.
穷人和残疾人依靠政府的救济维持生计。
impoverished[?m'p?v?r??t]
The rural people have been impoverished by a collapsing economy.
经济崩溃使农村地区的人们一贫如洗。
in poverty
He was bred up in poverty.
他是在贫苦的生活环境中长大的。
6、富裕的 rich
wealthy ['welθ?]
All of them came from wealthy, upper class families.
他们全部来自富有的上流社会家庭。
well-heeled['wel'hi:ld]
Both families are reasonably well-heeled and comfortably-off.
两家人都相当富有，都生活得很舒适。
well-to-do
She comes from a well-to-do family.
她出身于一个小康之家。
7、大的 big
vast [vɑ?st]
The pollution has already turned vast areas into a wasteland.
污染已经使大片地区沦为不毛之地。
massive ['m?s?v]
We needed to reskill our workforce to cope with massive technological change.
我们得让工人学习新技能，以应对巨大的技术变革。
enormous [?'n??m?s]
The enormous difficulty makes him cynical about the feasibility of the idea.
巨大的困难让他对这个主意是否可行持怀疑态度。
8、新的 new
brand-new
Net Electronic Map has become a brand-new way for showing the geographic information.
网上电子地图已成为一种全新的地理信息展示方式。
fresh[fre?]
The company set to make a fresh start under a new broom.
公司准备在新任领导的带领下开创新局面。
novel['n?v(?)l]
Protesters found a novel way of demonstrating against steeply rising oil prices.
抗议者找到了抗议油价飞涨的新办法。
贬义形容词
1、有害的 harmful
damaging ['d?m?d???]
Many chemicals have a damaging effect on the environment.
许多化学物质都对环境有破坏性的影响。
ruinous['ru??n?s]
The decision has proved to be ruinous.
事实证明这个决定造成了危害。
destructive[d?'str?kt?v]
The city witnessed the destructive force of the storm.
这座城市遭受了这场暴风雨的巨大破坏力。
2、困难的 difficult
demanding [d?'mɑ?nd??]
He found he could no longer cope with his demanding job.
他发现自己已无力应对这份劳神费力的工作了。
laborious[l?'b??r??s]
They had the laborious task of cutting down the huge tree.
他们要完成砍伐大树的艰苦工作。
formidable['f??m?d?b(?)l]
He took on the formidable task of reforming the whole system.
他承担起改革整个系统的艰巨任务。
3、无聊的 boring
dull [d?l]
The conference was deadly dull.
会议开得死气沉沉的。
tiresome ['ta??s(?)m]
I find it very tiresome doing the same job day after day.
日复一日做相同的工作让我觉得非常无聊。
tedious['ti?d??s]
He that can read and meditate will not find his evenings long or life tedious.
会读书和思考的人不会感到长夜无聊或者生活乏味。
4、忧虑的 worried
anxious ['??(k)??s]
He was anxious about the enormity of the task ahead.
他为眼前任务的艰巨性而感到焦虑。
apprehensive[?pr?'hens?v]
The long delay had made me quite apprehensive.
长时间的耽搁使我相当忧虑。
fraught [fr??t]
It has been a somewhat fraught day.
这是令人颇为担忧的一天。
5、沮丧的 sad
depressed [d?'prest]
She felt very depressed about the future.
她感到前途无望。
gloomy ['glu?m?]
They found him in gloomy, downbeat mood.
他们发现他情绪低落，无精打采。
frustrated[fr?'stre?t?d]
Both sides in the dispute appeared very frustrated at the lack of progress.
争执双方因事情毫无进展而显得十分沮丧。
6、怀疑的 doubtful
skeptical ['skept?k?l]
Many were skeptical about this solution.
许多人对这一解决办法表示怀疑。
suspicious [s?'sp???s]
Most organizations are, quite understandably, suspicious of new ideas.
大多数机构对新想法持怀疑态度，这不难理解。
incredulous [?n'kredj?l?s]
She gave me an incredulous glance.
她表示怀疑地向我瞥了一眼。
篇2：1月托福写作真题
您是否同意以下说法?
在现代社会中，父母应该向孩子学习比向父母学习更多的东西。
篇3：1月托福写作真题
一些公司提供重要的产品或服务，还会破坏环境。有人认为政府应该对这些公司处以更高的罚款，更高的税收和更多的罚款，而另一些人则认为有更好的方法。
你喜欢哪个?
篇4：1月托福写作真题
您是否同意以下说法?城市的快速发展对社会的发展产生了积极的影响。
怎样才能写出一篇高分托福作文?
俗话说知己知彼百战不殆，想要在托福写作中获得高分，我们需要首先明确高分作文到底长啥样，而其实当我们认真揣摩了OG(官方指南)上的托福写作评分标准后，我们会发现，ETS 其实早已告知我们托福写作的高分秘诀了。
《新托福官方指南(第三版)》(英文版)P209：
? effectively addresses the topic and task;
? is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details;
? displays unity, progression, and coherence;
? displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.
01 作文要“切题”
恰当的开题源于仔细的审题。这一点对于同学们来说应该没有什么问题，因为托福写作无非是问你是否同意某个特定的观点，只要题目中的单词大部分都认识，理解上就不应有误差。但值得注意的是，对于某些特定的、看似能够从“两个或者更多角度来分开阐述”的话题，无论选择其中的哪一个角度(甚至两个角度都讨论到)，也都可算“切题”。比如关于“Parents are the best teachers”这个话题，无论是从“the best”入手，讨论“父母是否是最好的老师”，或者从“parents”来入手，讨论是否“所有的父母都是好老师”都没有问题，都符合“切题”的要求。
02 条理清晰，言之有物
第二条标准，直译过来唤作“良好的组织，良好的发展，并且使用了恰当的阐述、举例和/或细节”。
我们把这条标准分为两个部分，前半部分称为“条理清晰”，后半部分称为“言之有物”。若只有条理，没有内容，文章难免陷入空泛，读者则味同嚼蜡，毫无趣味;若只有内容，没有条理，则会让读者觉得一团乱麻，不知所言;两者着实缺一不可——想要做到这一点，我们当然需要狠下些工夫。
03 行文流畅
第三条标准，是要求文章展现出良好的“统一、发展和连贯性”：总的来说，就是要求“行文流畅”。
这一要求十分严苛，绝非一朝一夕所能练就。说到这里就不得不提一下“模板作文”，这是一个很值得“再商榷”的方法，事实上ETS在《新托福官方指南(第三版)》英文版 P207 页就有专门针对模板的论述，ETS的态度可谓不坚决，劝考生“不要仅仅为了增加文字字数而死记硬背一些冗长的首、末段，评分人员不会看好那些累赘的段落”。所以，使用模板有危险性，要慎重。
04 良好的语言能力
第四条标准，强调的是“良好的语言能力”，无论是“多样性”和“恰当性”，都不易于达到。
而且要体现自身的语言“掌控能力”，方法的确并不唯一：有些满分作文以“精妙”取胜，使用诸多复杂句型来展现语言水平;也有人是使用“简明质朴”的句子，清楚地表达自己的含义，往往也能够取得近乎满分的成绩。但不管哪种方法，都不是一天能达成的。我并不是认为语言不重要，但语言的确不是在短期取得分数飞跃的突破口。
篇5：1月托福写作真题
给了一个城镇一定数量的钱来建造一个外面的地方。因为高中没有运动场，所以它可以是每个人的花园，也可以是附近高中学生的运动场。
你认为哪个更好?在答案中使用示例和详细信息。
许多人在刚到新地方时都会患上家庭疾病。下列哪种方法最有效?
1.做饭或在家中参加其他活动
2.与家人保持联系
3.在新地方吃当地食物或参加其他活动
篇6：1月托福写作真题
您是否同意以下说法?
应要求所有大学生参加公开演讲课程。
篇7：托福写作真题及解析
原文回顾：说的是讲美国铁路发展和影响，先说了铁路给人们带来了很多好处，后面还说铁路比其他交通工具更为广泛。然后大概说17世纪的几个铁路说明跨越疆域的时间变得有多短。然后分别写旅游和经济的影响。原来一个洲到另一个洲要好久，现在时间缩短了很多。这一篇词汇题考的比较多，其中有词汇题quantify，很多人可以有personal travel。还有一个问题问的是对当地居民的影响，说他们可以种更加适合气候的庄稼，因为交通的便捷。
学习：
Early American Railroads
In 1869, a golden spike linked the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah.
The development of BB#00081900RAILROADS was one of the most important phenomena of the Industrial Revolution. With their formation, construction and operation, they brought profound social, economic and political change to a country only 50 years old. Over the next 50 years, America would come to see magnificent bridges and other structures on which trains would run, awesome depots, ruthless rail magnates and the majesty of rail locomotives crossing the country.
The railroad was first developed in Great Britain. A man named BB#00081901GEORGE STEPHENSON successfully applied the steam technology of the day and created the world's first successful locomotive. The first engines used in the United States were purchased from the BB#00081902STEPHENSON WORKS in England. Even rails were largely imported from England until the Civil War. Americans who had visited England to see new BB#00081903STEAM LOCOMOTIVES were impressed that railroads dropped the cost of shipping by carriage by 60-70%.
This stereograph of the Central Pacific Railroad would have appeared three-dimensional when viewed through special glasses.
Baltimore, the third largest city in the nation in 1827, had not invested in a canal. Yet, Baltimore was 200 miles closer to the frontier than New York and soon recognized that the development of a railway could make the city more competitive with New York and the Erie Canal in transporting people and goods to the West. The result was the BB#00081904BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, the first railroad chartered in the United States. There were great parades on the day the construction started. On July 4, 1828, the first spadesful of earth were turned over by the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, 91-year-old BB#00081905 CHARLES CARROLL.
New railroads came swiftly. In 1830, the BB#00081906 SOUTH CAROLINA CANAL AND RAIL-ROAD COMPANY was formed to draw trade from the interior of the state. It had a steam locomotive built at the West Point Foundry in New York City, called BB#00081907THE BEST FRIEND OF CHARLESTON, the first steam locomotive to be built for sale in the United States. A year later, the Mohawk & Hudson railroad reduced a 40-mile wandering canal trip that took all day to accomplish to a 17-mile trip that took less than an hour. Its first steam engine was named the DeWitt Clinton after the builder of the Erie Canal.
Although the first railroads were successful, attempts to finance new ones originally failed as opposition was mounted by turnpike operators, canal companies, stagecoach companies and those who drove wagons. Opposition was mounted, in many cases, by tavern owners and innkeepers whose businesses were threatened. Sometimes opposition turned to violence. Religious leaders decried trains as sacrilegious. But the economic benefits of the railroad soon won over the skeptics.
Shares were sold to fund the construction of the B&O Railroad. In only 12 days, the company had raised over $4,000,000.
Perhaps the greatest physical feat of 19th century America was the creation of the BB#00081908 TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD. Two railroads, the BB#00081909CENTRAL PACIFIC starting in San Francisco and a new railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, Nebraska, would build the rail-line. Huge forces of immigrants, mainly Irish for the BB#00081910UNION PACIFIC and Chinese for the Central Pacific, crossed mountains, dug tunnels and laid track. The two railroads met at BB#00081911PROMONTORY, UTAH, on May 10, 1869, and drove a last, golden spike into the completed railway.
20托福听力真题及解析
托福听力 Conversation 1
一个女生上了professor的课之后发现原来童话挺复杂的而且有别的含义。然后她开始问怎么写童话故事的assignment，她觉得跟着传统写法很奇怪，教授让她还是要根据童话故事的element写，但是detail可以不同，举了hero的例子，这里出题了。最后那个女生问教授关于 setting，时间的问题，然后这里也有出题。
Lecture 1
讲的是sculpture，主要讲一个艺术家怎么样unconventional方法去创造那个雕塑，那个雕塑有一些地方不成比例的大，这里有出题。后面也讲到，其实他创造的方法里面也有typical的方法。
Lecture 2
主要讲了果蝇怎么用眼睛探测magnetic field，先讲了做个实验，有不同的变量，这里有出题问。但是光是必须的。后来进一步说因为果蝇眼睛里有一种c的物质，让他们可以sense磁场。
托福听力 Conversation 2
停车的通行证问老师，然后就说没地方停车?然后那个人就说可能是因为有一个展览，而且那个地方本来就是个停车的火爆区域，然后建议女生步行。然后女生就说她有一个课不方便，然后那个人说你可以坐学校的免费SHUTTLE BUS,然后可以给你refund你的卡钱，但是因为没有卡了在哪也不能停，这个学生又提出了一些问题，好像是会影响她周末干嘛，然后她决定还是去继续找 PARKING的地方，找不到再去。
Lecture 3
讲的是古代的一种disc上面画着星星月亮太阳的图案，但是图案的形状和月相和自然中的事实是不一致的，因为月亮的阳面应该对着太阳，而disc上的阴面对着太阳(有出题)，所以怀疑这个disc和calendar有关，后来一直都在讲这个和calendar的关系，一种一个是七颗星星组成的图案，被猜想可能是代表的什么pleiades，古代人一般使用的是阴历，通常和公历有一定的误差，所以需要补一个月使他们的calendar和solar calendar保持一致，因此他们利用这个disc对着天空，根据星团和月亮的位置来判断第13个月开始的日期(有出题)，后来在巴比伦也发现了类似的图案，怀疑可能与宗教有关(有出题)。
Lecture 4
冰河世纪的新仙女木时间(yd)，气温在百年内忽然升降，可能是大洋中的fresh water的增加导致了影响。突然的降温使得迁移到高纬度地区的动植物大批死亡。
年托福口语真题及解析
托福独立口语Task 1： talk about the advantages of moving to a new place to study or work.在一个新地方学习工作的优点
Task 1参考答案：
In my opinion, moving to a new place to study or work has the following advantages: first, you have more chances to get to know new and interesting people, which helps to expand your social circle and give you more opportunity to make new friends; for example, I met my best friend Linda, after I was transferred to a new senior high school in a new city. Second, you are also more likely to be exposed to a new local culture, experiencing totally different life-style or cultural values, which might be totally surprising and fascinating.
托福独立口语Task 2： do you agree or disagree that students should learn to draw or paint
Task 2参考答案：
I agree with the statement, coz first, they offers students a good way to release pressure; nowadays students are under a huge amount of school work pressure, like we have to take classes almost 8 hours, and deal with endless exam and class assignments; painting or drawing definitely offers a good way to blow off steam or unwind; also, it helps students to enhance artistic taste and offer the needed inspirations, like sometimes when I am stuck in math, a short period of immersion in painting will refresh my mind and help me to crack the problem.
2016年托福写作真题及解析
托福写作真题回顾
A/D: It is more important to read and watch news presented by people whose opinion is different from your own view than by people whose opinion are similar to yours.
名师点睛
题目大意：人们应该阅读或收看与自己观点不同的人呈现的新闻而不是接收与自己观点一致的人呈现的消息。 题目的核心是“是否要听取与自己观点相悖的人提供的信息”，有些许抽象，波波建议选择同意，即认为应该去获取与自己观点不同的人呈现的消息。理由如下：1.有助于获取全面的信息 2.有助于结交更多的朋友
篇8：托福写作真题及解析
原文回顾：非洲铁的发展，非洲曾经是被殖民的地方，殖民者大量开采非洲的铁矿资源，并且他们在非洲大规模的用铁矿资源冶炼金属，牵扯到起源，谁把铁的技术引进非洲，以及铁技术之后的发展和改变。注意这篇阅读有地图。
学习：
(1)The African Iron Age is traditionally considered that period in Africa between the second century AD up to about 1000 AD, when iron smelting was practiced. In Africa, unlike the Europe and Asia, the Iron Age is not prefaced by a Bronze or Copper Age, but rather all the metals were brought together. The advantages of iron over stone are obvious--iron is much more efficient at cutting trees or quarrying stone than stone tools. But iron smelting technology is a smelly, dangerous one. This brief essay covers Iron Age up to the end of the first millennium AD.
Pre-Industrial Iron Ore Technology
To work iron, one must extract the ore from the ground and break it into pieces, then heat the pieces to a temperature of at least 1100 degrees centigrade under controlled conditions.
African Iron Age people built a cylindrical clay furnace and used charcoal and a hand-operated bellows to reach the level of heating for smelting. Once smelted, the metal was separated from its waste products or slag, and then brought to its shape by repeated hammering and heating, called forging.
African Iron Age Lifeways
From the 2nd century AD to about 1000 AD, the Chifumbaze spread iron throughout the largest portion of Africa, eastern and southern Africa. The Chifumbaze were farmers of squash, beans, sorghum and millet, and kept cattle, sheep, goats and chickens.
They built hill top settlements, at Bosutswe, large villages like Schroda, and large monumental sites like Great Zimbabwe. Gold, ivory, and glass bead working and trade was part of many of the societies. Many spoke a form of Bantu; many forms of geometric and schematic rock art are found throughout south and eastern Africa.
(2)In Africa, where there was no continent-wide universal Bronze Age, the use of iron succeeded immediately the use of stone.[14] Metallurgy was characterized by the absence of a Bronze Age, and the transition from “stone to steel” in tool substances. Sub-Saharan Africa has produced very early instances of carbon steel found to be in production around 2000 years ago in northwest Tanzania, based on complex preheating principles. Nubia was one of the relatively few places in Africa to have a sustained Bronze Age along with Egypt and much of the rest of North Africa. The Meroitic script was developed in the Napatan Period (c. 700–300 BC).
Iron Age finds in East and Southern Africa, corresponding to the early 1st millennium Bantu expansion.
★ 托福写作满分
★ 托福写作省时攻略
★ 托福写作进阶练习
1月5日托福写作真题及解析（共8篇）
