“VivianChen”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了5篇托福阅读最后一题技巧讲解，下面是小编为大家整理后的托福阅读最后一题技巧讲解，仅供大家参考借鉴，希望大家喜欢，并能积极分享!
篇1：托福阅读最后一题技巧讲解
方法一：
选大意的题目：先用最快的速度按细节排除的原则作，一般能排除两个细节选项，那么最多只错一个了，然后往往还有一个选项是被改动过是错的，所以很快就做对了。
做托福阅读时先浏览每个段落的首句(第一段短的话每句都要看)，然后按段落记录关键词。
方法二：
一、分清楚文章细节与主题。在读文章的时候做好文章分析，那些是本段论点，那些是段落中的举例，和离体内容。那些肯定不是答案。除了一种情况，大段举例可以作为主旨。
二、托福阅读时做好简单笔记。理清文章思路。那些是论点及论点的支持论据，那些是转折，作者态度，就这三点。
三、排除文章中没有提到的选项。
用这些方法，相信多加练习是可以作对的。
方法三：
托福阅读最后一题感觉大致分为两种情况：比较普通的一种是选三个文章讨论的主要内容，另一种是仅针对文章某一部分的三个主要方面。由此可见，一般情况下文章肯定是有三个中心论点(不管是并列或是顺承或是递进)，所以可以按照这样的方法解题。
1、回原文
2、跳过首段(首段一般交代背景引出总话题，但最后一题问的是分话题)
3、重读每段首句，读的时候主要确认分话题的组成段落。一定是某个或某几个自然段组成一个分话题，不可能出现一段中两个分话题的，反正我没见过。
4、心中确认了三个分话题，可以提取出关键词(如候鸟导航里三个：太阳、生物钟、星星)，在提取关键词时候是基于做前面题对文章每段内容的了解上，因为有的在段落末句而非首句，有的在句中。
5、最后找答案，很好使，不过注意文章的主要讨论对象不能变(见蒸汽机那篇)。
6、所选答案都是结论性的。'
篇2：托福阅读最后一题技巧讲解
1、一般情况下，托福阅读前面的几大题型都是针对某一段来进行出题的，所以大家在做前面几题的时候就可以对文章内容框架和逻辑顺序有一个大致的认识，因为题目的顺序一般文章顺序是一致的，这一点考生要牢记，这对自己总结做题方法也是很重要的。在这当中，考生可以总结每一段的论点，并且留意一下每一段的概括性的中思语句的布情况，为解答最后一题做准备。
2、一般对于托福阅读最后一题，首段可以直接忽略，大部分情况下，首段的内容都是文章的背景介绍，在文章在起到一个铺垫作用的段落，对于整个文章的总结来说关系不是很大。
3、由于考试时间的关系，考生没有那么多的时间在做最一题的时候去通读全文，考生做最后一题的时候，可以大致的去浏览一下正文，对于描述性的语句可以直接忽略，一般每段的重点内容都在段首部分，这很符合西方人的表达方式。考生只要找准每段的核心内容，这样对于最后一题的解答就容易多了。
4、有时在题目中，考生找到中心词再与相应的关键句进行对应，就这大大的提高解题的准确率了。
5、再有就是对阅读文章的分论点进行筛选，一般情况下分论点与主旨是环环相扣的，这时我们排除答案中的不相关的内容也是可以找出正确答案的。
6、如果最后一题是考察某个分论点的向个论述方面的，那么考生就可以缩小范围，然后就这个分论点找出正确答案。
在备考托福阅读的时候，我们要知道，在托福阅读考试中，出题者对于考生的考察不可能很直观的让考生来回答对问题，更为重要的是让考生能根据题目来思考，从而选择正确的答案，这也符合一般的托福考试的出题规律。如果考生掌握了这个规律，那么做起题来也就有了目标性了。
篇3：托福阅读最后一题的答题技巧
托福阅读最后一题的答题技巧
在阅读最后一题的解答过程中，首先我们可以再次回到原文看一下文章的结构，扫描一下即可，不用花很多时间。但是，也必须提醒大家不必过于关注文章首段的内容。首段一般交代文章背景，引出总话题，但最后一题问的是分话题，所以可以跳过首段。
在解答最后一题时，心中还是必须明确文章中的一些关键词。也就是说，确认了三个分话题，可以提取出关键词，在提取关键词时候是基于做前面题对文章每段内容的了解上。不确定该选择哪个的时候，可以看一下哪些是非常细节的。非常细节的选项通常都不是答案。因为这个题目考察的是主要内容。
总之，觉得最重要的是把除了首段外的段落归为三部分，不过挺明显的，因为每部分的描写对象都是很不一样，掌握了这个原则，托福阅读最后一题也就比较好解答了。
托福阅读材料练习：the code of Hammurabi
Hammurabi was the ruler who chiefly established the greatness of Babylon, the world's first metropolis. Many relics of Hammurabi's reign ([1795-1750 BC]) have been preserved, and today we can study this remarkable King....as a wise law-giver in his celebrated code. . .
by far the most remarkable of the Hammurabi records is his code of laws, the earliest-known example of a ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an entire body of laws, arranged in orderly groups, so that all men might read and know what was required of them. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view. This noted stone was found in the year 1901, not in Babylon, but in a city of the Persian mountains, to which some later conqueror must have carried it in triumph. It begins and ends with addresses to the gods. Even a law code was in those days regarded as a subject for prayer, though the prayers here are chiefly cursings of whoever shall neglect or destroy the law.
Yet even with this earliest set of laws, as with most things Babylonian, we find ourselves dealing with the end of things rather than the beginnings. Hammurabi's code was not really the earliest. The preceding sets of laws have disappeared, but we have found several traces of them, and Hammurabi's own code clearly implies their existence. He is but reorganizing a legal system long established.
托福阅读背景积累：美国的历史
The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State.
The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France.
The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.
The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.
The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock & roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.
The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in 1996 and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The 2000 presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history.
The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.
托福阅读重要的句子积累
1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。
2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。
3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。
4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说，电影从来就不是没有声音的。
5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。
6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.
更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。
7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.
在春季和夏季，要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。
8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.
我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术，实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术，是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。
9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.
他们没有农业，但是经过几千年，已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。
篇4：托福阅读最后一题怎么评分
托福阅读最后一题中的六选三满分分值为2分，选对2个得一分，选对一个不得分。
七选五题目满分为3分，选对4个得2分，选对3个得一分，选对两个和两个以下不得分。
篇5：托福阅读最后一题顺序解析
托福阅读最后一题顺序解析
最后一道题是从6个中选3个，可是TPO上这六个的排列顺序很不固定：
有的答案是按横向：
A B
C D
E F
有的答案是按纵向：
A D
B E
C F
这样选择的时候虽然选对了，但那三个空没有按顺序，也会被判错。这是怎么回事?
小马过河国际教育托福名师答：不会的，只要选的3个内容是对的，不分顺序的。
托福阅读最后一题的评分标准：
托福阅读六选三的题满分2分，选对2个得1分，选对1个不得分;
托福阅读七选五的题满分3分，选对4个得2分，选对3个得1分，选对两个和两个以下不得分
托福阅读最后一题的答题方法
方法一：
选大意的题目：先用最快的速度按细节排除的原则作，一般能排除两个细节选项，那么最多只错一个了，然后往往还有一个选项是被改动过是错的，所以很快就做对了。
做托福阅读时先浏览每个段落的首句(第一段短的话每句都要看)，然后按段落记录关键词。
方法二：
1、分清楚文章细节与主题。在读文章的时候做好文章分析，那些是本段论点，那些是段落中的举例，和离体内容。那些肯定不是答案。除了一种情况，大段举例可以作为主旨。
2、托福阅读时做好简单笔记。理清文章思路。那些是论点及论点的支持论据，那些是转折，作者态度，就这三点。
3、排除文章中没有提到的选项。
用这些方法，相信多加练习是可以作对的。
方法三：
托福阅读最后一题感觉大致分为两种情况：比较普通的一种是选三个文章讨论的主要内容，另一种是仅针对文章某一部分的三个主要方面。
由此可见，一般情况下文章肯定是有三个中心论点(不管是并列或是顺承或是递进)，所以可以按照这样的方法解题。
1、回原文
2、跳过首段(首段一般交代背景引出总话题，但最后一题问的是分话题)
3、重读每段首句，读的时候主要确认分话题的组成段落。一定是某个或某几个自然段组成一个分话题，不可能出现一段中两个分话题的，反正我没见过。
4、心中确认了三个分话题，可以提取出关键词(如候鸟导航里三个：太阳、生物钟、星星)，在提取关键词时候是基于做前面题对文章每段内容的了解上，因为有的在段落末句而非首句，有的在句中。
5、最后找答案，很好使，不过注意文章的主要讨论对象不能变(见蒸汽机那篇)。
6、所选答案都是结论性的。
托福阅读备考有哪些关键点?
一、词汇量的增加
如果考生想要提高自己的阅读做题速度，那么首要任务就是积累单词量，掌握一些高频单词的词义、语法以及运用。
对于托福考试来说，阅读每篇大概有700个单词。而且其中有很多学术类词汇，也就是我们日常生活中比较少见到的词汇。由此可知，托福阅读对中国考生的词汇量、语法难度的要求是非常高的。因此考生在学习过程中对那些最容易在托福阅读文章里出现的高频词汇一定要多做归纳整理，然后对这些单词加以熟练运用、掌握。
二、长难句的分析
长难句的分析依赖于学生的语法知识和对于句子主干的提取。通过掌握语法知识、复杂句型和英语语句的结构等来提高自己的分析能力。
大家在做托福阅读的过程中应该可以感觉到英语语法内容知识点的重要性。想要从容应对这些托福阅读，最关键的是对文章内容的句子结构分析。提升句子结构，就是指将主谓宾结构部分和定状补修饰成分准确把握。
三、灵活掌握阅读方法：精读与意群阅读
托福阅读中精读就是把句子中的每一个词认真的读一遍，从而理解整段话的全部内容以及句子间的逻辑关系。在阅读理解中长难句的理解上会出现花费时间长来理解，但是能够精准的掌握整个句子在文章中的影响，这就是阅读精读。
意群阅读是在阅读过程中准确的获取信息，准确把握信息即可，所以想在比较短的时间内获得足够的信息，意群阅读是很合适的方法。意群阅读的方法与精读不同不用把注意力放在每一个单词上，而意群阅读是以词组、固定搭配和完整词意为单位的阅读，只要掌握该句所表达的含义即可。
总体来说，托福阅读要想拿高分，词汇量是基础，掌握各种长难句、英语语句结构是关键，加快阅读和分析速度是核心。
托福阅读材料练习：Plant adaptation to the desert
Cactus adaptations.
The secret to the superior endurance of cacti lies in their adaptations. Over millions of years, through natural selection, only the strongest and best adapted species survived.
As you know, it is very dry in the desert. Plants that adapt to this are known as xerophytes (from xeros, dry and phyton, plant). There are plants that avoid the dry season by sprouting from seed just after the spring rain and growing very fast so that by the time the dry season comes, they have already produced a lot of seeds and died. These seeds lie on the soil for the dry season and sprout again in spring and the cycle repeats. Other xerophytes simply drop their leaves and stay dormant for the winter. But there is another special type of xerophyte which stores water in its fleshy tissues. Such plants are called succulents (from succus, juicy). The cactus is a typical example of a succulent.
If you cut a cactus open, you see a juicy, slimy tissue. This is where the moisture is stored for the dry season. The part between the middle circle (or pith) and just under the very green part of the plant (or palisade parenchyma) just under the skin is allocated for the storage of water and food for the plant. This is a type of spongy parenchyma and can take up up to 85% of the plant's volume. This is a major adaptation in the desert. Because the plant remains completely alive during the dry season and there is no need for it to dry up and lose everything, makes it possible for the plant to grow to large sizes. Another advantage is that the plant retains supplies (in the form of starch) for the winter so that it can flower right away in spring without accumulating more supplies (as most plants need to do in spring). The whole purpose of storing supplies for the winter is mostly to energize flowering in spring but it also lets the cactus start growing much sooner.
Flowering plants breathe and transpire (evaporate water from their surface) through closeable microscopic pores called stomates on the leaves or stems. To do this, their pores have to be open. In most plants these are open all day and on warm nights. But for cacti this is inconvenient as in daytime it is very hot and thus the plant would lose a lot of water through evaporation. So the cactus must close them in the daytime. But then it cannot breathe or photosynthesize (the process where sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water and releasing oxygen using the sun's energy). Succulents have an adaptation to that. Their stomates are closed during the day and are open at night, when it is not that hot and store carbon dioxide in its tissues as crassulean acid and then turn it back to carbon dioxide in the daytime. This process is called crassulean acid metabolism or CAM and it is a very smart way of respiring in the desert.
If we look at the outside of the plant, we notice that there is a tough leathery skin covering the plant, we can also notice the presence of ribs and spines and sometimes fur. These are all very smart adaptations. They serve mainly for surviving heat but are also used as defense.
The tough leathery skin is very impermeable to water, thus reducing evaporation from the surface of the plant. This skin often has a layer of plant wax on it which is often lightly coloured (Pilosocereus azures is an example of a plant with such wax), white or blue. This reflects light and also reduces evaporation from the inside.
The ribs are special structures that are also used for enduring extreme heat. The ribs (and spines) trap wind so that the plant is enveloped in a layer of extremely still air, and this is a very important factor in reducing evaporation. On a very windy days even the ribs don't help and cacti sometimes wilt because of high water loss.
The spines have different functions. They not only help shade the plant from the sun but are also known to help the cactus absorb water. They do it like this. On cool nights, dew settles on the spines of the plant. The spines are actually known to draw droplets of water towards the areole (the point out of which the spines grow) and here the droplets are absorbed. You can try this at home. Spray the plants with a very fine mist of water and watch what happens to the droplets that settle on the spines. They literally get attracted to the areole along the spine. The spine's structure allows them to do this. Even spines pointing downwards seem to suck the droplets up themselves.
Adaptation features are visible in this Pilosocereus glauchochorous. Notice the spines, ribs, fur and wax (the blue coloration). The top of a typically adapted plant.
Some plants have fur, sometimes all over the plant, sometimes only near the top. This fur shades the plant even further and is also known to attract water towards the areole. Some plants only have fur near the top. This is very beneficial because the top of the plant is very sensitive to sunlight, new tissues get formed there. Young areoles, with their spines not even wooded yet can get dried up completely in the sun. When an areole is born near the top of the plant, it starts developing spines. At this time the fur appears as well. This fur accompanies the areole as it moves down the plant, shading the growing point inside. By the time the areole is about 15cm away from the top, the fur wears out completely and the now inactive areole gets exposed to the sun.
As for the roots of cacti, they are also fully adapted to living in the desert. Some species (especially plants from very dry deserts) have very shallow root systems that spread very far from the plant. This way the plant can take advantage of tiny amounts of moisture from dew or light rain as the roots spread far away and are very shallow (less than 10cm deep while spreading up to 5 metres from the parent plant). On the other hand, some cacti send their roots deep down (like many Echinocacti) to reach the ground water.
Rainforest cacti often have aerial roots that can collect water all the time when it rains (and it rains very often in South American forests).
The shape of cacti itself is an adaptation. You may have noticed that cacti have a barrel like or candle like shape. This allows for maximum internal volume with a minimum surface area, which is also very smart adaption as a cactus can store a lot of water and have a small external surface area to reduce water loss.
【托福阅读】长难句解析——蓄水层水量不足
托福阅读长难句实例
Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
句子分析
本句逗号比较多，容易使人看不清主要意思。本句中的but unfortunately引起前后两句的转折关系，在前半句中，indicate that引导的宾语从句，表达观点。在后半句中，核心意思是rates of addition of the aquifer are minimal，而其前面under the semiarid climatic conditions这个介词短语后有that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的conditions，最后amounting to(相当于)是现在分词作状语，对核心意思进行补充说明。
单词回顾
本句有一些地质学的词汇，比如：aquifer 蓄水层，semiarid 半干旱的，rates of addition 补水的速率。另外，请注意rate除了有“比率”的意思，还可以作动词，表示“评估，评价”，比如：This is rated as a five-star hotel. 这家酒店被评为五星级。She doesn’t rate herself very highly. 她自视不高。最后，amount to表示“相当于”，比如：a cargo amounting to 2,000 tons 共计2,000吨货物。
句子翻译
我们可以这样翻译：“据估计，蓄水层含有足够的水来填满休伦湖。但不幸的是，在目前处于该地区的半干旱气候的影响下，该蓄水层的补水率极低，总计每年大概半厘米左右。”
★ 托福阅读定位技巧
托福阅读最后一题技巧讲解（共5篇）
