考研英语语法:定语从句与同位语从句的区别

时间:2024-02-13 03:34:47 作者:大足无音 综合材料 收藏本文 下载本文

【导语】“大足无音”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了8篇考研英语语法:定语从句与同位语从句的区别,这次小编给大家整理后的考研英语语法:定语从句与同位语从句的区别,供大家阅读参考。

篇1:考研英语语法:定语从句与同位语从句的区别

考研英语语法:定语从句与同位语从句的区别

1. 从词类上区别

同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句,如:

The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性。(同位语从句)

Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句)

2. 从性质上区别

定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的`说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴,如:

The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息。)

The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语。)

3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别

有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句,如:

That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句)

引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般做主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略,that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替,如:

The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略。)

The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略。)

【真题例句】

The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.

【解析】

句子可拆分为:The issue of //whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, //has been highlighted //by mounting evidence //that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and //by the continuing controversy over suggestions //that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.

主句为:The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by… and by…。主句主语的结构为: The issue of whether…and whether…。of 短语修饰the issue, of 短语较长一般译在后面;that the Red Planet…是evidence的同位语从句,(即是evidence的具体内容)。that bacterial fossils…是suggestions的同位语从句,说明suggestions的具体内容。)第一个同位语从句可以直接翻译在所修饰词后面。第二个同位语可以放在所修饰的名词前面,充当定语。

【参考译文】

越来越多的证据表明,这个红色行星上曾经有稳定而丰富的液态水,而且人们对从火星落到地球上的细菌化石陨石的说法一直有争论,使火星上是否存在过生命和是否至今仍有生命的问题成为了引人注目的重点。

篇2:考研英语定语从句和同位语从句区别

在考研英语的文章中,同位语从句和定语从句都放在被修饰词的后边,从形式上来看,它们十分相似,很多同学搞不清楚涉及到定语从句和同位语从句的相关知识点。为了减少大家在读文章时的相关障碍,老师现就同位语从句和定语从句的相关区别给大家做一个讲解。

(一) 连接词作用不同。

以that为例,连接定语从句的that一定会在从句中充当一定的成分;而连接同位语从句的that只起连接作用,不在从句中担任任何句子成分。whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。关系代词和关系副词除了连接从句的作用外,还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分,如主语、宾语、定语、表语等。引导定语从句的连接词是关系词,常见的关系代词和关系副词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as,than, but等

The fact that we talked about is very important.

The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.

(二)先行词不同。

定语从句先行词既可以是人,也可以是物。相当于形容词。

The moon is a satellite that goes round the earth.

The few points that the president stressed in his report are very important.

同位语从句进一步说明的是具有抽象概念的词,其作用相当于名词,对前面的名词进行补充说明。如fact, result, discovery,belief , doubt , fact , hope , idea , news , possibility , thought , order , suggestion , wish , answer , information , conclusion , decision , discovery , knowledge , law , opinion , problem , promise , proof , question , report , truth , risk等等。

He has an idea that he can make the scientific instrument in a better way.

He expressed the hope that he would come to China.

(三)从引导词来看

如果引导从句的词为when表示时间,where表示地点,why表示原因,how怎么样,表示方式,而它前面的词分别表示时间,地点,原因,方式等意义,那它们就是关系副词,引导的是定语从句。

I’ll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall.

This is the room where LuXun once lived.

The question when we will start the work is not decided.

You have no idea how worried I was.

篇3:考研英语:定语从句和同位语从句三大区别

考研英语:定语从句和同位语从句三大区别

(一)连接词作用不同。

以that为例,连接定语从句的that一定会在从句中充当一定的成分;而连接同位语从句的that只起连接作用,不在从句中担任任何句子成分。whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。关系代词和关系副词除了连接从句的作用外,还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分,如主语、宾语、定语、表语等。引导定语从句的'连接词是关系词,常见的关系代词和关系副词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as,than, but等

The fact that we talked about is very important.

The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.

(二)先行词不同。

定语从句先行词既可以是人,也可以是物。相当于形容词。

The moon is a satellite that goes round the earth.

The few points that the president stressed in his report are very important.

同位语从句进一步说明的是具有抽象概念的词,其作用相当于名词,对前面的名词进行补充说明。如fact, result, discovery,belief , doubt , fact , hope , idea , news , possibility , thought , order , suggestion , wish , answer , information , conclusion , decision , discovery , knowledge , law , opinion , problem , promise , proof , question , report , truth , risk等等。

He has an idea that he can make the scientific instrument in a better way.

He expressed the hope that he would come to China.

(三)从引导词来看

如果引导从句的词为when表示时间,where表示地点,why表示原因,how怎么样,表示方式,而它前面的词分别表示时间,地点,原因,方式等意义,那它们就是关系副词,引导的是定语从句。

I’ll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall.

This is the room where LuXun once lived.

The question when we will start the work is not decided.

You have no idea how worried I was.

篇4:如何区分考研英语中的定语从句与同位语从句

如何区分考研英语中的定语从句与同位语从句

同学们在考研语法学习中经常容易混淆同位语从句和定语从句,对两种从句的混淆有时会直接影响到阅读文章的准确理解及翻译句子正确翻译方法的采用,以下对两种从句的区分方法进行专项总结,以便同学们轻松掌握。两种从句的区别主要在以下三方面:

1. 从词类上区别

同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的.先行词可以是名词、代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句,如:

The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性。(同位语从句)

Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句)

2. 从性质上区别

定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴,如:

The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息。)

The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语。)

3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别

有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句,如:

That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句)

引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略,that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替,如:

The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略。)

The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略。)

【真题例句】

The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.

【解析】

句子可拆分为:The issue of //whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, //has been highlighted //by mounting evidence //that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and //by the continuing controversy over suggestions //that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.

主句为:The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by… and by…。主句主语的结构为: The issue of whether…and whether…。of 短语修饰the issue, of 短语较长一般译在后面;that the Red Planet…是evidence的同位语从句,(即是evidence的具体内容)。that bacterial fossils…是suggestions的同位语从句,说明suggestions的具体内容。)第一个同位语从句可以直接翻译在所修饰词后面。第二个同位语可以放在所修饰的名词前面,充当定语。

【参考译文】

越来越多的证据表明,这个红色行星上曾经有稳定而丰富的液态水,而且人们对从火星落到地球上的细菌化石陨石的说法一直有争论,使火星上是否存在过生命和是否至今仍有生命的问题成为了引人注目的重点。

篇5:定语从句和同位语从句的区别例句

同位语从句与定语从句:

同位语从句与定语从句形相似而实质不同,具体表现在以下几个方面:

1、被修饰的词不同:同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词;而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。

2、从句的作用不同:同位语从句表示同位名词的.具体内容,而定语从句是对先行词的限制、描绘或说明。

3、引导词不同:what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句,但可用于引导同位从句。

4、引导词的作用不同:引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句的that为关系代词,在从句中充当一定的句子成分。

5、判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法:由于同位语从句是用以说明被修饰名词的具体内容的,所它可以转换同位名词的表语;而定语从句则不能作这种转换。

篇6:定语从句与同位语从句有不同

作者:陈光明

定语从句与同位语从句都可位于名词之后,而且都可用 that, when, where, why, who等词引导,但它们是两种性质完全不同的从句,不可混淆。那么,该如何区分呢?

一、定语从句相当于一个形容词, 它对先行词起修饰、描述和限制的作用。同位语从句相当于名词,属于名词性从句,它是对前面名词内容的具体表述,它们之间的关系是同位关系。试比较:

The news that you heard is not true. 你听到的那个消息不是真的。(定语从句)

The news that he has died is true. 他已经去世的消息是真的。(同位语从句,说明了 news 的具体内容,即he has died)

二、同位语从句常跟在 news, fact, promise, idea, word, message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, suggestion, order, information 等少数名词之后,而一般名词之后都可跟定语从句。如:

The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。

He didn't give the answer why he was late. 他没回答他为什么迟到这个问题。(同位语从句)

Then rose a question where we should go. 于是产生了一个问题:我们该到哪里去?(同位语从句)

三、that 在定语从句中充当某一成分, 是关系代词; that 在同位语从句中不作任何成分,仅把主句与从句连接在一起,是从属连词。如:

The fact that just now you talked about interests me. 你们刚才谈论的事情使我感兴趣。(定语从句)

The fact that he failed in the exam made his parents very angry. 他考试没及格这个事实使他的父母很生气。(同位语从句)

四、when, where, why, how, who, whom, which 如果引导定语从句, 它们分别指前面先行词所表示的时间、地点、原因、方式、人和物,否则引导的就是同位语从句。试比较:

I still remember the day when he was killed. 我还记得他被害的那一天。(定语从句)

I have no idea when he was killed. 我不知道他什么时候被害的。(同位语从句)

They didn't go to the town where they were born.他们没有去他们出生的小镇。(定语从句)

They didn't answer the question where they were born.他们没有回答他们在哪里出生这个问题。(同位语从句)

五、whether, what 可引导同位语从句,但通常不可引导定语从句。

We have no information whether he is alive. 我们不知道他是否活着。(同位语从句)

The problem whether it is right or wrong has not been decided yet. 是对还是错,这个问题还未得到解决。(同位语从句)

Next comes the question what step we should take. 接着的问题是我们下一步该做什么。(同位语从句)

篇7:考研英语语法:考研英语定语从句详解

2016考研英语语法:考研英语定语从句详解

定语从句是英语学习的难点,也是考研英语考查的重点。掌握考研英语的定语从句需要从以下维度的内容进行学习:

一、定义

定语从句是指在句中做定语作用,修饰句中的名词或代词的从句,其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时,其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。

二、定语从句的结构

定语从句一般位于先行词的后面,定语从句由关系代词who,whom, whose, that, which,that, as和关系副词when, where, why等引导。

(一) 关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

(1)who,whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中做主语和宾语。例如:

。Is hethe man who/that wants to see you?

他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中做主语)

。He isthe man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中做宾语)

(2)whose 用作关系词表示所属格,也可看作是关系形容词,因为它后面必须接一个名词连用。不能单独使用。例如:

。Theyrushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。

(3)which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可做主语、宾语等。作宾语时常可省略。例如:

。Aprosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in thecountryside.

农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which /that在句中作宾语)

(二)关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

(1)关系副词when,where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如:

。Thereare occasions when(on which)onemust yield.

任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

。Beijingis the place where(in which)I wasborn.

北京是我的出生地。

。Is thisthe reason why(for which)herefused our offer?

这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

(2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:

。Hisfather died the year(that / when / in which)he wasborn.

他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

。 He isunlikely to find the place(that / where / in which)helived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

(三) 限制性和非限制性定语从句

(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:

。This isthe house which we bought last month.

这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

。Thehouse, which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

(2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:

。CharlesSmith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

查理。史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。

。Myhouse, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

。 Thisnovel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

(3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:

。Heseems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

。Liquidwater changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

(四) 介词+关系词

(1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。

(2)that前不能有介词。

(3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如:

。This isthe house in which I lived two years ago.

这是我两年前住过的房子。

。This isthe house where I lived two years ago.

。Do youremember the day on which you joined our club?

还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?

。Do youremember the day when you joined our club?

(五)as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句

由as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat.As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:

。As weknow, smoking is harmful to one's health.

如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。

。The sunheats the earth, which is very important to us.

太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。

【特别提示】 as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以做主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:

a)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。

b)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的`关系代词只能用which.。

三、翻译方法

定语从语从句有以下五种翻译方法:

前置法:这是定语从句的翻译中较常见的一种,即把定语从句的内容翻译成“…………的”,放在被修饰词的前面。这种方法的使用有一个原则即是定语从句内容简短,翻译符合汉语表达习惯。

后置法:与前置法不同,后置法就是把定语从句的翻译放在被修饰词之后,这样做的目的在于使译文符合汉语的表达习惯。在此,定语从句的后置翻译分为三类:由which引导定语从句时一般翻译为“这”;另一些引导词则在翻译时重复先行词,即被修饰词;还有一些引导词在翻译时可以省略不译。

融合法:在限制性定语从句中,由于定语从句与主句关系紧密,所以定语从句往往翻译成句子的谓语部分,主语即是定语从句的先行词。这里讲的融合法即是将定语从句与主句融合为一个简单句的方法。这种用法往往用在“there be”结构带有定语从句的句型中……

状译法:英语的定语从句中有一类在形式上是主句的定语从句

篇8:限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别

引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that和关系副词when、where、why等。定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。

在学生的作文里,我发现他们最喜欢用的从句就是定语从句,而学生们经常犯错误的地方,不在于关系词的选择上,而是在于应该用非限定性定语从句的地方他们往往用的是限制性定语从句来表达。那今天我主要想讲讲定语从句中限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别。

一、在句中作用不同

限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。而非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。

二、外在表现形式不同

限制性定语从句因与先行词的关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

例 1. Do you have the photo that we took together in our primary school?

你有我们一起在小学拍的照片吗?

例 2. This is the city where he used to live.

这就是他过去居住的城市。

例 3. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.

张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。

析:在前两个例句中,定语从句与先行词的关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后一个例句中,定语从句与先行词的关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

三、先行词内容有所不同

大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。

例 1. A five-year-old boy killed her mother, which frightened me very much.

一个五岁的男孩杀了自己的母亲,这令我十分恐惧。

析:由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“五岁的男孩杀了自己的母亲”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。

例 2. The man, bland in appearance, is a boss of a famous company, which surprises all the people present.

这个相貌平平的男人是一个知名公司的老板,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。

析:由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“这个相貌平平的男人是一个知名公司的老板”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。

四、关系词的使用情况有所不同

(一) that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句

所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但 that 不可。

例 1. 他送妈妈一件漂亮的外套作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。

误:He gave his mother a beautiful coat for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.

正: He gave his mother a beautiful coat for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.

例 2. 他没我的生日聚会,令我很失望。

误:He didn't come to my birthday party, that disappointed me.

正:He didn't come to my birthday party, which disappointed me.

值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who , which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when , where 引导非限制性定语从句。

例 1. We'll graduate in July, when we will be free.

我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。

例 2. Last week we travelled to Beijing, where there are many places of interest.

我们上周去了北京旅游,那儿有很多名胜古迹。

(二)关系代词替代情况不同

关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。

例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.

这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。

析:先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用 who 代替 whom .

例 2. The woman, whom you met at my home, was a teacher.

你在我家遇到的那个女人是一个老师

析:先行词The woman 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用 who 代替 whom.

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