【导语】“寻找感动”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了10篇再说定语从句 (人教版英语高一)，下面是小编精心整理后的再说定语从句 (人教版英语高一)，希望能够帮助到大家。
- 目录
篇1：再说定语从句 (人教版英语高一)
漳县一中 李振华
1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _______,of course, made the others unhappy.（高考题）
A. who. B. which. C. this. D. what.
2. There are altogather eleven books on the shelf, _________five are mine. （高考题）
A. on which B. in which. C. of which. D. from which.
3. My friend showed me round the town, ________was very kind of him. （高考题）
A. which. B. that. D. where. D. it.
4． ________I exliained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. （浙江高考题）
A. When. B. After. C. As. D. Since.
5． Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ________effects the people are still suffering.（20天津高考题）
A. that. B. whose. C. those. D. what.
6. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and other places, _______other visitors seldom go. （2002北京年高考题）
A． what. B. which. C. where. D. when.
7. I work in a business ________almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. （2004湖南年高考题）
A. how. B. which. C. where. D. that.
8． She was educated at Bei King University, ________she went on to have her advanced study abroad. （2006陕西年高考题）
A． after which. B. from which. C. from that. D. after that.
9. The way they did it was different ________we were used to. （天津高考题）
A. in which. B. in what. C. from what. D. from which.
10.________is often the case , we have worked out the production plan. （江苏高考题）
A. Which. B. When. C. What . D. As .
11.What surprised me was not what he said but _________he said it. （20湖北高考题）
A. the way. B. in the way that.C. in the way. D.the way which.
12.There was ____time ____I hated to go to school.（2004年湖北 ）
A. a; that B. a; when. C. the; that. D. the; when.
参考答案：1-5 BCACB 6-10 CCADD AB
点评： 一． 定语从句最爱考查的介词＋关系代词。如：2C, 5B, 8A,
第2题中,书架上总共有11本书，其中5本是我的，of which of eleven books.
第5题中,上个月,东南亚遭受洪捞，至今还深受其影响。From whose effects表示
The people are still suffering from the floods，effects.
第8题中，她毕业于北京大学，之后她继续去国外深造。After which表示after BeiJing University.总之由介词＋关系代词引导的限定分句，这种用法的关系代词主要是which, whom ,whose .介词的选择受上下文的约束，或于先行词的搭配有关，或于后面的动词有关。
二. As 引导的非限定性定语从句同样很重要，4 C,10D.在第4题中，as 是关系代词，代替前面整个句子，在定语从句中做宾语，而which 在作此意义时不能放在句首，在第十题中，as 代替后面整个句子，在定语从句中做主语。
As 和which 的区别还在于，as只可代替整个句子，可翻译为“正如--- 一样”，而which 既可代替整个句子，如：第一题和第三题；又可代替一个词。如：
I like Bei Jing, which is ancient and beautiful.
三 .Way 作为先行词时，后面的关系词可以是in which或that或省略，第十一题是省略了in which.
四 .在关系代词和关系副词的选择上，起决于在定语从句中作主语，宾语还是状语。如：第六题选where,它在句子中作地点状语；第十二题中，when 在句子中作时间状语。
篇2：定语从句小练 (人教版高一英语下册教学论文)
定语从句小练
1. Friendship is needed by all, _______ plays an important role in people’s lives.
A. which B. that C. who D. it
2. Uncle Li ______ I worked three years ago has retired now.
A. who B. whom
C. with whom D. to whom
3. Is this the reason _______ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained
4. The book _______ he devoted much time is to come out next month.
A. where B. which C. to which D. on which
5. My grandpa enjoys talking to the young, ______ makes him lively.
A. which B. who C. and they D. that
6. She has three children, _______ is working in Australia.
A. who B. one of whom
C. one of them D. none of them
7. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money ______ he could buy a train ticket.
A. by which B. on which
C. with which D. for which
8. -What about the photo?
-It’s much better than ______ she took last week.
A. that B. the one C. which D. one
9. Teachers, ______ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.
A. who B. that C. which D. whose
10. He said he loved his job very much, _______ was untrue.
A. which B. who C. whom D. what
11. We visited the room yesterday _______ Chairman Mao had once lived.
A. which B. where C. when D. that
12. The day finally came ______ I was given an opportunity to act in the play.
A. when B. in that C. which D. in which
13. Susan is the very girl ______ the good deed.
A. whom I think did B. whom I think she did
C. who I think did D. I think who did
14. Mrs Green bought a box of apples, ______ were bad.
A. half of them B. but half of which
C. half of what D. but half of them
15. There are altogether fifty students in our class, ______ three are foreigners.
A. with whom B. of whom
C. from whom D. in whom
Key:
1-5 ACACA 6-10 BCBDA 11-15 BACDB
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇3：高一英语定语从句句子
高一英语定语从句句子
1.定从分类有奥妙, 限与非限看逗号;
定语从句分为两大类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，区分它们有两个标准：1）从内容上看，限制性定语从句与它所修饰的先行词关系紧密，不可去掉，去掉后意思就不完整了；非限制性定语从句只对先行词起补充说明的作用，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。2）从形式上看，限制性定语从句与先行词之间没有逗号隔开，而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。请看例句：
The girl who is wearing a blue necklace is Mary.(限制性)
The girl, who is also a student, is planting trees in the field.(非限制性)
解析：第一句中的who is wearing a blue necklace是限制性定语从句，没有逗号，不那去掉，否则意思不完整。
定前必有先行词，名代两类最适宜；
例句：
1)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.
有人要和你讲话。
2)Those who were for the plan raised their hands.
那些赞成计划的举起了手。
3)This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
解析：例句中somebody、those是代词，novel是名词，是被定语从句修饰的词，叫做先行词，可以做先行词的是名词和代词两类。
定从先行很紧密，代副两词拉关系；
定语从句都在先行词之后，连接定从和先行词的词，叫做关系词。关系词有两类：关系代词和关系副词。关系词要注意两点：1）它的人称、数和意思完全等同于先行词，2）关系词在定语从句中做一定的句子成分。
例句 1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
正在踢足球的男生们是一班的。
解析：who＝boys , 在定语从句中做主语，所以其后谓语用are。
例句 2) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
足球是大多数男孩子喜欢的运动。
解析：which=game, 在定语从句中做主语。
例句 3）I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
我仍然还记得第一次到学校的那一天。
解析：when是关系副词＝on the day, 在定语从句中做时间状语。
例句 4）The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
十年前我居住的房子已经被拆了。
解析：where是关系副词＝in the house, 在定语从句中做地点状语。
例句 5）Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
请告诉我你没赶上飞机的原因。
解析：why是关系副词＝for the reason, 在定语从句中做原因状语。
篇4：高一英语定语从句造句
高一英语定语从句造句
一、什么是定语(Attributive) :
a loyal friend 形容词作定语
a woman teacher 名词作定语
a girl with long hair 介词短语作后置定语
falling / fallen leaves 分词作定语
定语从句在句中相当于一个定语的成分起修饰的'作用。
二、定语从句的构成：
1)which/that
a. Annawas wearing a hat.
b. Itwas too dirty.
定从： Annawas wearing a hat which/that was too dirty. (主语)
安娜戴了一顶很脏的帽子。
a. The hat was too dirty.
b. Anna was wearing a hat
定从： The hat that/ which Anna was wearing was too dirty.(宾语)
安娜戴着的那顶帽子太脏了。
2). who/whom
a. I meta boy.
b. Theboy can speak three languages.
定从： I met a boy who can speak three languages. (主语)
我见到了一个能说三种语言的男孩儿。
a. Theboy can speak three languages.
b. I met a boy.
定从：The boy whom/ who I met can speak three languages. (宾语)
我见到的男孩儿能说三种语言。
3. whose
a. We saw some people.
b. Their arms had broken.
定从： We saw some people whose arms had broken.
我们看见了一些手臂受了伤的人。
a. The desk belongs to Mary.
b. The leg of the desk is broken.
定从： The deskwhose leg is broken belongs to Mary.
腿坏了的桌子属于玛利。
三、只能使用关系代词that的几种情况。
1. 先行词为all, little, few,much, nothing, something, anything, everything等不定代词时
e.g.There is nothing that I can say
2. 先行词被 all, each, few,much, every, no, some, any 等词修饰时
e.g. I have few books that you needed
3. 先行词既有人又有物时
e.g. He talked about the teachers and schools that he liked
4.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
e.g. This is the best composition that I have read.
5. 先行词被the only, the very,the last 等修饰时
e.g. This is the very man that I am looking for.
6. 主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时
e.g. Who is the man that is holding Mary’s hand?
四、非限定性定语从句 Non-restrictive Attributive Clause
1. “位置形式”：紧接先行词，不用标点分割
e.g. I want to buy the house which has agarden.
2. 用逗号与主句隔开，修饰“主句全句或部分内容”，可置句末，中，首。
e.g. I want to buy the house, which has agarden.
The earth is round, which is known to all
As is known to all, the earth is round.
3. “先行词”
限定性： n. / n. phrase
e.g. He wears a red shirt which makes himlike a girl.
非限定性：1). n. / n. phrase
2). the sentence
e.g. He wears a red shirt, which makes himlike a girl.
“关系词的用法”
限定性：1).关系代词作从句宾语时可省
2). that可替who, whom, which(口)
e.g. This is the book( which/that) I boughtyesterday.
非限定性：1).关系词不能用that
2).不能替换，不能省(which, as)
e.g. I like the book, which I bought yesterday
Do you know Tom, whom we talked about?
She has to work on Sundays,which she doesn’t like.
小练习：用 which/that 填空
1. This book of yours, I finished reading last night, was interesting.
2. He said that he was invited, was a lie .
3. This is the first problem he met atthe beginning.
4. The only problem troubled him hasalready been solved.
篇5：人教版 高一定语从句之关系副词
Step1 : Read the following sentences and try to sum up the usage of when,where and why.
1. I’ll never forget the day when I joined the league.
2. The house where Lu Xun once lived has become a place of interest.
3. The reason why she looks unhappy is quite clear.
Sum up: 先行词是时间，引导词就用when.
先行词是地点，引导词就用where.
先行词是reason，引导词就用why.
Step 2 Practice:
Please fill in the blanks by using when,where and why.
1. This was the moment ________ Spielberg’s career really took off.
2. Chuck survives the air crash and lands on a deserted island ______there are no people.
3. The reason ______ Steven Spielberg could not go to the Film Academy was that his grades were too low.
4. I often thought of my childhood, ____ I lived on a farm.
5. Do you know the reason ____ he was late?
6. Winter is the time of year ____ the days are short and nights are long.
7. The primary school__________ I studied in my childhood had very little equipment
8. This is the place __________ we had a good time.
Key :when where why when why when where where
Sum up:
when在定语从句中作时间状语,常常修饰表示时间的名词如time,day,year,hour等。
where在定语从句中作地点状语，常常修饰表示地点的名词，如 place,room,house,square等。
why在定语从句中作原因状语，常常修饰表示原因的名词 ，如reason等。Step3: Read the following sentences and try to figure out the different usage of italic words.
1. I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the league.
2. This was the moment at which Spielberg’s career really took off.
3. The house in which Lu Xun once lived has become a place of interest.
4. Chuck survives the air crash and lands on a deserted island on which there are no people.
5. The reason for which she looks unhappy is quite clear.
Sum up :关系副词when ， where ，why 相当于介词+ 关系代词（which）.
介词的选择由前面的先行词或者从句中的谓语动词来决定。
Step 4：practice：
1. Is this the library ____________ you borrow books?
2. This is the room _____________ I lived.
3. I don’t know the reason______________he haven’t come today.
4. Tom still remembers the days ______________they lived in Tianjin.
5. I still remember the date _________ I went to Nanjing for the first time.
6. The primary school ____________I studied in my childhood had very little equipment.
7. The day _____________ I met him first was the first of May on the Great Wall.
8. The reason ____________ it should be so is now clear. I don't need to explain it once more..
key: from which ,in which,for which,in which,on which, at which,on which,for which
Step 5: Please read the following sentences carefully and fill in the blanks
1. I will never forget the day ___________________ I first went to school.
2. I will never forget the day _________________ we spent in Beijing.
3. The house __________________ we visited is being repaired now.
4. The house _______________ Luxun once lived is being repaired now.
5. Is this the factory _________________ we visited last week?
6. Is this factory ________________ we visited last week?
7. Is this the factory ________________ his father works?
8. She won’t forget the days ______________she spent on the island.
9. She won’t forget the days _______________they stayed together.
10. She still remembers the year __________________ she found her first job.
11. She still remembers the year ____________she spent in Jining.
12. Is this the room _____________ you cleaned last time?
13. Is this the room _______________ we lived before?
14. This is the garden __________________ they stayed for a night.
15. This is the garden _____________ they visited last time.
16. Is this the room ___________________ we spent our childhood?
17. I still remember the date ___________ I went to Nanjing for the first time.
18. There are many long rivers in China_____ the Changjiang River is the longer
key : 1.when 2 that3.that4.where5.that 6 the one 7.where 8that 9 when10when 11that 12that13where 14where15that16where17when18among which
Sum up :
先行词是表时间地点和原因的名词时，从句中缺少宾语则用that 或which引导，that 或which在从句中充当宾语；从句中不缺少宾语则用when ，where， why或者相应的介词＋which引导，在从句中充当状语。
篇6：高一英语语法之定语从句
高一英语语法之定语从句
定语从句
1. 定语从句的结构及理解
2. 定语从句的关系词的使用
3. 定语从句的简化表达
（一）定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定
语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定
语从句的先行词，它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词
（关系代词或关系副词：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行词在定语从句中充
当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。
结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。
（二）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：
限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句
与先行词紧密相连。
1. 先行词是主句与从句共有的部分
2. 先行词一般是名词或代词
3. 关系代词在定语从句中充当主语
?先行词→人，关系代词→who, that
?先行词→物，关系代词→which, that
4. 关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语
注：是否充当宾语，看从句的谓语是vi. / vt.
?先行词→人，关系代词→whom, who, that
?先行词→物，关系代词→which, that
?一般可省略关系代词，但介词后不可省略
?若 prep.+关系代词，只能用whom ,which，不能用who, that
?介词与动词（词组）固定搭配，介词不能提前
5. 关系代词在定语从句中充当定语
?先行词→人，关系代词→whose, of whom
?先行词→物，关系代词→whose, of which
6. 关系副词在从句中作状语
?when→时间状语，先行词表示时间的名词或代词
where→地点状语，先行词表示地点的名词或代词
why→原因状语，先行词是reason
?关系副词在具体语境下可与介词+关系代词替换
＊ 介词选择看 ①与从句中的谓语动词间的搭配关系
②与先行词之间的关系
＊ why = for which
注：解题时，先判断从句中的谓语动词是vt./vi.，看从句中缺的是状语或是其他成分
非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。
1. 形式上，主、从句间用逗号分开
2. 意义上，只对先行词作附加说明
3. 关系词根据先行词，可选相对的who, whom, which, whose, when, where等，但是不能使
用that，why
4. 先行词是专有名词、father、mother，或其他的第一无二的名词时，一般用非限制性定
语从句
5. 在非限制性定语从句中，which的先行项可以是上文的整个或部分的分句内容
1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.
2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.
3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.
（三）关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用
which 或whom.
1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the
company.
2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the
scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.
知识重点与难点
（二）当先行词是表示时间，地点，原因的词时，关系词用when, where, why 还有which, that
1. I’m very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.
2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.
3. I think I can understand the reason why he didn’t tell the truth to me.
4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.
（三）定语从句的简化表达：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词
形式：doing短语，done短语，being done短语，to be done短语修饰。
1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
被修饰名词+doing短语： 正在做?.的人/正在发生的事。
2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
结构和意思：被修饰名词+ done短语： 被?..的人/事
3. The question that is being discussed is very important.
The question being discussed is very important.
被修饰名词+being done短语：正在被?..的人/事
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
被修饰名词+ to be done短语：将要被?..的人/事
注意：that引导的宾语从句,后面必须接完整的句子;定语从句后面接的`是不完整的句子
that的用法
1. 不用that的情况
?非限制性定语从句中
?介词后
2. 只能用that的情况
?先行词为不定代词指物Something that I learned in the book is very useful. 我在这本书学到
的大部分内容是非常有用的。
?先行词由the only, the very修饰。你必须面对的唯一一件事情就是通过每一次你的考试The
only thing that you have to face is to pass every exams.
?先行词由序数词、形容词最高级（含等last, next等）修饰
?先行词既指人、又指物
?先行词在定语从句中充当表语成分He doesn't seem to be the man that he was.
?需要避免重复时
?定语从句是“there be”结构时，其前的关系代词必须是“that”.The number of mistake that there
are in this homework is surprising
原则：在定语从句中，使用that来引导定语从句，几乎是永远安全的。 特例一：在限定性
定语从句中，如果关系代词前有限定词，则不能that引导； 如果先行词是人，则
用whom；如果先行词是物，则用which.
第二 判断类： 非限定性定语从句;(永远不出现that) 限定性和非限定性的区别不
要求通过意义判断！ (1) 非定中，先行词=物，则which，which可以代表前句整句的意思； 先行词=人，则who/whom（不用“that”）
关系代词&关系副词的选择; 判断方法：看引导词在句子所充当的成分即可。 如果充当是名词性成分，使用关系代词； 如果充当是状语成分，使用关系
副词。
笔记：关系副词包括where、when、while、how.
第三 琐碎的考察: 先行词是“the way”时，用that/which，不用how
引导词作介词的宾语时，用which不用that;
the same as/that对比，用as：相似，同类事物;用that：同一个，同一事物.
Eg：This is the same pen as/that I lost yesterday.
分析：用as时，译为这是同样一支笔和我昨天丢的一样；用that时，译为这是同样一支笔
和我昨天丢的同一支笔
关于定语从句的其他问题
1. 关系代词在从句中做主语，从句中的谓语动词数的变化与先行词的人称数保持一致
2. the one
?判断主句是否有先行词，若没有，先补先行词the one
3. 强调句
?结构
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子的剩余部分
?判断方法
去掉it is/was ? that/who?之后，余下的部分是完整的句子，则该句是强调句句型
【典型例题】例1] Friendship is needed by all, _____ plays an important role in people’s lives.
A. which B. that C. who D. it
分析：_____ plays an important role in people’s lives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词
Friendship用which连接定语从句。
答案：A[例2] Uncle Li _____ I worked three years ago has retired now.
A. who B. whom C. with whom D. to whom
分析：_____ I worked three years ago作为定语从句修饰先行词Uncle Li，从句完整的表达是：
I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以关系词前应加上介词with。
答案：C
[例3] Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
分析：定语从句_____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work修饰先行词the reason指
“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。
答案：A
[例4] Teachers, _____ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.
A. who B. that C. which D. whose
分析：非限定性定语从句_____ work is rather hard修饰先行词teachers, 它与从句中的work是从属关系，关系词用whose 答案：D
[例5 ] The Olympic Games , _____ in 776 BC, didn’t included women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played
C. first played D. to be first playing
分析：公元前776年被首次举行的奥运会，直到19才容纳女运动员。_____in 776 BC做定语修饰The Olympic Games，指过去的内容，表示被动。用done做定语。 答案：C
[例6] The houses _____ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.
A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built
分析：根据句意房子即将开工。_____ for the teachers and the construction work修饰The houses应为The houses The houses将要为教师和施工修建的房子。
答案：B
[例7] How many of us_____, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion?
A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended
分析：根据句意：比如说，我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢？_____, say, a meeting that is not important to us修饰How many of us做定语。与全句动作同步.
答案：B
[例8] She has three children, _____ is working in Australia.
A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them
分析：非限定性定语从句__ is working in Australia修饰先行词three children，根据从句中的is判断，是说：三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作。
答案：B
篇7：高一英语重点语法英语笔记--定语从句
高一英语重点语法--定语从句
01
定语从句基本概念
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
02
定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
常见的关系代词包括that， which， who(宾格whom，所有格whose)，as 等。
关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
03
定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
1. 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。例如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。
2. 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。例如：
The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的.
注意：非限定性定语从句中不能使用关系代词 that。
04
关系代词的用法
1. that
that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2. which
which 用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3. who， whom
who， whom 用于指人，who 用作主语和表语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(who 作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(whom 作宾语)
4. as
① 引导限定性定语从句时，指与先行词相似的人或物，必须用于 such/so...as...或 the same...as...结构中，例如：
Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.
被他提到的这样的人是诚实的。
Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.
上学期我们数学老师出了一道我们没有一个人会的数学题。
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.
这是和我昨天买的包一样的包。
② 引导非限定性定语从句时，只能修饰句子，可置于被修饰句子后面、前面或主谓之间,翻译成“正如...那样”例如：
The earth moves around the sun, as we all know.
As we all know,The earth moves around the sun.
The earth, as we all know, moves around the sun
③ 在非限制性定语从句中，which和as引导定语从句时的区别：
a. which引导的从句不能放在主句前，而as引导的从句则既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，还可以放在主谓之间。
b. as和which都可以指代一个句子，但as有“正如”、“就像”之意，which则没有此含义。
c. as 引导的非限定定语从句只能修饰句子，which 引导的非限定性定语从句可以修饰句子，也可以修饰名词。
注意：
1. 当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，whom, that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year.
这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.
请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
2. 含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：
This is the person whom you are looking for.
这就是你要找的那个人。
3. 关系词只能用that的情况：
① 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用关系代词who。
② 被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用关系代词who。
③ 先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
注意： 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用关系代词who。例如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.
王华是我们学校唯一将会出席这个会议的人。
④ 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
⑤ 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
⑥ 主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
4. 关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
①先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
②关系代词前有介词时，用which，而不用that.例如：
This is the room in which he lives.
这是他居住的房间。
③引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：
Tom came back， which made us happy.
汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
05
关系副词的用法
1. when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：
This was the time when he arrived.
这是他到达的时间。(when=at which)
2. where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
This is the place where he works.
这是他工作的地点。(where=at /in which)
3. why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。(why=for which)
高一英语教你学会做英语笔记
1、注音标(Phonetics)，标重音(Stress)。
每单元的英语课文都有不少生词、一词多音和容易读错的英语单词，某些英语单词作名词和动词的发音不同，如'record(n.)和re'cord(vt.)。将英语音标和重音记在被注的单词上边，并要求学生在朗读课文时重视所注的音标和重读音节。这样，一旦课文读熟,那些单词的正确读音也就熟记在心了。
2、释义(Paraphrase)。
英语中有不少生词、多义词、短语、习惯语和难句需要用简单的英语或汉语来解释。如：quarrel争吵(to argue or disagree angrily with someone);forture财富(great wealth)。在课文学习过程中，注释的重点是一些较难的名词、短语和重点句型，而不必每个句子都解释。注释文字书写位置的原则是“就近”，即尽可能记在被解释的单词旁边，以便在阅读课文时被注视。若解释的英文单词较多，原文旁边写不下或记下去因单词太多书写太密而不清晰时，可记在相对较近的空白处，注释文字与被注文字之间可划一直线连接。也可记录在词汇表中该单词的后面。
3、划重点(Language Points)。
我指导学生用五角星标出新句型、用三角形标出旧句型、用圆圈标出介词或冠词、用方框标出新的短语和词组、用直线或水浪曲线划出英语课文中的关键句，科普文、议论文中表明作者中心论点的句子。语法和练习中的一些重点、难点也该划出来，以便引起重视。4、提要(Guideline)。
即用简洁的英文概括提示课文或段落、或句子的要点。这一工作常常与上述几项结合起来进行，先在原文上作上线条、小圆圈之类的标记，再在旁边空白处写上要提示的文字。例如，现在使用的高中英语教材每一单元阅读课文的正文前面都有“预习提示”(包括课文的重点生词和要讨论的问题)，课文的后面常要求学生作简要笔记Note Making ;这是教材编辑为方便学生预习而编写的内容。我要求学生在自学课文时，先从这些“预习提示”入手，以便把握预习的重点。然后再根据“提示”去预习正文。如高二(下)第十四单元Satellite(卫星)是一篇科普文章，学生可以根据“预习提示”和Note Making把课文分为四个段落，我指导学生在各段落旁分别写上Broadcasting satellite(广播卫星),Weather Satellite(气象卫星),Communication Satellite(通讯卫星),Space Satellite(太空卫星)。这样，“预习提示”所述的课文要点就概括、凸现出来了，课文的段落大意和中心思想也一清二楚了。
4、标疑(Question)。
英语不是我们的母语，因此，在英语学习过程中，我们常常会碰到许多问题。阅读过程中可以在有问题的地方打一个问号，再寻找机会向老师或同学求教或查阅有关参考书解疑。
5、分析难点(Comprehension)。
学生阅读英语课文，不断会遇到一些难点，经过老师的讲解，或与同学一起讨论有些可能当场已经完全理解，有的还似懂非懂。不管怎样，边听边记下析难的文字，既有利于课后消化，也有利于复习回顾。
6、补缺(Replenishment)。
英语词汇表和一些参考书中对某些单词和词组的解释不够全面，有些只讲了名词的意思，而未说明作动词、形容词等的意义。老师应该让学生自己查词典或告诉他们别的用法，并让他们记录下来。比如学习了名词success(成功),应该让他们记下形容词successful、副词successfully和动词succeed。
7、纠错(Correct Mistakes)。
中学英语教材的编写，包括选文以及课文的注释和练习的编写等，是经过众多高水平的国内外专家和编辑反复斟酌和把关的，与一些课外阅读材料相比，质量当然高得多，但难免有个别的不妥之处。如原Senior English for China Book IA的练习中出现了spend…on doing sth,而所有的语法书和词典上都用spend…in doing sth。又如：It is no good to do it. 应改成It is no good doing it.我在讲课时，把这些情况告诉学生，并要求学生自己查有关工具书证实，并将这些错误改正过来。果然，教材再版时把这两个错误都纠正过来了。
篇8：定语从句 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
定语从句
一： 先行词： 被定语从句所修饰的词
二： 关系代词：用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词。
先行词是物： which that
先行词是人： who that
在从句中的作用： 主语、宾语、表语
e.g. They had a radio. / It could send out messages.
They had a radio which/ that could send out message. (主语)
The girl is my best friend. / She spoke just now.
The girl who/ that spoke just now is my best friend. （主语）
He always buys some books. / He never read them.
He always buys some books (which/ that) he never read. (宾语)
注意点：
1.） 定语从句一般直接跟在先行词的后面：
e.g. The man who lives next door sells vegetables.
The man sells vegetables who lives next door. ( × )
The car which my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.
The car was destroyed in the earthquake which my uncle just bought. ( × )
2．）关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略：
e.g. The young man ( who ) you saw was our manager.
There is something ( that ) we must keep in mind.
3.) 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时， 关系代词只能用which 或 whom
e.g. The man is a famous runner. / You talked to him just now.
The man to whom you talk just now is a famous runner.
The chair is made of wood. / He is sitting on it now.
The chair on which he is sitting now is made of wood.
He is a library assistant. / I borrowed some books from him.
He is a library assistant from whom I borrowed some books.
It is a famous school. / He graduated from it 3 years ago.
It is a famous school from which he graduated 3 years ago.
The service should be improved. / The students complain a lot about it.
The service about which the students complain a lot should be improved.
有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前：
e.g. He is the student. / The teachers are looking for him.
He is the student who the teachers are looking for.
The number of the children is 30. / She takes care of the children.
The number of the children who she takes care of is 30.
三： whose 的用法：
关系代词与其后的名词构成所有格，即“的”时，它既可以修饰指人的先行词，也可以修饰指物的先行词。
e.g. The girl is my daughter. / Her work got the first prize.
The girl whose work got the first prize is my daughter.
Do you know anyone? / His family is in Xi’an.
The book is not mine. / The cover of it is red.
I live in the room. / The windows of it face south.
The chair has been repaired. / The leg of it was broken.
四：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：
限制性定语从句：主句和从句不隔开，从句不能省略，否则就会失掉意义不能成立。
He is reading a book which is too difficult for him.
Here is the boy who damaged the glass.
非限制性定语从句：主句和从句用逗号隔开，从句对修饰的部分起到进一步说明的作用，拿掉后其它部分的语意仍保持完整。
e.g. The book is written by Guo Jinming, who is only 19 years old.
Bob’s father, who was an engineer, spent 4 years in Egypt.
Shanghai, which is developing fast, has become one of world’s trade center.
注意点：
非限制性定语从句不能用that引导.
e.g. She is very fond of French, which indeed she speaks quite well.
which还可以用来指代上文中的一件事情.
e.g. Their house is washed away by the floods, which made them very sad.
He lost his job finally, which was exactly what we wanted.
介词＋which:
The picture ______ he paid $100 was once owned by a king.
Can you think of a situation ________ this word can be used?
I’m grateful to him for that advice, ______ I owed all my success.
关系副词： when where why
当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可以用介词＋which来代替:
e.g. I will never forget the day./ I went to university on that day.
I will never forget the day when/ on which I went to university.
He still remember the morning. / The earthquake happened on that morning.
He still remember the morning when/ on which the earthquake happened.
当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时一般可以用介词＋which来代替:
e.g. This is the house. / He used to live in the house.
This is the house where/ in which he used to live.
I know of a place. / We can swim in that place.
I know of a place where/ in which we can swim.
Is there any shop around? / I can buy a pen in the shop.
Is there any shop around where/ in which I can buy a pen.
先行词是表示原因的名词，即reason，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语，这时一般可以用for ＋which来代替:
e.g. I don’t know the reason. / He did it for this reason.
I don’t know the reason why/ for which he did it.
The reason was not clear. / He was fired for it.
The reason why/ for which he was fired was not clear.
注意点：
当表示时间、地点和原因的名词在从句中不是作状语，而是在从句中作主语或宾语时，还是应用which/ that
e.g. This is the date _______ we’re proud of.
This is the date _______ he was born.
I will never forget the time ______ we spent together.
This is the factory _______ my mother works.
This is the factory _______ we visited last week.
Is this factory you visit last week?
A. the one B. where C. which D. that
This factory is the one (that/ which) you visit last week.
I don’t believe the reason _____ he gave for his decision.
Another reason _______ he made this decision is that he had to consider the feelings of others.
关系词的选择
A．只用that
a.当先行词是不定代词，如all, everything, anything, nothing, much, few, little, none, the one等
All that can be done has been done.
I didn’t mean this one; I mean the one that was bought yesterday.
b.先行词（指物的）前面有only, few, one of, little, no, all, every, very等词修饰时
There’s no difficulty that we can’t overcome.
I’ve read all the books that can be borrowed here.
c.先行词被序数词first, last, next等或形容词的最高级修饰时
This is the first letter that I’ve written in Japanese.
She is the most careful girl that I’ve ever known.
d.当先行词既有人又有物时
They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.
The speaker talked of some writers and books that were unknown to us.
e.当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时
China isn’t the country that she used to be 50 years ago.
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
It’s a book that will help you a great deal.
f．当主句是以who, which或what开头的特殊疑问句时
Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop?
Which is the car that overtook us yesterday?
g. 当主句以There be…结构开头时，或关系代词在there be…结构中作实义主语，先行项为物
There is a seat in the corner that is still free.
There are two tickets of the film that are for you.
The 9.15 is the fastest train that there has ever been.
h. 当先行词是what时
What did you hear that made you so angry?
i.当先行词是基数词时
Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.
B. 只用which
a. 在非限制性定语从句，充当主语或定语
They have three houses, which are built of stone.
b. 当关系代词前有介词时
This is the factory in which we once worked.
We study in the classroom of which the doors face south.
c．当先行词本身that是时
What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
d. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时
Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
I’ve bought you some books which I think may interest you.
C.只用who不用that
a.先行词是one, ones或anyone时
One who does not work hard will never succeed.
Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
She is the only one of the students who has been to the USA.
b.先行词为those 或被those修饰，指人时
Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
c.在以there be…的句子中，先行词为人时
There is a comrade outside who wants to see you.
d. 当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行项都为人时
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.
e.当指人的先行项被一些指物的名词修饰时
There ‘s only one student in the school who I want to see.
Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is working in the fields?
f. 在非限制性定语从句中指人
I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from America.
g.定语从句中有插入语时, 并不影响关系代词和副词的选择。
Jackson is a man who I believe is honest.
He won another award, which I think is the result of his hard work.
D.在定语从句中，whose作定语， 其先行项既可以是人，又可以是物
Lei Feng was a great communist fighter whose death was weightier than Mount Tai.
Where’s the window whose glass is broken?
E. 在定语从句，关系副词when, where, why与关系代词which, that的关系
July 1st, 1921 is the day that/which we Chinese should always remember.
This is the place that/which they visited last year.
Please give me a reason that/which could account for your absence.
I still remember the day when(=on which) I joined the army.
This is the room where(=in which) Luxun once lived.
Another reason why(=for which) he works hard is that he has pass the exam.
F. as, which的比较
a.在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语．如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用
They failed in the exam, as/which is natural.
She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.
Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have said before.
b.如从句在主句之前，用as
As we all know, his parents were killed in this war.
As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.
c.如关系代词代表主句全句意思，有＂正如．．．＂＂就象．．．＂之意时，用as
We won the match, as we had expected.
He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.
d. 当先行项被the same, such, so修饰时，用as
This is the same book as you bought yesterday.同类书 (比较：This is the same book that you bought yesterday.同一本书)
Don’t believe in such men as praise you to your face.
I never give my students so difficult a question as no one can work out.
e. 当从句内容对主句内容起消极作用，则用which
The young man cheated his friend out of much money, which was disgra 定语从句小结
. as 也可以用来引导非限制性定语从句， 用来指待一件事，这时它的位置可以放在句首、句中和句尾。
e.g. He is an American, as/which we know from his accent.
As we know from his accent, he is an American.
He, as we know from his accent, is an American.
As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.
Grammar, as has been said above, is not a set of rules.
Grammar is not a set of dead rules, as/which has been said above.
正如: As everyone knows, as you may still remember, as you said, as I can see, as has been mentioned above, as you may have heard, and etc.
定语从句的练习：
I passed him a glass of whiskey, ______ he drank at once.
He spoke to me in a way _______ I don’t at all like.
It is a famous university ________ he graduated 3 years ago.
Are you the lady ______ asked for help?
The service __________ students complain a lot should be improved.
He works in a college ______ students are all women.
The picture ______ he paid $100 was once owned by a king.
Can you think of a situation ________ this word can be used?
We can see very clearly the method ______ the computers work.
_______ he introduced just now, Dr. Baker is an expert in Biology.
I’m grateful to him for that advice, ______ I owed all my success.
This is the famous star ______ photos are on this magazine.
The science of medicine, ________ progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the science.
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇9：高一英语教案非限制性定语从句
一、非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句,顾名思义,是对先行词从本质或特征上进行限制的一种定语从句,它所修饰的词代表一个(些)或一类特定的人或事、物。例如: a man who doesn’t want to learn from others can’t achieve much. 一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。 a man被限定后,指一类特定的人。 限制性定语从句是不能去掉的,否则剩下的部分就失去意义而不能成立。非限制性定语从句则不然,它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明,去掉之后并不影响整个句子的含义。在形式上,非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常必须有逗号隔开。例如: finally we visited the giant yangtze gorges dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present. 最后我们参观了长江三峡大坝,它是目前世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。 本句若去掉定语从句,主句部分的含义仍然完整。历年的高考题中,非限制性定语从句是出现频率最高的考点之一,因此值得我们注意。 二、引导非限制性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词,也可以指代前面整个句子。例如: that peter will marry alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around. 彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布,却已被传得沸沸扬扬。 句子中的which指代“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这件事。 三、除which外,还可用when, where, who,whom等关系副词或关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。例如: after graduation, i decided to stay in chongqing, where i spent my childhood and four years of college life. 毕业后,我决定留在重庆,在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。 albert einstein left germany for the united states during world war ii, when jews were badly treated in germany. 第二次世界大战期间,爱因斯坦离开德国去了美国,那时犹太人在德国受到极大的歧视。 注意:that不能引导非限制性定语从句。 四、在限制性定语从句中,如果先行词作宾语时,引导词可以省略;但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省,同时关系代词whom不能用who替换。试比较: the american journalist (whom / who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters. 播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。 he was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother. 他急于想去医院看望他的继母,他像对亲生母亲一样爱戴和尊敬她。 巩固性练习: 从a、b、c、d中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. she heard the terrible noise, _____ brought her heart into her mouth. a. it b. which c. this d. that 2. dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ____, of course, made the others unhappy. a. who b. which c. this d. what 3. the weather turned out to be very good,____ was more than we could expect. a. what b. which c. that d. it 4. recently i bought an ancient chinese vase,____ was very reasonable. a. which price b. the price of which c. its price d. the price of whose 5. the youngest nurse has worked for 30 days in the sars hospital, ____ she spent her 19th birthday. a. that b. which c. where d. and (答案bbbc)
篇10：从句讲解定语从句 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
从句讲解
定语从句
一。I 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。
（which / that在句中作宾语）
II. 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
III.判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断改错：
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。
IV. 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
V. 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
二。定语从句应注意问题
I。that, which区别
关系代词that的几种情况。
1． 先行词为all， everything， nothing， something， anything， little， few， much等不定代词时。先行词被all， each， few， much， every， no， some， any等不定代词修饰时。如： There is little that I can use． 几乎没有什么我能用的了。
All the books that you need are here． 你所需要的书都在这儿。
2．先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the first composition that he has written in English．这是他用英语写的第一篇作文。
4．先行词既有人又有物时。如：
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited． 他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。
5．主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时。如：
Who is the man that is speaking over there？ 在那里说话的人是谁？
6．先行词被the only，the very， the last等修饰时。如：
This is the very gun that I am looking for． 这正是我在找的枪。
7． 关系代词在从句中作表语时。如：
He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago．他已不是三十年前的那个年轻人了。
关系代词which
（1）在引导非限定性定语从句时(不能放句首)
He can speak English fluently，which impressed me most.他的英语讲得很流利，给我留下了深刻印象。
（2） 介词后
This is the house in which I have lived for 2 years.这就是我居住了两年的房子。
（3）在非限制性定语从句中，即可指一个词，也可指整个句子。
She married again, which was unexpected.
I lost my watch, which is not found yet.
II。which, as 区别
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
（2）the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
III。介词+关系代词
介词+whom（人）主，谓结构
介词+which（物）主，谓结构
（介词）+whose+名词+主，谓结构=and+介词+形容词形物主代词+名词+主谓结构
（介词）+which+名词+主，谓结构=and+介词+this或that +名词+主谓结构
He is the person to whom you can turn for help.
The pencil with which he was writing broke.
He is the man from whose house (=and from his house) the picture were stolen.
We traveled together to Paris, at which place(=and at this place) we parted company.
IV.分隔式定语从句
有些定语从句和现行词之间插入一个词组，短语或别的成分，叫做分隔式定语从句
He arrived Hangzhou in 1984, where he became manager 2 years later.
名词性从句
主语从句：应注意问题
1. 主语从句的语序
主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序。如：
What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.
How he was successful is still a puzzle.
2. 连接词的选用
（1）that和what的选用
that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。
What he wants is a book. That light travels in straight lines is known to all.
（2）if和whether的选用
引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：
Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
（3）其它连接代词和副词的选用
根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择who, which, when, where, why, how等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。如：
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear.
（4）whatever / whoever的功用
whatever, whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。要注意和whatever, whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别
Whoever breaks the law should be punished. （主语从句）（＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. ）
Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. （让步状语从句）（＝No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished. ）
3. it构成的主语从句
（1）由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面，而用代词it作形式主语。
It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun.
需要注意的是，it作形式主语代替主语从句时，要注意和as引导的定语从句的区别。试比较：
It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. （主语从句，有that，无逗号）
As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack.
（定语从句，无that，有逗号）
（2）常见用it作形式主语的复合句结构
It is a fact （a good idea / a pity / a shame / no wonder / good news…）that…如：
It”s a pity that you missed the film.
你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。
It is necessary （clear / true / strange/ important / possible…）that…
需要注意的是，这类主语从句中，谓语动词很多为“（should）＋动词原形”，即要用虚拟语气。
It is necessary that you （should）master the computer.
It is important that a student learn English well.
It is reported （well-known / hoped / thought / expected /said /believed/decided /suggested /ordered…）that…如：
It is said that he was killed in the earthquake. 据说他在地震中丧生了。
It seems （happened / appears / doesn”t matter / makes no difference / …）that …
It seems that they will win the game.
看起来他们好像会赢得这场比赛。
It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not.
他是否会参加会议都无关紧要。
4。主语从句连接词that不能省略 That he didn’t like her was obvious.
表语从句
定义：
A 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。
The problem is puzzling.
主语 连系动词 形容词作表语
The problem is when we can get a pay rise.
主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语---表语从句
B 连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why,
whether,how.
He has become a teacher.=He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.
She has remained there for an hour.=She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.
His suggestion is good.=His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
The question is confusing.=The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
why he cried yesterday.
how I can persuade her to join us in the party.
whether the enemy is marching towards us.
二 注意：
A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。
False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.
Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
B 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。
False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.
C 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.
D that在表语从句中不可以省掉。
宾语从句 应注意问题
1. 引导词that的取舍
that引导宾语从句时，特别是在口语中 that常可省略。但在下列情况下，引导宾语从句的that一般不省略。
1）当由两个或两个以上的that引导的从句作同一个动词或介词的宾语时，第二个以及以后从句中的that不宜省略。如：
He said（that）he couldn't tell you right away and that you wouldn't understand．
2）当动词think， make，feel，consider等后用it作形式宾语来代替that引导的宾语从句时。
We think it necessary that we should practise spoken English every day．
3）当that引导的宾语从句中的状语紧接that时。如：
He said that even if it rained，he would be able to come．
2．引导词whether和if的选用
二者引导宾语从句时，一般可换用。但在下列情况下，通常只能用whether而不能用if。
1）在引导词后紧接or not时。如：
We didn't know whether or not she was ready．比较We didn't know whether／if she was ready or not．）
2）当用if易引起歧义时。如：
Please let me know whether you like it．（若该句用if，也可理解为：如果你喜欢它，请告诉我。）
3. 从句中谓语动词时态的选择
一般地说，当主句谓语动词使用的是过去的时态时，后面宾语从句中的时态要受主句时态的限制，用相应的过去时态。但若宾语从句所表示的是客观真理（规律）或人和物的经常性、习惯性以及阶段性的动作或事实时，则从句的时态不受主句时态的限制。这种情况下从句常用一般现在时。
When I was a boy，my teacher told me that the earth is round．
He told me he goes to the park every day．
4．从句中使用虚拟语气的场合
1）在表示建议（suggest），要求（demand，insist）和命令（order）等动词后的宾语从句中，常用“（should）＋动词原形”的形式来表示虚拟语气。如：
I suggest that we（should）have a rest now．
2）表示愿望的wish后的宾语从句中须用虚拟语气。如：
I wish I could fly．（用过去式表示与现在事实相反的愿望）
I wish I had known it before．（用过去完成式表示过去未实现的愿望）
I wish you would stay a little longer．（用would或would ＋动词原形来表示将来的愿望）
5. 含宾语从句的疑难句型
1）I／We don't think ＋宾语从句
这是一个常见的否定转移句型。使用时常把宾语从句中的否定词not移至主句中，即主句谓语用否定式而从句谓语则用肯定式。该结构常译为“我（我们）认为……不……”。如：
We don't think there is anything of interest in your pictures． 2）疑问词（what，how，who等）＋do you think ＋其它句子成分
这是一个复杂特殊疑问句。它由一个一般疑问句（do you think）和一个特殊疑问句（疑问词＋其它句子成分）合并而成。如：
When do you think he will be back？你认为他会什么时候回来呢？
注：常用于上面两结构的主句动词除think外，还有believe，suppose，imagine等。
同位语从句
英语中有一些名词如fact, idea, news, word, hope, promise, suggestion, reply, problem, belief, doubt, truth, order, thought等，它们本身有一定的意义，但表达得不够具体。为了使其表达的意义更加具体明确，其后常跟有一个从句，用来补充说明该名词的内容，这个从句就叫做同位语从句。
The news that our team had won the match spread the whole country.
有时如果主句的谓语动词较短，为保持句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，同位语从句也常与要说明的分词分开。
Word came that he died yesterday.
一、同位语从句的引导词。
1. 表示陈述意义时通常用that。注意that不能省略。例如：
The fact that he didn”t pass the college entrance examination disappointed his parents.
The king made a promise that he would make anyone rich if one could cure his illness.
2. 当名词doubt用在否定句中时，其后的同位语从句应用that引导；而用在肯定句或疑问句中时则可以用其他词来引导。
I never have the doubt that you can look after yourself.
Some people have the doubt how such a little boy can lift so heavy a box.
3. 表示“是否”的意思时只能用whether，不能用if。这一点与主语从句相似。例如：
The question whether he can finish the work within two days remains unknown.
4. 表示疑问时也可用其他引导词。例如：
This student asked a good question why pollution can”t be stopped.
二、同位语从句与其他从句的比较。
1. 同谓语从句与主语从句和宾语从句的比较。
两者作用不同，主语从句和宾语从句都是从句在主句当中充当主语和宾语；而同位语从句是一个跟在某一名词后并具体说明该名词内容的从句。例如：
（1）That the pop singer will come to this city excited everybody.
（2）Everybody is excited to hear that the pop singer will come to this city.
（3）The news that the pop singer will come to this city excited everybody.
以上三个句子中（1）（2）两句分别在主句中充当主语和宾语。（1）句划线部分为主语从句，（2）句为宾语从句，而（3）句中划线部分则是具体说明名词news内容，故为同位语从句。另外还须注意的是，that引导主语从句、同位语从句时不能省，而引导宾语从句时通常可以省略。
2. 同位语从句与定语从句的比较。
（1）词类不同
同位语从句的名词只能是前面提到的几个有限的、有一定内涵的名词；而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。
（2）性质不同
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对其前名词的解释，该名词与同位语从句的关系可以用“主系表”来表达。例如：
We have all heard the news that our team has won.
名词与其后的同位语从句可以表达为：
The news is that our team has won.
（3）引导词不完全相同。
有些引导词如：how, whether可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。what不可以引导定语从句，但却可以引导同位语从句。例如：
I have no idea what has happened to him.
引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语，（指物时还可用which代替），如果在从句中作宾语常可以省略。that在同位语从句中虽不充当任何句子成份，但不能省略，也不能用which来代替。例如：
<1>The order that we should throw away our luggage was received yesterday.
<2>The order （that）we received yesterday was that we should throw away our luggage.
通过比较可知：第<1>句中的划线部分是对名词order的具体解释，that只起到连接作用，但不能省；第<2>句中的划线部分是名词order的修饰语，that代指the order，在从句中充当宾语，因而在句中可以省略。
状语从句
Adverbial Clauses
状语从句是副词性从句，它在句子中担任状语，修饰主句的动词、形容词或副词。根据修饰的方面，状语从句可以分为以下九种。
1、时间状语从句
2、地点状语从句
3、原因状语从句
4、目的状语从句
5、结果状语从句
6、条件状语从句
7、方式状语从句
8、让步状语从句
9、比较状语从句
1、时间状语从句
种类 从属连词 例 句 说 明
时 when
whenever When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.
当我进屋时，他正在写信。
We shall go there whenever we are free.
我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。
when指的是“某一具体的时间”。
whenever指的是“在任何一个不具体的时间”。
间
状 when I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.
我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。 when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般位于句末。
语
while While it was raining, they went out.
天下雨的时候，他们出去了。
I stayed while he was away.
他不在的时候我在。 while指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的。
从
as He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。 as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。
句 before Be a pupil before you become a teacher.
先做学生，再做先生。 before译为在…之前
after He arrived after the game started.
比赛开始后，他到了。
till We waited till (until)he came back .
我们一直等到他回来。 如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…为止”
种类 从属连句 例 句 说 明
时 until She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .
她到11点钟才停止工作。
Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there.
她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。 如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,从句放在句首表示强调，一般用until
间
状
since
as soon as
Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.
自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。
As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海就给你写信。 状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号。
语
从
句 hardly…when
no sooner…than
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.
我们刚到车站，火车就走了。
Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.
我们刚开始就被叫停。 hardly…when和no sooner…than的意义相当于as soon as,但只表示过去发生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，如hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装。
every time, by the time, the moment
等 Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.
我每次乘船都晕船。
The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful.
我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。
Next time you come ,you’ll see him.
下次你来的时候，就会见到他。 在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或过去将来时，而要用现在时或过去时代替将来时。
地
点
状
语
从
句 where
wherever Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者，事竟成。
Where there is water there is life.
哪里有水，哪里就有生命。
You are free to go wherever you like.
你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。
Wherever you go, you must obey the law.
无论你去哪都要遵守法律。 where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语气较强，多用于书面语。
原
因
状 because I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.
昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。 because用来回答why 的问题，语气最强一般放在主句之后
语
从
句 since Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.
既然大家都到了，我们开始开会。 since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首
种类 从属连句 例 句 说 明
原
因 as As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary .
由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。 从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中。
状
语
从
句 now that, seeing that Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.
鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。
Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.
鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。 seeing (that), now that 和since, as 意义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思，that可以省去。
目
的
状
语
从
句 that
so that
in order that
lest = for fear that I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.
我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。
We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.
我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .
他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能提前完成工作。
Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold.
多穿点衣服，以免患感冒。 目的状语从句中常用情态动词may (might) can (could) ,should 等放在动词之前，从句往往放在主句之后，主从句之间不用任何标点符号
结
果
状 so that
so…that We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.
我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到了新闻。
He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.
他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。 so that前有逗号为结果状语从句。
so…that的so后面跟形容词或副词。
语
从
句 such…that He gave such important reasons that he was excused.他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。
It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it.
It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.
这是一本十分有意思的书，大家都想看。 such…that的such后面跟名词，如果名词是单数就要用such a /an…that还可以转换用so…that，语气较强
种类 从属连句 例 句 说 明
条
件
状
语
从
句 if
unless
as/so long as
in case
so far as Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.
如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。
We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.
除非下雨，我们明天就去那里。
= We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.
So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed.
只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。
In case I forget, please remind me about it .
万一我忘了，请提醒我一下。
So far as I know, the book will be published next month.
据我所知，那本书下月出版。
unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式。unless和if…not同义，unless是书面语，if…not是口语，通常二者可以换用。
条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。
方
式
状
语
从
句 as
as if…
as though Draw a cat as I taught you .
按照我教你的画一只猫。
Do as you are told.
按照人家告诉你做的去做。
She looks as if she is ill.
看上去她好象是生病了。
He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.
他的行动就好象什么也没有发生。
They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.
他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。 此处as译为，按照或正如
as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样。从句中可以用现在时表示可能符合事实，也可以用虚拟语气。
让
步
状
语 though
although Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French.
虽然他六十多岁了，但仍开始学习法语 。
We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day.
虽然我们干了一天活，但并不累。 在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再用“但是”（but）但可以与yet或still连用。though / although意义相同，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化，后者正式多放主句的前面。
从
句 even if
even though I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.
即使明天下雨，我也要去。 even if 和even though的意思为“即使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。
种类 从属连词 例 句 说 明
让
步
as Child as he is , he knows a lot .
虽然他是一个孩子，但他懂得很多。
Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors.
虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。 as引出的状语从句多用于书面语，它比用
though或although引导的从句，语气强，更有表现力，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。
状
语
从
no matter (who, what when, where which, how…) Do it no matter what others say.
不管别人怎么说,尽管干。
No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.
不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。
No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very grateful.
不管谁为我处理这件事，我都将非常感激。 no matter……与 who-ever引导的让步状语从句意义基本一 样，no matter……引导的从句可是以位于主句前或主句后。
句 wh－ever (whatever whoever whenever whichever however) Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart.
无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。
Whoever comes, he will be welcome.
无论谁来，都会受到欢迎。 wh－ever从句中的动词有时可以和may连用。判断wh－ever引导的是状语从句还是名词性从句的一点是，名词性从句，主句中一定有一个成分要在从句担任，一般从句与主句之间没有逗号。
不可将no matter与wh-ever连用
比
较
状
语 as…as
not so/as
…as
the same
…as
such…as Mary is as old as my sister.
玛利和我姐姐一样大。
He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).
他不如杰克跑得那样快。
His book is the same as mine.
他的书和我的一样。
Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .
享利这个工人不如彼得那样好。 连词表示同程度级的比较，肯定句用as…as否定句可用not as…as 或not so…as
从
句 than She has made greater progress this year than she did last year.
她今年比去年进步更大。
He bought fewer books than I (did).
他买的书比我买的少。 表示不同程度之比较，主句中用比较级的形容词或副词。
种类 从属连句 例 句 说 明
比
较
状
语
从
句 the more
…the more The more you read, the better you understand.
你看的书越多，你懂得的就越多。
The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.
你卖的票越多，你的收入也越多。
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。
The sooner, the better.
越快越好。
The warmer, the better.
越暖和越好。 the more…the more 意思为越…越…，通常的语序为从句在前主句在后，这两个the都是表示程度的副词，用在比较级的形容词或副词前面。
句子意思明显，句子的主语和动词都可省略。
特
殊
形
式
的
状
语
从
句 that We are sure (that )the four modernization will be realized in China .
我们相信四化一定会在中国实现。
I’m sorry (that) I didn’t have time to write you sooner.
很抱歉，我没有抽出时间早点给你写信。
I am afraid that I can’t go with you.
恐怕我不能同你一起去了。 that 引导的从句，往往跟在一个做表语的形容词后面，从句概念上看是宾语，所以有的语法家把它看做是宾语从句，但结构上看，也可以把它看作是一个特殊的状语从句，用来修饰表语的形容词。这种从句的连词常常被省略。
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★ 定语从句练习题
★ 定语从句单句改错
★ 初中定语从句试题
★ 定语从句教学设计
再说定语从句 (人教版英语高一)（共10篇）
